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MANUAL  OF  THE 


Qiom 

/m 

' 


BOTANY 

OF  THE 

NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES, 

FROM  NEW  ENGLAND  TO  WISCONSIN  AND  SOUTH  TO  OHIO 
AND  PENNSYLVANIA  INCLUSIVE, 


(The  MOSSES  and  LIVERWORTS  by  Wm.  S.  Sullivant,) 


ARRAN  G  ED 

ACCORDING  TO  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM; 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION,  CONTAINING  A  REDUCTION  OF  THE  GENERA 
TO  THE  LINNASAN  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES  AND  ORDERS, 
OUTLINES  OF  THE  ELEMENTS  OF  BOTANY, 

A  GLOSSARY,  ETC. 


By  ASA  GRAY,  M.  D., 

FISHER  PROFESSOR  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  IN  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY. 


BOSTON  &  CAMBRIDGE  : 

JAMES  MUNROE  AND  COMPANY. 

LONDON:  JOHN  CHAPMAN. 

1848. 


Missouri 

®A*agN 


Botanical 

Libra  hy 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1848,  by 
ASA  GRAY, 

the  Clerk’s  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


CAMBRIDGE: 

METCALF  AND  COMPANY, 

PRINTERS  TO  THE  UNIVERSITY. 


TO 

JOHN  TORREY,  M.  D. 

CORRESP.  MEMBER  OF  THE  LINN.KAN  SOCIETY,  ETC., 

THIS  VOLUME  IS  DEDICATED 

BY 

THE  AUTHOR, 

IN  GRATEFUL  ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

OF  THE  FRIENDSHIP  WHICH  HAS  HONORED  AND  THE  COUNSEL 
WHICH  HAS  AIDED  HIM  FROM  THE  COMMENCEMENT  OF 
HIS  BOTANICAL  PURSUITS. 


Cambridge,  January  1,  1848. 


ERRATA. 


Page  21,  line  3  from  bottom  to  read  :  — “  Sepals  6,  very  thin  and  membra¬ 
nous,  deciduous  from  the  bud  without  expanding,  subtended  by 
3  green  early  deciduous  bracts.” 

“  22,  line  12  from  bottom,  transfer  “  pendulous  ”  to  the  sentence  pre¬ 

ceding  “  Embryo.” 

u  32,  last  line,  for  “  margined  ”  read  “  marginless.” 

u  40,  last  line  but  one,  add  “  Also,  Chelsea,  Massachusetts.” 

u  41,  last  line  but  one,  for  “  R/iaphanlstrum  ”  read  “  Raphanistrum.” 

u  37,  line  12  from  top,  for “  opposite  ”  read  “  alternate  with.” 

“  66,  line  3  from  top,  make  the  same  correction. 

“  66,  line  8’ from  top,  for  “  verticellata”  read  “  verticillata.” 

u  H7,  to  gen.  char,  of  Gillenia  add  “petals  convolute  in  the  bud  !  ” 
u  149,  line  3  from  bottom,  after  “  beaks  ”  add  “  Seeds  round-oval,  wing¬ 
less.” 

tl  197,  line  4  from  top,  for  “  perfect  ”  read  “  fertile.” 
u  203,  line  4  from  bottom,  for  “  amethystlnus  ”  read  u  amethystinus.” 

“  293,  line  1,  for  "  DI  ANTHER  A  ”  read  «  DIANTHERA.” 
a  395,  line  12  from  top,  after  “  Stamens  ”  add  8. 
u  410,  line  11  from  top,  after  u  stipules  ”  add  u  monoecious  flowers.” 

“  411,  line  10  from  top,  for  “  CARYA  ”  read  “  CARYA.” 

11  314,  line  11  from  bottom,  for  cc  sepals  ”  read  °  petals.” 

11  632,  line  4  from  top,  for  u  D.  marginile”  read  “  D.  marginalis.” 
u  630,  line  14  from  top,  for  “  Physcomitrium  ”  read  “  Ptychomitrium.” 
u  630,  line  6  from  bottom,  for  u  areolae.  ”  read  tc  areolation.” 

11  637,  line  3  from  bottom,  for  “sometimes  tufted  and ”  read  “the  latter 
fleshy  and  sometimes.” 

u  668,  line  14,  add  “  shining ”  after  u pointed,”  and  erase  “shining”  in 
the  line  below. 

“  678,  line  9  from  top,  for  “  slight”  read  “  slightly  serrulate.” 

“  686,  line  8  from  bottom,  after  “  auricle  ”  insert  “  sometimes.” 

“  687,  line  9  from  top,  after  “  auricle  ”  insert  “  usually.” 


PREFACE. 


This  work  is  designed  as  a  compendious  Flora  of  the  Northern 
portion  of  the  United  States,  arranged  according  to  the  Natural 
System,  for  the  use  of  students  and  of  practical  botanists.  It  was 
intended  to  be  comprised  within  the  compass  of  a  pocket  volume, 
which  might  serve  as  a  vade-mecum  in  herborizations,  as  well  as  a 
convenient  manual  of  reference  at  home.  But  the  volume  has 
attained  a  somewhat  unwieldy  bulk,  notwithstanding  every  effort 
at  condensation,  and  the  rigorous  exclusion  of  all  irrelevant  mat¬ 
ter,  however  interesting  in  itself,  and  of  all  synonymy  not  really 
essential.  Perhaps  I  have  been  too  scrupulous  in  the  latter  re¬ 
spect  ;  but  it  should  be  considered  that  all  synonymes  are  useless 
to  the  beginner,  —  whose  interests  I  have  particularly  kept  in 
view,  — while  the  greater  part  are  needless  to  the  instructed  bota¬ 
nist,  who  has  access  to  more  elaborate  works  in  which  they  are 
plentifully  given.  By  discarding  them,  except  in  case  of  original 
or  very  recent  changes  in  nomenclature,  I  have  been  able  to  avoid 
troublesome  abbreviations  and  crabbed  signs,  to  give  greater  ful¬ 
ness  to  the  characters  of  the  species,  and  especially  of  the  genera 
(a  point  in  which  I  conceive  most  works  of  this  class  are  deficient), 
and  also  to  add  the  derivation  of  the  generic  names. 

It  will  be  observed,  that  I  have  been  compelled  to  be  extremely 

a* 


VI 


PREFACE. 


sparing  in  the  citation  of  particular  localities,  and  of  the  names  of 
the  botanists  who  have  detected  and  kindly  communicated  rare  or 
local  plants.  My  restricted  limits  alone  have  debarred  me  from 
the  pleasing  duty  of  repeatedly  making  the  acknowledgments 
which  are  justly  due  to  many  attentive  and  zealous  correspondents 
throughout  the  country ;  and  their  daily  increasing  number  ren¬ 
ders  this  appropriate  expression  more  difficult,  except  in  extended 
treatises.  Those  who  think,  as  many  may,  that  I  should  have 
allowed  myself  wider  latitude  in  this  respect,  will  at  least  for¬ 
give  any  apparent  ungraciousness,  when  they  find  that  this  vol¬ 
ume,  which  it  was  firmly  intended  to  restrict  to  350  pages  (and  to 
have  carried  through  the  press  last  spring),  has  unavoidably  ex¬ 
tended  to  more  than  twice  that  size.  Especially  do  I  regret  that 
this  unexpected  bulk  has  compelled  the  omission  of  the  family 
of  Lichenes ,  after  they  had  very  carefully  been  prepared  expressly 
for  this  work,  in  compliance  with  my  invitation,  by  the  well- 
known  Lichenologist  of  this  country,  Mr.  Tuckerman.  Noth¬ 
ing  but  the  apparent  impossibility  of  including  the  whole  within 
the  covers  of  a  single  duodecimo  volume,  and  the  assured  ex¬ 
pectation  that  it  will  immediately  be  given  to  botanists  in  another 
way,  has  reconciled  me  to  the  exclusion  of  this  important  contri¬ 
bution.*  In  a  second  edition  I  still  hope  to  give,  by  means  of  a 
supplementary  volume,  and  through  the  aid  of  accomplished  col¬ 
laborators,  not  only  the  Lichens,  but  also  the  two  remaining  or¬ 
ders  of  the  lower  Cryptogamous  Plants,  namely,  the  Algce  or 
Seaweeds ,  and  the  Fungi. 

The  wide  district  which  this  compendious  Flora  embraces, 
although  irregular  in  form,  plainly  belongs  to  one  and  the  same 


*  This  contribution,  in  a  more  extended  form,  will  soon  be  published  in  the  Pro* 
ceedings  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 


PREFACE. 


Vll 


botanical  region.  With  the  exception  of  the  small  patches  of 
alpine  vegetation  which  crown  the  higher  mountains  of  Northern 
New  England  and  Northern  New  York  ;  of  the  sea-side  plants, 
and  of  some  appropriately  Southern  forms  which  not  only  reach 
Delaware  and  New  Jersey  (especially  the  Pine  barrens),  but  also 
straggle  northward  coastwise,  in  diminishing  numbers,  quite  to 
New  Hampshire  ;  of  a  very  few  which  belong  to  the  Great  Lakes ; 
and  perhaps  a  larger  number  of  Western  prairie  plants  which  ex¬ 
tend  into  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan, — with  these  excep¬ 
tions,  the  vegetation  is  remarkably  homogeneous  for  so  large  a  dis¬ 
trict,  and  a  very  great  proportion  of  the  species  are  sporadic  over 
the  whole  breadth.  The  peculiar  plants,  though  few  as  to  num¬ 
ber  of  species,  suffice  to  give  a  marked  character  to  the  confines 
on  either  side,  which,  however,  soon  blends  insensibly  into  the  gen¬ 
eral  mass  as  we  advance  into  the  interior.  Although  I  do  not  for¬ 
mally  include  Indiana,  yet  its  botany  apparently  belongs  quite  as 
much  to  our  Northern  district  as  to  the  Western,  that  of  the 
Upper  Mississippi,  to  which  Illinois  clearly  belongs.  Those  spe¬ 
cies  for  which  no  particular  limit  or  geographical  range  is  indicat¬ 
ed  may  be  expected  to  occur,  at  the  stations  they  severally  affect, 
throughout  the  whole  district.  By  appending  the  words  south¬ 
ward, ,  northward ,  &c.,  I  endeavour  briefly  to  indicate,  in  a  manner 
sufficiently  precise  for  the  purpose,  the  part  of  the  country  where 
a  given  species  prevails,  or  the  direction  from  which  it  may  be 
supposed  to  have  reached  our  district. 

The  more  striking  and  distinctive  points  of  the  ordinal  character 
are  brought  together  and  printed  in  italics  in  the  first  sentence  of 
the  description  of  each  order,  so  that  they  may  the  more  readily 
strike  the  student’s  attention.  To  abridge  the  labor  of  analysis 
as  much  as  possible,  I  have  given  an  easy  synopsis  of  the  genera 
under  each  order,  whenever  it  comprises  three  or  more  of  them  ; 


viii 


PREFACE. 


I  have  been  particular  to  dispose  the  species  of  every  extensive 
genus  under  sections  or  subgenera  (§) ,  subsections  (  * ) ,  and  sub¬ 
ordinate  divisions  (-*-,++,  &c.),  founded  on  obvious  characters; 
and,  whenever  there  are  two  or  more  species  under  a  divis¬ 
ion,  I  have  italicized  some  of  the  leading  distinctions  (after  the 
manner  of  Koch's  Flora  Germanica),  so  that  they  may  at  once 
catch  the  student’s  eye.  The  full-face  type,  in  which  the  names 
of  the  genera  and  species  are  printed,  affords  a  similar  facility,  by 
rendering  them  very  conspicuous.  To  aid  in  their  pronunciation, 
I  have  not  only  marked  the  accented  syllable,  but  have  followed 
Loudon’s  mode  of  indicating  what  is  called  the  long  sound  of  the 
vowel  by  the  grave  ('),  and  the  short  sound  by  the  acute  accent- 
mark  (').  In  respect  to  this,  my  friend,  Mr.  Folsom,  has  oblig¬ 
ingly  rendered  most  important  assistance. 

The  few  abbreviations  which  require  it  are  explained  in  the 
Introduction  (on  p.  xxxix.). 

Although  our  indigenous  and  naturalized  plants  only  are  de¬ 
scribed,  yet  I  have  generally  mentioned  the  principal  cultivated 
representatives  at  the  close  of  their  proper  genus  or  family. 

Finally,  in  order  to  render  this  Manual  complete  and  sufficient 
in  itself  for  the  study  of  our  plants,  I  have  prefixed  a  concise 
Introduction  to  Botany,  both  Structural  and  Systematical,  which, 
with  the  annexed  Glossary  and  Index  combined,  should  serve  to 
convey  the  requisite  elementary  knowledge  of  the  science,  and  to 
explain  all  the  technical  terms  usually  employed  in  botanical  de¬ 
scriptions.  Very  many  of  these  terms,  however,  are  not  used  at 
all  in  the  body  of  the  work  ;  for  I  have  throughout  endeavoured 
to  smooth  the  beginner’s  way  by  discarding  many  an  unneces¬ 
sary  technical  word  or  phrase,  and  by  casting  the  language  some¬ 
what  in  a  vernacular  mould,  —  perhaps  at  some  sacrifice  of  brev¬ 
ity,  but  not,  I  trust,  of  the  precision  for  which  botanical  language 


PREFACE. 


IX 


is  distinguished.  Those  who  desire  a  more  particular  acquaint¬ 
ance  with  the  structure,  and  especially  the  physiology  of  plants, 
may  be  referred  to  the  author’s  Botanical  Text-Book  (second  edi¬ 
tion),  or  other  detailed  elementary  works. 

An  artificial  analysis  of  the  Natural  Orders  or  Families,  found¬ 
ed  on  the  easier  and  chiefly  external  characters,  is  appended,  to 
aid  the  learner  at  the  point  where  he  is  likely  most  to  need  assist¬ 
ance,  namely,  in  referring  an  unknown  plant  to  its  proper  order. 
Every  successful  attempt,  however,  will  give  him  new  power ; 
and  the  thorough  study,  by  this  system,  of  half  a  dozen  plants  of 
different  families  will  give  more  knowledge  and  insight  into  the 
science  than  can  be  acquired  by  ascertaining  the  names  (which 
is  nearly  all  that  is  done)  of  a  hundred  species  by  means  of  a 
facile,  thought-saving,  artificial  classification.  Still,  as  some  ar¬ 
tificial  analysis  which  leads  directly  to  the  genera  is  a  great  con¬ 
venience  to  the  student  in  cases  of  difficulty,  I  have  added  a  full 
Conspectus  of  the  genera  comprised  in  this  work,  reduced  to  the 
Classes  and  Orders  of  the  Linnaean  Artificial  System,  so  generally 
in  use  until  recently.  The  plan  upon  which  this  is  constructed 
will  be  found  to  possess  some  advantages  over  an  ordinary  Lin- 
mean  arrangement,  inasmuch  as  it  provides  for  the  exceptional 
cases,  where  different  species  of  a  genus  actually  present  the 
characters  of  different  artificial  classes. 

I  am  under  very  great  obligation  to  my  excellent  friend,  John 
Carey,  Esq.,  for  important  assistance  rendered  throughout  the 
progress  of  this  work,  and  especially  for  the  elaboration  of  the 
Willows ,  Poplars ,  and  the  vast  and  difficult  genus  Carex ,  which 
are  wholly  from  his  hand.  I  am  equally  indebted  to  my  esteemed 
friend,  Mr  Stjllivant,  for  the  entire  elaboration  of  the  Orders 
Musci  and  Hepatic# ,  which  he  has  for  a  long  time  made  the  sub¬ 
ject  of  special  study  and  illustration.  Through  his  labors,  it  may 


PREFACE. 


be  hoped  that  these  beautiful  but  neglected  tribes  will  become  as 
familiar  to  botanists  as  our  more  conspicuous  flowering  plants 
now  are.  I  have  already  mentioned  my  indebtedness  to  my 
friend,  Mr.  Tuckerman,  for  his  contribution  of  the  still  more 
obscure  Lichenes ,  and  my  regret  at  being  compelled  to  omit  this 
order. 

I  have  to  thank  a  large  number  of  correspondents  for  specimens 
and  information  kindly  rendered  in  various  ways,  and  especially 
my  esteemed  friends,  Mr.  Oakes,  of  Ipswich  (who  is  far  more 
intimately  acquainted  with  New  England  plants  than  any  other 
botanist),  and  Mr.  Olney,  of  Providence,  who  have  most  cor¬ 
dially  rendered  me  essential  aid. 

I  have  only  to  ask,  that  those  who  use  this  book  will  favor 
the  author  with  information  of  the  corrections,  alterations,  and 
additions  that  may  appear  to  be  necessary,  in  order  that  a  fu¬ 
ture  edition  may  be  made  more  accurate  and  complete  than  the 
present. 


Harvard  University,  Cambridge, 
December  24 £4,  1847. 


INTRODUCTION. 


I.  BRIEF  OU’mNES  OF  BOTANY. 


1.  Plants  in  General* 

1.  The  vegetable  kingdom  consists  of  those  beings  (plants)  which 
derive  their  sustenance  from  the  air  and  earth,  and  create  the  food  upon 
which  animals  live. 

2.  Plants  of  the  higher  grades  bear  proper  flowers,  which  serve  for  the 
production  of  a  seed,  containing  an  embryo  plantlet  ready-formed ;  —  where¬ 
fore  they  are  called  Flowering  or  Fh-enogamous  Plants.  The  lower 
orders  of  plants  exhibit  a  gradually  simplified  structure,  both  in  their 
vegetation  and  fructification,  and  do  not  bear  proper  flowers  (127)  nor 
seeds  in  which  there  is  any  marked  distinction  of  parts,  or  any  embryo 
plantlet  manifest  antecedent  to  germination.  They  are,  therefore,  termed 
Flowerless  or  Cryptogamous  Plants  (the  latter  term  denoting  that 
their  fructification  is  concealed  or  obscure). 

3.  Taking  Phsenogamous  Plants  as  displaying  the  proper  type  and  plan 
of  vegetation,  the  following  statements  relate  to  them  alone ;  the  peculiar¬ 
ities  of  Cryptogamous  Plants  being  separately  explained,  so  far  as  needful, 
at  the  close. 

4.  Plants  are  anatomically  composed,  primarily,  of  Cells  $  which  are 
closed  vesicles  or  little  bladders  of  organic  membrane.  Aggregated  to¬ 
gether,  and  cohering  more  or  less  intimately  by  their  contiguous  surfaces, 
these  form  the  honeycomb-like  texture  that  vegetable  matter  displays 
under  the  microscope,  and  which  constitutes  Cellular  Tissue. 

5.  Of  this  all  plants,  at  their  earliest  (embryo)  state,  are  entirely  com¬ 
posed.  Indeed,  the  plant  may  be  traced  back  by  observation  nearly  or 
quite  to  a  single  cell  5  which  cell,  endowedwith  the  power  of  propagation 
equally  with  the  fully-developed  plant,  gives  rise  to  other  cells  possessed 
of  the  same  powers,  and  so  formp  the  whole  mass  of  the  vegetable. 

6.  The  delicate  walls  of  the  cells,  although  not  perforated  with  visible 
pores  (except  sometimes  as  a  secondary  result),  are,  like  all  organic  mem¬ 
brane,  permeable  to  fluids.  Through  them  the  food  of  the  plant  is  im¬ 
bibed, —  whether  directly  from  the  atmosphere  in  the  form  of  air  or  vapor, 
or  in  a  liquid  form  by  the  roots,  —  and  transmitted  throughout  the  vegeta¬ 
ble  :  hence,  plants  receive  their  food  in  a  fluid  state  only.  The  cells  also 
contain  the  juices  and  the  products  of  the  plant,  whether  liquid  or  solid. 

7.  Besides  the  cellular  tissue,  all  Phaenogamous  Plants  contain  more  or 
less  of  two  other  kinds  of  tissue,  viz.  the  woody  and  the  vascular  (vessels). 
These  begin  to  be  introduced  when  the  plant  develops  from  the  seed  (or 
sometimes  before  germination),  and  serve  to  give  greater  strength  and 
toughness,  and  to  facilitate  the  transmission  of  fluid.  Both  of  them  arise, 
however,  in  all  their  forms,  from  the  transformation  of  cells,  of  which  they 
are  only  modifications. 


XU 


INTRODUCTION. 


8.  Woody  Tissue,  which  makes  up  a  large  part  of  trees  and  shrubs,  but 
also  exists  in  herbs,  consists  of  cells  with  firm  and  thickish  walls,  drawn 
out  into  tapering  or  slender  tubes.  Their  diameter  is  usually  much  less 
than  that  of  ordinary  cells  :  from  their  tenuity  and  form,  as  well  as  from 
the  appearance  of  the  threads,  which  by  their  combination  in  bundles  they 
often  produce,  they  are  likewise  called  Woody  Fibre. 

9.  Vessels  are  elongated  cells  of  various  kinds,  usually  of  larger  size 
than  woody  fibre,  or  tubes  formed  by  the  confluence  of  a  row  of  cells,  gen¬ 
erally  accompanied  or  surrounded  by  woody  tissue.  Their  walls  are  com¬ 
monly  marked  with  lines,  bands,  or  dots,  or,  in  the  Spiral  Vessel, 
strengthened  by  a  coil  of  a  delicate  fibre  adherent  to  the  inside.  The 
larger  vessels,  such  as  those  which  form  the  pores  so  apparent  to  the  naked 
eye  on  the  cross  section  of  many  kinds  oftwood,  are  termed  Ducts.  This 
name  is  also  applied  to  most  kinds  of  vessels  in  which  the  spiral  fibre,  if  any, 
is  incapable  of  being  uncoiled  by  extension. 

10.  The  cells  and  vessels  are  the  organic  elements,  the  tissues  or 
fabric  of  plants.  They  are  fashioned  into  the  organs,  or  visible  parts  of 
the  vegetable. 

11 .  The  organs  of  plants  are  of  two  sorts  :  —  1.  those  of  Vegetation,  which 
are  concerned  in  growth,  —  by  which  the  plant  takes  in  the  aerial  and 
earthy  matters  on  which  it  lives,  and  elaborates  them  into  the  materials  of 
its  own  organized  substance  ;  2.  those  of  F nictification  or  Reproduction, 
which  are  concerned  in  the  propagation  of  the  species. 

3.  Organs  of  Vegetation  in  General. 

12.  The  organs  of  vegetation  are  the  Root ,  Stem,  and  Leaves. 

13.  The  Stem  is  the  axis  and  original  basis  of  the  plant.  It  is  made  up 
of  a  succession  of  naked  joints  (internodes),  separated  by  leaf-bearing 
points  (nodes),  developed  each  from  the  apex  of  the  preceding  one. 

14.  The  growing  apex,  generally  furnished  with  rudimentary  leaves,  to 

be  developed  as  it  develops  by  the  elongation  of  ihe  internodes  succes¬ 
sively,  is  a  Bud.  # 

15.  The  first  point  of  the  stem  preexists  in  the  embryo  (i.  e.  in  the  ru¬ 
dimentary  plantlet  contained  within  the  seed) :  it  is  here  called  the  Rad¬ 
icle.  Its  elongation  when  the  seed  germinates  in  the  soil  commonly 
brings  the  budding  apex  to  or  above  the  surface,  where  the  leaves  which  it 
bears  or  produces  expand  in  the  light  and  air.  The  growth  which  takes 
place  from  the  opposite  extremity  downward,  penetrating  the  soil  and 
avoiding  the  light,  forms  the  Root. 

16.  The  plant,  therefore,  has  a  kind  of  polarity,  and  develops  from  the 
first  in  two  opposite  directions,  viz.  upwards  to  produce  and  continue  the 
stem  (or  ascending  axis),  and  downwards  to  form  the  root  (or  descending 
axis).  The  former  is  ordinarily  or  in  great  part  aerial,  the  latter  subter¬ 
ranean. 

17.  Accordingly,  the  essential  organs  of  the  plant,  by  an  inherent  and 
irreversible  tendency,  are  developed  in  the  media  in  which  they  are  sev¬ 
erally  designed  to  live  and  act*,  — the  root  in  the  soil,  from  the  moisture  of 
which  it  imbibes  nourishment ;  the  stem  with  its  leaves  in  the  air,  upon 
which  these  operate  in  vegetable  digestion,  and  exposed  to  the  light  of  the 
sun,  whose  influence  is  directly  essential  to  this  operation. 

3.  The  Root. 

18.  The  Root  branches  indifferently  from  any  part ;  but  its  branches  and 
branchlets  (rootlets)  are  mere  repetitions  for  the  purpose  of  multiplying 
the  absorbing  points,  which  are  chiefly  the  growing  or  newly  formed  extrem¬ 
ities,  sometimes  termed  spongelets.  It  bears  no  other  organs. 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


Xlll 


19.  When  the  axis  and  its  branches  are  slender  and  thread-like,  the  root 
is  said  to  b e  fibrous.  —  All  plants  produce  fibrous  roots, but  especially  annu- 
aU  (@),  in  which  the  plant  flowers  and  fruits  the  first  season,  and  perishes, 
root  and  all,  as  soon  as  the  process  is  completed. 

20.  It  frequently  becomes  distended  and  thickened,  or  fleshy,  by  the 
deposition  of  digested  and  organizable  matter  (in  the  form  of  starch ,  &c.) 
within  its  cells  ;  this  deposit  forming  a  stock  for  future  growth,  on  which 
new  stems  or  shoots,  &,c.,  may  feed,  even  when  cut  off  from  any  external 
supply. 

21.  Roots  of  this  sort  assume  a  variety  of  forms,  such  as  the  conical  root, 
which  tapers  regularly  downwards  from  the  base  or  crown  (the  part  which 
joins  the  stem)  to  the  apex,  as  in  the  carrot;  the  spindle-shaped  or  fusi¬ 
form,  which  tapers  upwards  as  well  as  downwards,  as  the  radish  ;  and  tur¬ 
nip-shaped  or  napiform ,  when  the  base  is  enlarged  laterally  so  as  to  become 
much  broader  than  long.  These  are  particularly  characteristic  of  bien¬ 
nials  ((g)),  which  form  such  a  root  during  their  first  year's  growth,  but  do 
not  flower  until  the  second  season,  when  they  rapidly  consume  this  stock, 
and  die  from  exhaustion  as  soon  as  the  process  of  flowering  and  fruiting  is 
completed.  In  these  cases  the  thickening  takes  place  in  the  main  trunk  of 
the  root,  or  tap-root. 

22.  In  perennial  roots  (1|),  viz.  those  which  survive  .and  produce  flower¬ 
ing  stems  from  year  to  year,  as  well  as  in  those  of  many  biennials,  the  ac¬ 
cumulation  often  occurs,  partly  in  its  branches,  forming  tuberous  roots 
when  they  are  irregularly  knobby,  or  palmate  roots  when  several  thickened 
branches  proceed  from  a  thicker  base,  somewhat  like  a  hand  with  the 
fingers  spread  ;  or  else  wholly  in  a  cluster  of  branches  from  a  common  base, 
forming  fasciculated  or  clustered  roots,  as  in  the  Dahlia,  Paeony,  and  some 
Buttercups. 

23. *Roots  not  only  spring  from  the  root-end  of  the  primary  stem  in  ger 
mination,  but  also  from  any  subsequent  part  of  the  stem  under  favorable 
circumstances,  that  is  to  say,  in  darkness  and  moisture,  as  when  covered  b> 
the  soil  or  resting  on  its  surface. 

24.  They  may  even  strike  in  the  open  air  and  light,  as  is  seen  in  the 
copious  aerial  rootlets  by  which  the  Ivy,  the  Poison  Ivy  (p.  79),  and  the 
Trumpet  Creeper  (p.  2911,  climb  anc^ adhere  to  the  trunks  of  trees  or  other 
bodies  ;  and  also  in  Epiphytes  or  Air-plants ,  of  most  warm  regions,  which 
have  no  connection  whatever  with  the  soil,  but  germinate  and  grow  high  in 
air  on  the  trunks  or  branches  of  trees,  &c. ;  as  well  as  in  some  terrestrial 
plants,  such  as  the  Banian  and  Mangrove,  that  send  off  aerial  roots  from 
their  trunks  or  branches,  which  finally  reach  the  ground. 

25.  In  parasitic  plants,  the  roots  fix  themselves  to  or  penetrate  the 
surface  of  other  plants,  and  take  their  nourishment  from  them  :  some,  like 
the  Mistletoe  (p.  398),  attaching  themselves  to  the  wood  of  the  trunk  or 
branches  of  trees;  others  ( root-parasites ),  like  the  Beech-drops  and  the 
Orobanchaceae  (p.  289),  to  their  roots  under  ground. 

4.  The  Stem. 

*  Its  External  Modifications. 

26.  The  Stem  is  sometimes  simple ,  that  is  unbranched,  and  continued 
upwards  by  its  growing  apex  (or  terminal  bud )  only  ;  but  more  commonly  it 
becomes  branched.  All  Phacnogamous  Plants  necessarily  have  a  stem.  In 
those  which  are  termed  acaulescent  or  stemless  in  botanical  description,  it  is 
merely  subterranean  or  very  short. 

27.  The  Branches  spring  from  lateral,' or  axillary  buds;  which  are 
new  growing  pointsappearing  (usually  singly)  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
i.  e.  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  leaf  or  its  stalk  and  the  stem  on  the  upper 


XIV 


INTRODUCTION. 


side.  They  therefore  spring  from  the  nodes  (13),  —  points  which  are  some¬ 
times  strongly  marked,  as  in  a  Reed  or  Grass-stem,  but  are  often  indicated 
only  by  their  bearing  a  leaf,  and  sometimes  a  bud  or  a  branch  in  its  axil. 
The  branches  may  again  branch  in  a  similar  manner,  and  so  on  indefinitely. 
The  latest  and  smaller  ramifications  are  termed  Branchlets. 

28.  From  the  duration  of  the  stem,  vegetables  are  distinguished  into, 

1.  Herbs,  where  the  stem  does  not  become  woody  and  hard,  but  dies  down 
to  the  ground  at  the  close  of  the  growing  season,  or  after  fructification : 

2.  Undershrubs,  which  have  low,  branching  stems,  with  a  woody  and  per¬ 
manent  base  :  3.  Shrubs,  which  have  woody  stems,  lasting  from  year  to 
year,  usually  branching  from  the  base,  and  not  exceeding  five  times  the 
height  of  a  man:  and  4.  Trees,  in  which  a  single  main  trunk  attains  a 
greater  height.  Adjectively,  stems  of  the  first  kind  are  termed  herbaceous ; 
of  the  second,  rather  shrubby  ;  of  the  third,  shrubby ;  while  a  tree-like  shrub 
is  said  to  be  arborescent. 

29.  The  peculiar,  jointed  stem  of  Grasses  and  Grass-like  plants  is  called 
a  Culm. 

30.  A  stem  or  branch  which  is  too  weak  to  stand  upright,  but  partly 
reclines  or  trails  on  the  ground,  is  termed  decumbent ,  or  if  entirely  trailing, 
procumbent,  prostrate ,  or  i-unning ,  or  if  it  strike  root  from  the  under  side  as 
it  advances,  creeping.  The  precise  application  of  various  terms  of  direc¬ 
tion  may  be  sought  in  the  Glossary. 

31.  A  climbing  stem  is  one  that  clings  to  neighbouring  objects  for  sup¬ 
port,  and  rises  by  such  aid,  whether  by  tendrils  (38),  as  the  Vine  (p.  86), 
and  Gourds  (p.  144),  by  twisting  leaf-stalks,  as  the  Virgin’s-Bower  (p.  4), 
or  by  aerial  rootlets,  as  in  the  Ivy,  &c.,  already  mentioned  (24). 

32.  A  twining  or  voluble  stem  climbs  by  coiling  itself  spirally,  as  the 
Morning-Glory  (p.  348). 

33.  A  Stolon  is  a  branch,  the  apex  of  which  curves  or  falls  to  the 
ground  and  strikes  root  there,  so  as  to  acquire  an  independent  existence  by 
natural  layering.  Plants  which  spread  or  multiply  in  this  way  are  said  to 
be  stolonifervus. 

34.  A  Sucker  is  a  branch  which  springs  from  a  main  stem  under 
ground,  where  it  early  strikes  root. 

35.  A  Runner  is  a  prostrate,  slender  or  thread-like  branch,  springing 
from  near  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  striking  root  and  producing  a  tuft  of 
leaves  (and  consequently  a  new  plant)  at  its  apex  ;  as  in  the  Strawberry. 

36.  An  Offset  is  a  short  and  thick  runner  ;  as  in  the  Houseleek. 

37.  A  Spine  or  Thorn  is  an  imperfectly  developed,  hardened  and  sharp- 
pointed  branch,  either  simple,  as  in  the  Cockspur-Thorn,  &c.  (p.  128),  or 
compound,  as  in  the  Honey  Locust  (p.  112). 

38.  A  Tendril  is  a  thread-like,  leafless  branch,  often  coiling  spirally, 
by  which  many  climbing  plants  fix  themselves  (31).  But  some  tendrils  be¬ 
long  to  a  leaf-stalk,  as  those  of  the  proper  Pea  Tribe  (p.  91). 

39.  There  are  likewise  subterranean  modifications  of  the  stem,  which 
from  their  position  are  popularly  mistaken  for  roots,  —  such  as 

40.  The  Rootstock  or  Rhizoma,  a  term  which  is  applied  in  a  general 
way  (especially  in  this  volume)  to  all  the  subterranean,  elongated,  root¬ 
like  forms  of  stems  or  branches,  especially  to  such  as  were  called  “creep¬ 
ing  roots  ”  by  the  older  botanists.  It  is  usually  horizontal,  sending  off  roots 
from  the  unper  side  or  the  whole  surface,  and  advancing  from  year  to  year 
(being  always  perennial)  by  the  growth  of  the  bud  at  its  apex.  It  is  further 
distinguished  from  a  root  by  being  marked  with  the  scars  or  scaly  bases 
of  leaves,  which  roots,  being  never  leaf-bearing,  are  entirely  destitute  of. 

41.  A  Tuber  is  a  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem,  which  is  thickened  by 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XV 


the  deposition  of  nutritive  matter  (20)  commencing  while  in  the  state 
of  bud,  and  usually  involving  a  number  of  axillary  buds  (eyes),  as  in  the 
Potato  and  Jerusalem  Artichoke  (p.  228).  It  differs  from  a  rhizoma  in 
being  borne  on  a  slender  stalk. 

42.  A  Bulb  is  a  thickened  subterranean  bud,  formed  of  an  extremely  abbre¬ 
viated  stem  (the  plate),  which  is  generally  much  shorter  than  broad,  clothed 
externally  with  the  more  or  less  persistent  bases  of  former  leaves  in  the 
form  of  scales,  inclosing  an  undeveloped  part  borne  on  its  upper  surface, 
and  emitting  roots  from  the  lower.  In  the  scaly  bulb,  the  scales  are  sepa¬ 
rate  and  thickened,  as  in  the  Lily  (p.  494)  ;  in  the  coated  or  tunicated  bulb, 
they  invest  each  other  in  concentric  layers,  as  in  the  Onion  (p.  493). 

43.  Bulbi.ets  are  small  aerial  bulbs,  like  buds  with  fleshy  scales,  borne 
in  the  axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Bulb-bearing  Lily,  or  on  the  flower-stalks  of 
some  Onions  (p.  493),  from  which  they  separate  spontaneously  and  fall  to 
the  ground  to  strike  root  and  grow. 

44.  The  Cohm  or  solid  bulb  is  a  simple  and  globular  thickened  subterra¬ 
nean  stem,  either  quite  naked,  like  that  of  the  Indian  Turnip  (p.  446),  or 
sometimes  barely  invested  with  a  scaly  or  membranous  coating  derived  from 
the  bases  of  former  leaves,  as  in  the  Crocus  and  Colchicum,  where  it  ap¬ 
proaches  the  proper  bulb. 

*  *  Its  Internal  Structure. 

45.  The  stem  of  a  Pheenogamous  Plant  (2)  is  composed  of  a  cellular  sys¬ 
tem  (cellular  tissue,  4),  into  which  a  woody  system  (consisting  of  woody 
tissue  and  vessels,  7-9)  is  longitudinally  introduced,  more  or  less  sparingly 
in  herbs,  and  largely  in  shrubs  and  trees,  the  quantity  increasing  as  the 
stem  and  branches  grow. 

46.  There  are  two  principal  plans  according  to  which  the  woody  matter 
is  arranged  in  the  stem,  and  which  characterize  the  two  great  classes  of 
Phaenogamous  Plants. 

47.  In  the  first,  —  to  which  all  the  woody  plants  of  the  Northern  United 
States  (excepting  the  Greenbrier,  p.  485),  as  well  as  a  majority  of  the 
herbs,  belong,  —  the  woody  matter  is  so  arranged  as  to  form  a  layer  or  hol¬ 
low  cylinder  of  wood,  interposed  between  a  central  part  of  the  original  cel¬ 
lular  system  (the  pith),  and  an  outer  portion  of  it  (the  green  bark). 
That  part  of  the  cellular  tissue  in  which  the  woody  matter  is  imbedded 
forms  plates  or  rays  (the  medullary  rays  or  silver-grain),  more  and 
more  compressed  and  condensed  as  the  woody  matter  increases  in  quantity, 
which  run  horizontally  and  connect  the  pith  with  the  bark.  The  woody 
tissue  thus  introduced  belongs  chiefly  to  the  wood  proper,  but  partly  to  the 
bark,  forming  an  inner  fibrous  layer  of  that  substance,  the  liber  or  Fibrous 
bark.  The  section  of  a  yearling  stem  of  the  kind  accordingly  exhibits, — 
1.  on  the  surface,  the  Epidermis  or  skin,  which  invests  the  whole  plant,  and 
consists  merely  of  the  outermost  layer  or  layers  of  cells  :  2.  the  Green  bark , 
composed  wholly  of  cellular  tissue,  the  soft  cells  of  which  contain,  like  the 
same  part  in  the  leaves,  the  green  matter  of  vegetation  (chlorophyll,  54), 
which  is  generally  produced  in  parts  naturally  exposed  to  the  light)  : 
3.  the  Liber  or  Jihrous  inner  bark,  composed  partly  of  tough  threads  of  woody 
tissue  (the  material  of  linen,  hemp,  &c.)  :  4.  the  proper  Woody  Layer  of  the 
stem,  traversed  by  its  cellular  Medullary  Rays  :  and  5.  the  entirely  cellular 
Pith  in  the  centre.  (There  are  two  parts  more,  which  would  demand  notice 
in  a  detailed  account,  viz.  the  Medullarij  Sheath ,  which  consists  of  an  ex¬ 
tremely  delicate  ring  of  spiral  vessels  (9),  the  earliest-formed  part  of  the 
woody  system,  and  which  therefore  lies  immediately  in  contact  with  the 
pith,  between  it  and  the  wood  •,  and  the  Corky  Layer  of  the  bark,  which  is 
formed  immediately  under  the  epidermis,  and  which,  soon  becoming 
opaque  and  of  a  gray,  ashen,  or  brownish  color,  covers  and  conceals  from 
view  the  subjacent  green  layer  on  shrubs  and  trees.) 


XVI 


INTRODUCTION. 


48.  When  such  a  stem  lasts  through  the  second  year,  it  forms  a  second 
layer  of  wood,  like  the  firsjt,  deposited  between  it  and  the  bark,  so  as  to  in¬ 
close  the  former  (while  a  new  portion  is  also  added  to  the  inside  of  the 
liber) ;  and  this  is  repeated  year  by  year  as  long  as  the  stem  lives  and 
grows.  T  he  cross-section  of  such  a  stem,  therefore,  exhibits  as  many  con¬ 
centric  rings  of  wood  as  the  stem  is  years  old  at  the  point  where  the  sec¬ 
tion  is  made.  The  annual  layers  being  successively  added  to  the  exterior 
of  those  already  existent,  this  mode  of  growth  or  structure  is  said  to  be 
Exogenous  (increasing  from  without),  and  plants  of  the  class  are  named  Ex¬ 
ogenous  Plants,  or  Exogens  (viz.  outside  growers). 

49.  The  bark  of  an  Exogen  is  readily  separable  from  the  wood  (there 
being  no  intermingling  of  the  fibres  of  the  two),  more  especially  at  the 
time  the  new  growth  is  commencing  in  shrubs  and  trees,  when  an  organ- 
izable  mucilage  (the  cambium)  is  poured  out  between  them,  in  which  the 
new  cells  and  woody  tubes  are  developed.  Into  this  the  medullary  rays  of 
the  preceding  layer  extend  horizontally,  and  new  ones  are  also  formed, 
while  the  woody  fibres  and  vessels  are  vertically  interwoven. 

50.  The  newer  woody  layers,  through  which  the  sap  principally  rises, 
constitute  the  sap-wood  or  alburnum  (so  named  from  its  white  or  light 
color).  As  they  become  older,  their  tubes  are  gradually  thickened,  and 
the  calibre  diminished  or  even  almost  obliterated  by  the  deposition  of  solid 
matter  within,  both  of  earthy  materials  derived  from  the  soil,  and  of  peculiar 
organic  products,  giving  to  the  old  wood  of  each  species  its  peculiar  color. 
This  old  wood  is  called  the  heart-wood,  or  (from  its  greater  solidity) 
the  duramen. 

51.  The  wood  of  the  Pine  and  its  allies  (Coniferae,  p.  438)  is  very  homo¬ 
geneous,  on  account  of  the  nearly  total  absence  of  ducts  or  other  vessels 
(except  in  the  first  layer) ;  and  the  woody  tubes,  which  are  of  unusually 
large  size,  are  marked  with  a  row  of  circular  disks  (which  are  spots  where 
the  wall  is  thinner)  along  two  of  their  sides. 

52.  In  the  second  plan  (4fi),  the  woody  system  is  collected  into  separate 
threads  (or  bundles  of  woody  fibre  and  vessels),  which  are  distributed 
vertically  and  irregularly  through  the  whole  extent  of  the  cellular  sys¬ 
tem  ;  so  that  there  is  no  central  pith  free  from  woody  matter  in  the  centre, 
no  distinct  bark  at  the  surface,  and  nothing  like  a  regular  layer  or  hollow 
cylinder  of  wood  between  the  two.  But  the  cross-section,  at  the  close  of 
the  first  year’s  growth,  shows  the  cut  ends  of  the  woody  threads  in  the 
form  of  dots,  interspersed  throughout  the  uniform  cellular  tissue  without 
apparent  order,  although  commonly  most  crowded  towards  the  circumfer¬ 
ence.  In  a  longitudinal  section  these  threads  are  distinctly  traceable 
downwards  along  the  stem,  perhaps  nearly  parallel  for  a  considerable  dis¬ 
tance  ;  but  sooner  or  later  curving  outwards  more  or  less  gradually,  and  ta¬ 
pering  as  they  descend,  they  will  be  found  most  of  them  to  terminate  ob¬ 
liquely  in  the  false-bark  or  rind.  This  shows  why  the  bark  of  such  stems 
is  inseparable  from  the  wood  without  laceration.  Traced  upwards,  these 
threads  are  found  to  lose  themselves  in  the  frame-work  of  the  leaves.  A 
Palm-stem  and  a  stem  of  the  Greenbrier  (p.  485)  are  woody  examples  of 
this  sort.  An  Asparagus-shoot  and  a  stalk  of  Indian  Corn  furnish  fine 
herbaceous  illustrations.  Nor  do  such  stems  form  concentric  layers  when 
they  last  from  year  to  year;  but  the  new  woody  threads  as  they  descend 
are  scattered  among  the  others  ;  chiefly,  however,  towards  the  centre, 
over  which  the  terminal  bud  of  the  simple  stem  is  directly  situated,  and 
where  they  find  most  room.  Accordingly,  contrary  to  the  exogenous  stem, 
the  newest  and  softest  wood  is  found  towards  the  centre,  w’hile  the  oldest 
and  hardest  occupies  the  circumference.  This  mode  of  growth  or  struc¬ 
ture  is,  therefore,  said  to  be  Endogenous  (increasing  from  within),  and  the 
plants  which  present  it  are  termed  Endogenous  Plants,  or  Endogens 
(viz.  inside  growers). 

53.  The  hollow  stem  (culm,  29)  which  most  Grasses  exhibit  was  origi- 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XVII 


nally  solid  and  of  the  ordinary  endogenous  structure  3  soon  becoming  hollow 
by  the  surface  growing  faster  than  the  centre,  except  at  the  closed  nodes, 
or  joints,  where  the  woody  threads  are  complicately  entangled. 

5.  Tlie  Leaves. 

*  Their  Nature  and  Structure. 

64.  Leaves  are  a  contrivance  for  increasing  the  green  surface  of  the 
plant,  and  exposing  to  the  light  and  air  the  greatest  practicable  amount  of 
the  green  matter  of  vegetation  (chlorophyll,  47,  which  consists  of  innu¬ 
merable  rounded  globules  of  a  waxy  nature,  inclosed  in  the  cells),  upon 
which  the  light  exerts  its  peculiar  action  (17).  They  are  portions  of  the 
green  cellular  surface,  usually  expanded  horizontally,  and  covered  with 
the  transparent  skin,  or  epidermis,  which  invests  and  protects  the  surface 
generally  (47),  and  which  serves  to  protect  the  delicate  subjacent  tissue 
from  the  immediate  action  of  the  air. 

55.  In  Phaenogamous  Plants,  however,  they  never  consist  of  a  cellular 
system,  or  parenchyma  (the  green  pulp)  alone  3  but  a  woody  system  (con¬ 
sisting  of  woody  tissue  and  vessels,  8,  9)  is  introduced,  just  as  in  the  stem 
(with  whose  woody  system  it  is  connected),  to  give  needful  strength  and 
support,  and  to  facilitate  the  transmission  of  fluid.  This  forms  the  frame¬ 
work  or  skeleton  of  the  leaf,  which  usually  divides  the  parenchyma  into 
two  strata,  viz.  an  upper  and  an  under  layer. 

56.  The  cells  of  the  upper  layer  are  generally  more  compactly  arranged 
than  those  of  the  lower,  which  gives  to  the  upper  surface  of  the  leal'  its 
deeper  green  color.  Those  of  the  lower  layer  are  commonly  so  loosely 
arranged  as  to  leave  many  intervening  air-cavities,  or  passages,  communi¬ 
cating  with  each  other  more  or  less  freely  throughout  the  interior  of  the 
leaf. 

57.  To  these  the  external  air  obtains  access  through  numerous  perfora¬ 
tions  or  little  slits  in  the  skin  of  the  lower  surface,  and  sometimes  of  the 
upper  also,  which  are  called  the  stomata,  or  breathing-pores!  They 
are  guarded  by  two  cells,  which,  when  straight  and  parallel,  close  the  aper¬ 
ture,  and,  when  curving  outwards,  open  it  3  thus  controlling  evaporation 
and  the  access  of  the  external  air.  They  incline  to  open  in  moist  air,  and 
to  shut  in  dry. 

58.  The  epidermis  or  skin  of  the  leaf,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  plant,  may 
be  furnished  with  hairs,  bristles,  &c.,  which  in  descriptions  receive  differ¬ 
ent  names  according  to  their  size  and  strength.  They  are  prolonga¬ 
tions  or  productions  of  some  of  the  cells  of  the  epidermis.  Glandular  Hairs 
and  Glands  are  similar  in  origin  and  structure,  but  usually  more  complex, 
and  their  cells  elaborate  an  aromatic,  or  glutinous,  or  some  other  kind  of 
liquid,  or  excretion.  The  principal  terms  employed  for  the  various  kinds 
of  hairiness  or  pubescence  may  be  sought  in  the  Glossary.  We  call  the  sur¬ 
face  smooth  when  destitute  of  hairiness  and  roughness,  or,  more  specifi¬ 
cally,  glabrous  when  the  absence  of  hairiness  alone  is  indicated. 

*  *  Tlx e ir  Conformation  and  Parts. 

59.  The  expanded  part  of  the  leaf  forms  the  lamina,  limb,  or  blade. 
In  many  leaves  the  blade  is  expanded  immediately  on  leaving  the  stem  3 
when  they  are  stalkless  or  sessile.  They  are  clasping  (or  amplexicaid), 
when  the  base  embraces  or  nearly  encircles  the  stem  3  perfoliate ,  when  the 
encircling  base  unites  round  on  the  opposite  side  so  as  to  appear  as  if  per¬ 
forated  by  the  stem,  as  in  Uvularia  perfoliata  (p.  497)  j  and  sheathing,  when 
the  lower  part  enwraps  the  stem,  as  in  Grasses  (p.  567)  and  Sedges  (p.  515); 
in  which  the  distinction  between  the  sheath  and  the  blade  usually  is  well 
marked.  Sometimes  a  portion  of  the  blade  of  a  sessile  leaf  appears  to  run 
down  along  the  stem  underneath,  when  it  is  decurrent. 

b* 


XVlll 


INTRODUCTION. 


60.  Frequently  the  blade  is  raised  upon  an  unexpanded  part,  the  leaf¬ 
stalk,  foot-stalk,  or  petiole.  This  is  sometimes  provided  with  an 
appendage  (stipule,  94)  on  each  side  at  the  base,  either  adherent  to  it  (as 
in  the  Strawberry,  p.  123),  or  separate  (as  in  the  Vetch,  dec.,  p.  93).  A 
leaf  with  all  its  parts,  therefore,  consists  of  the  blade,  the  petiole,  and  a 
pair  of  stipules. 

61.  A  leaf  is  simple  when  the  blade  is  of  one  piece,  however  irregular, 
cut,  or  cleft ;  and  compound,  when  it  consists  of  two  or  more  separate 
pieces,  or  smaller  blades,  called  Leaflets. 

62.  A  leaf,  leaflet,  or  any  flat  organ,  is  called  entire  when  the  margin  is 
continuous  and  even,  without  notches,  clefts,  or  divisions. 

63.  If  furnished  with  notches  of  no  great  depth,  as  compared  with  the 
size  of  the  blade,  it  is  in  general  terms  said  to  be  toothed.  The  principal 
special  terms  for  distinguishing  the  varieties  of  toothing  are  the  following: 
viz.  dentate,  or  toothed  proper,  when  the  teeth  are  sharp  and  spreading  $ 
crenate,  or  crenelled,  when  they  are  broad  and  rounded  ;  and  serrate  (saw¬ 
toothed),  when  more  or  less  sharp  and  inclined  forwards.  The  diminutives 
of  these  and  similar  appellations  denote  that  the  teeth  are  small  in  propor¬ 
tion  or  minute  ;  as,  denticulate,  minutely  toothed  ;  crenulate ,  minutely  cre¬ 
nate  ;  and  serrulate,  serrate  with  minute  teeth.  The  number  of  the  teeth, 
as  well  as  the  kind,  may  be  denoted  by  combining  the  proper  numeral  with 
the  term,  as  3 -toothed,  5-toothed ,  5-crenate,  &c.  But  if  the  teeth  are  them¬ 
selves  toothed,  or  of  two  sorts,  we  say  doubly  toothed,  doubly  crenate,  &c. 

64.  A  slightly  sinuous  or  waved  margin  is  said  to  be  repand ;  a  strongly 
sinuous  margin,  so  as  to  make  rounded  and  shallow  lobes,  sinuate.  If  the 
teeth  are  still  deeper,  irregular,  and  sharp,  or  with  acute  incisions,  the  leaf 
is  said  to  be  incised  or  cut. 

65.  When  the  blade  is  more  deeply  and  definitely  cut,  the  portions  are 
called  lobes,  segments ,  or  divisions;  and  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  lobed,  as  a 
general  term,  especially  when  the  sinuses  are  rounded  or  blunt ;  or  cleft, 
when  cut  to  the  middle  or  thereabouts  as  if  by  a  sharp  incision  ;  or  parted, 
when  the  sinuses  reach  almost  to  the  base  or  axis;  or  divided ,  when  they 
reach  quite  to  the  base  or  axis,  so  as  to  divide  the  blade  into  separate 
pieces.  The  last-named  case  brings  us,  by  successive  gradations,  to  a 
compound  leaf  (61).  The  number  of  lobes.  <fcc.,  is  expressed  by  prefixing 
the  proper  numeral,  as  2 -lobed,  %-cleft ,  3- parted ,  3 -divided,  &c.  Other  par¬ 
ticular  terms  of  incision,  &c.,  only  require  to  be  explained  in  the  Glossary. 

66.  So,  likewise,  of  the  terms  which  denote  the  shape,  or  general  outline 
of  the  leaf,  or  of  any  other  expanded  body,  which  are  very  numerous  and 
diversified,  and  furnish  the  readiest  characters  of  species.  The  following 
are  the  more  common  and  important :  viz.  linear,  for  a  narrow  leaf,  with 
the  two  margins  parallel  :  lanceolate  or  lance-shaped,  for  a  narrow  leaf  ta¬ 
pering  to  each  end,  but  especially  towards  the  apex  :  oblong,  when  the 
breadth  bears  a  greater  proportion  to  the  length  :  oval,  broader  still,  but 
longer  than  broad,  with  the  two  ends  equilly  rounded  and  of  equal  width : 
elliptical,  like  the  last  or  narrower,  especially  with  the  ends  acute  :  ovate 
or  egg-shaped ,  viz.  shaped  like  the  section  of  a  hen’s  egg,  with  the  broader 
end  at  the  base  :  obovate,  the  same  inverted,  or  with  the  broader  end  at  the 
apex  :  cuneiform  or  wedge-shaped,  like  the  last,  but  the  converging  margins 
straight  towards  the  base  :  orbicular,  when  the  outline  is  circular  or  nearly 
so  :  round  or  rotund,  approaching  to  circular. 

67.  Terms  which  relate  both  to  outline  and  base  or  apex  are,  principally, 
cordate  or  heart-shaped,  when  the  two  sides  at  the  base  project  backwards 
in  a  rounded  form,  like  a  heart  as  commonly  delineated  :  reniform  or  kid¬ 
ney-shaped,  like  the  last,  but  with  the  rounded  outline  broader  than  long: 
auricled  or  auriculate  (eared),  which  is  applied  to  any  form  of  a  leaf  with  a 
pair  of  small  lobes  at  the  base  :  sagittate  or  arrow-shaped,  when  narrow 
with  a  pair  of  narrow  lobes  at  the  base,  not  much  divergent,  like  the  figure 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XIX 


of  an  arrow-head  :  hastate  or  halbert-shaped,  like  the  last  or  auricled,  with 
the  lobes  widely  diverging  :  ohcordate  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  which  is 
heart-shaped  with  the  notched  end  at  the  apex. 

68.  Certain  terms  belong  to  the  ends  alone  3  as  emarginate,  with  a  small 
notch  at  the  end  :  obtuse,  blunt :  acute,  terminating  in  an  acute  angle  with¬ 
out  much  tapering  :  acuminate  or  pointed,  tapering  or  drawn  out  into  a 
point :  mucronate,  tipped  with  an  abrupt  slender  point  ( mucro ) :  apiculate, 
tipped  with  an  abrupt  minute  point,  &c. 

69.  The  real  base  of  the  leaf  is  always  at  the  attachment  of  the  petiole : 
but  sometimes,  from  the  extension  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  leaf  back¬ 
wards  and  the  union  of  the  margins  behind  the  point  of  attachment,  the 
petiole  Seems  to  be  fixed  to  some  part  of  the  lower  surface,  when  it  is  pel¬ 
tate  or  shield-shaped,  as  in  the  Mandrake  (p.  21),  Water-Shield  (p.  22),  and 
Water-Lily  (p.  23). 

70.  The  general  outline,  incision,  &c.,  stands  connected,  in  a  good  de¬ 
gree,  with  the  mode  of  distribution  of  the  framework  (ribs,  veins),  or  the 
venation. 

71.  There  are  two  principal  modes  of  venation,  viz. :  — 1.  The  parallel- 
veined ,  or  nerved,  where  the  w'oody  system  of  the  leaf  (55)  divides  directly 
from  the  apex  of  the  petiole  into  simple  parallel  ribs  or  veins  (called  nerves 
by  the  older  botanists)  which  run  to  the  apex  without  forking;  or  some¬ 
times  they  are  given  off  from  a  prolongation  of  the  petiole  traversing  the 
axis  of  the  blade,  and  thence  run  parallel  to  the  margins.  This  mode  is  near¬ 
ly  characteristic  of  Endogenous  Plants  (52,  and  p.  445).  2.  The  reticulated 
or  netted-veined,  where  the  ribs  or  veins  branch  and  subdivide  in  various 
ways  as  they  spread  through  the  blade,  and  the  branchlets  run  together  or 
unite  with  one  another  ( anastomose ),  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  network. 
Such  leaves  are  specially  said  to  be  veined  or  veiny  (in  contradistinction  to 
nerved),  and  are  met  with  in  almost  all  Exogenous  Plants  (48).  The 
stronger  primary  divisions  of  the  framework  are  termed  ribs ;  the  smaller, 
veins  ;  the  minuter  ramifications,  veinlets. 

72.  Reticulated  or  netted-veined  leaves  present  two  leading  modifica¬ 
tions,  viz. :  —  1.  the  feather-veined  or  pinnately-veined ,  where  the  woody  sys¬ 
tem  of  the  petiole  is  prolonged  through  the  blade  in  a  single  rib  (the  mid¬ 
rib)  from  the  sides  of  which  the  veins  all  spring,  as  in  the  Oak,  Beech, 
Elm,  Apple,  &c. :  2.  the  palmately -veined  or  radiated-veined,  where  3  or 
more  ribs  of  about  equal  strength  spring  directly  from  the  apex  of  the  pe¬ 
tiole,  making  the  leaf  3 -ribbed,  5 ribbed,  &c.,  as  in  the  Maple,  Bass-wood, 
Currant,  & c.  When  strong  lateral  ribs  proceed  from  near  the  base  of 
a  midrib,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  triple-ribbed,  quintuple-ribbed,  &c.,  accord¬ 
ing  to  their  number. 

73.  The  particular  mode  of  incision  and  division  follows  the  distribution 
of  the  ribs  and  principal  veins  ;  the  primary  incisions,  sinuses,  or  reenter¬ 
ing  angles  being  directed,  in  the  pinnately-veined  leaf,  towards  the  midrib, 
in  the  palmately-veined,  towards  the  base.  Accordingly,  the  particular  mod¬ 
ifications  of  outline  and  lobing  are  accurately  expressed  by  combining  the 
terms  of  venation  with  those  which  denote  the  degree  of  division;  as  pin¬ 
nately  cleft  or  pinnatif  d,  when  the  incisions  of  a  feather-veined  leaf  reach 
about  halfway  to  the  midrib  ;  pinnate/y  parted,  when  they  almost  reach  it; 
and  pinnately  divided,  when  they  quite  attain  it  (65).  So,  likewise,  the 
terms  palmately  cleft,  palmately  parted,  divided.  &c.,  express  the  degree  01 
the  division  of  a  radiated-veined  leaf.  By  adding  also  the  number  of  the 
lobes  or  divisions,  the  description  is  made  still  more  complete,  as  pinnately 
5-parted,  palmately  3 -lobed,  &c.,  &c. 

74.  When  a  pinnately-veined  leaf  becomes  compound  (61),  it  will  therefore 
necessarily  be  pinnate,  that  is,  with  the  leaflets  arranged  along  the  sides  ot 
the  midrib  (as  in  the  Rose),  which  then  forms  a  common  petiole  (or  rachis ) ; 
while  a  palmately  veined  or  radiated  leaf  becomes  palmately  compound  or 


sssH&sass” 

g^^fsSSSSSg 

:SSS3“'S 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XXI 


Iris  (p.  482)  and  all  Grasses.  They  are  often  3- ranked  or  trislichous  (£),  as 
in  White  Hellebore  (p.  600),  and  in  Sedges  (p.  535),  when  the  fourth  comes 
over  the  first,  the  fifth  over  the  second,  the  sixth  over  the  third,  and  so  on. 

In  the  next  case,  which  prevails  in  Exogens,  they  are  5-ranked  or  quincun- 
cial  (|),  the  spirally  ascending  line  drawn  to  connect  the  insertions  of  ad¬ 
jacent  leaves  making  two  revolutions  round  the  stem  to  reach  the  sixth 
leaf,  which  stands  over  the  first,  the  seventh  standing  over  the  second,  the 
eighth  over  the  third,  and  so  on,  the  angular  distance  between  any  two 
leaves  in  succession  being  two-fifths  of  the  circumference.  In  the  case 
next  in  order  the  leaves  are  8 -ranked  (f ),  as  in  the  Plum,  the  ninth  leaf  be¬ 
ing  over  the  first,  and  three  turns  round  the  stem  being  made  to  reach  it. 
Next  they  are  13 -ranked  (^),  as  in  the  Ailanthus  (p.  78),  and  the  four¬ 
teenth  leaf  covers  the  first,  five  turns  round  the  stem  being  made  to 
reach  it. 

88.  The  pairs  of  opposite  leaves  follow  similar  orders  of  arrangement. 

89.  When  the  pairs  ctoss  each  other  exactly  at  right  angles,  so  as  to 
form  four  straight  ranks  of  leaves  (as  in  the  Mint  Family,  p.  313),  they  are 
said  to  be  decussate. 

90.  Only  one  leaf  springs  from  the  same  point.  Fascicled  or  chattered 
leaves,  which  often  appear  to  form  an  exception  (as  in  the  Pine,  p.  439, 
and  Larch,  p.  442),  are  those  of  a  whole  branch,  developed  without  any 
obvious  elongation  of  the  internodes  so  as  to  separate  them. 

91.  As  to  duration,  leaves  are  caducous  or  fugacious,  when  they  decay 
or  fall  very  soon  after  expansion  ;  deciduous  when  they  fall  comparatively 
early  or  at  the  close  of  the  season  *,  and  persistent ,  when  they  last  the 
whole  year  round  or  longer,  as  in  Evergreens. 

92.  The  leaves  of  most  Exogens  separate  from  the  persistent  stem  bv  a 
joint  formed  at  the  insertion,  leaving  a  clean  scar  3  such  are  articulated 
with  the  stem  ;  while  in  most  Endogens  the  dead  leaves  separate  only  by 
decaying  away. 

93.  The  mode  in  which  the  leaves  are  packed  away  in  the  bud  is  named 
their  Vernation  or  prjefoi.iation  ;  of  which  there  are  several  ways; 
such  as  the  conduplicate,  when  each  leaf  is  infolded  together  lengthwise,  as 
in  the  Beech.  Magnolia,  &c.  5  the  plicate  or  plaited ,  when  each  leaf  is  several 
times  folded  (into  plaits),  as  in  the  Maple,  Vine,  &c. ;  the  involute,  when 
the  edges  are  rolled  inwards  towards  the  midrib,  as  in  the  Violet ;  the  rev¬ 
olute,  when  they  are  rolled  backwards,  as  in  Azalea;  the  convolute ,  when 
the  leaf  is  rolled  up  around  the  bud  from  one  of  its  edges,  as  in  the  big; 
and  the  circinate,  when  spirally  rolled  up  from  the  apex  downwards,  as  in 
the  Sundew  (p.  49),  and  in  True  Ferns  (p.  620). 

*  *  *  *  Stipules. 

94.  The  Stipules  (59)  often  form  the  principal  scales  or  coverings  of 
the  bud,  although  falling  away  when  the  leaves  expand,  as  in  the  Oak 
Family,  the  Magnolia  Family  (p.  17),  &c.  This  is  perhaps  the  principal 
use  they  subserve,  except  when  they  remain,  become  green  and  foliaceous, 
and  act  like  leaves. 

95.  Leaves  furnished  with  these  appendages  are  said  to  b e  stipulate; 
destitute  of  them  they  are  exstipulate.  Leaflets  when  furnished  with  similar 
appendages,  as  in  the  Bean  (p.  95),  are  stipellate. 

96.  Stipules  are  sometimes  adnate  or  adherent  to  the  petiole,  one  on 
each  side,  as  in  the  Rose,  Strawberry,  and  Clover.  Sometimes  they  unite 
instead  by  their  opposite  margins  on  the  other  side  of  the  branch,  as  in 
Plane-tree  (p.  433)';  or  uniting  by  both  margins  they  form  a  sheath  ( ochrea ), 
as  in  the  Buckwheat  Family  (p.  385). 


XXII 


INTRODUCTION. 


6.  The  Organs  of  Reproduction 

r«9riTCnn^1Stth0ft:he  Fl®^er  and  the  parts  developed  from  it,  viz.  the 
new  *p|  an  tie  t!*16  SEED‘  The  18  ^  Production  of  an  Embryo,  or 

fnrm'o  P-0"!!?' like  branches,  are  evolved  from  buds.  Flower-buds  are 
aoex^f  the  Rtpm8”1^  8,tuations  as  leaf-buds,  and  in  no  other,  viz.  at  the 
apex  of  the  stem  or  brancji,  and  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Their  arrange- 

inerelv8th TrfSZtl  “re;.  by  *af  of  the  leaves.  Floter-stllX 
merely  the  ultimate  ramification  of  the  stem.  In  the  early  state  flower- 

ofdthearflowPrStingUIShKble  fr?m  leaf*buds5  and  most  conspicuous  parts 
rommnn  1  so  obviously  analogous  to  leaves  that  they  are  called,  in 

production ' TeT  °f  the  fl?Wer-  Indeed>  a11  the  organs  of  re- 

deveyonmpn?  ?^°rmed»h0n  h*  Same  p,an  as  those  of  vegetation,  and  their 
development  follows  the  same  general  laws.  The  parts  of  the  blossom 
belong  essentially  either  to  the  stem  (or  axis),  or  to  the  [eaves 

99.  The  arrangement  of  the  flowers  upon  the  stem  or  branch  constitutes 

Tli©  Inflorescence. 

withoiit^d?vd<t'n^r  muY  r®8*  direct/y  the  axil  or  on  the  apex  of  the  stem, 

BtilkT^L/d^7  'Iheu  11 18  sess!/e:  °r  »t  may  be  supported  by  a  flower- 
stalk  (peauncled),  which  is  named  the  Peduncle.  J 

sinal!*  C3Se  of>florescence  is  where  the  flower  is  solitary,  or 

in3le  euher  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  (as  in  the  Tulip.  &c.)  when  it 

meTviZd,^  Id1"  l  d’  °r  fromrthe  axil  of  a  ^af  (as  in  the  leafy-stem¬ 
med  V  lolets,  p.  43),  when  it  comes  from  an  axillary  bud. 

PfiT6  2re  accordi.ngly  two  principal  modes  of  inflorescence  ;  first, 
t?rnnH  thf  flo"'ers  sPr,n.g  from  axillary  buds,  the  terminal  bud  going  on 
to  continue  the  stem  or  axis  until  it  is  exhausted,  as  in  Speedwell  (p.  302) 

flhpnWhTh’  WhiGre  the  flowe™  aU  terminate  (first)  the  main  stem,  and 
In  q?  brancbe9>  or  ®Pnng  fr°m  terminal  buds,  as  in  the  Pink  Family 

modf  the  /no10  8'W°rt8  (P’  ^1i,F®ntian  Family  (p*  &c  1,1  the  first 
t ?  i  lnflo/esc.e»ce  «  ^definite,  since  the  flowering  stems  may  con- 

ment  w/tho,ut  bnilt>  except  from  exhaustion  or  want  of  nourish- 

^ate  arrested  Kv°tKd  r  tbe  flowering  stem  or  branch  being  in  each 

case  arrested  by  the  formation  of  a  terminal  flower.  The  indefinite  or  ax¬ 
illary  mode  may  be  first  considered.  maennue  or  ax 

leave*  fr°m  the  axils  of  which  blossoms  appear  are  frequently 
quite  like  those  of  the  rest  of  the  plant,  when  the  flowers  are  said  to  b^ 
axillary.  Oftener  the  floral  leaves  are  reduced  in  size  and  different  in 

tlcts  and  reflowe  °ther\when  receive  the  name  of 

53E?,“d  the  flower8  usually  more  obviously  form  a  cluster,  to  which 
different  names  are  applied  according  to  its  shape,  &c. 

in  the  aT^nf  atLSP,KKE  ?  f°,rmed  wht!n  the  flowers  are  «*sile,  or  nearly  so, 

vS3.  (“Si” ,  t"”""1  <  ■■  “  ■'« 

.  “1  ” 

Dart’of «uch  cases-ia  ‘he  common  peduncle;  and  the 
mtahed  J  th?  R  the  fleers  are  actually  borne  is  sometimes  distin- 

gu'ished  11  Z  P^ncL  T*“  Ped“"cle  °f  each  is 

no  1i°n7fl'nIrLn,!n!!farily (13’  that  the  flowers  a‘  ‘he  base  or  such 

cession  fromihe  ‘hat  ^  Wil‘  e*pand  in  ^la'  ^ 

108.  A  Corymb  differs  from  the  raceme  only  in  the  greater  proportion- 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XXIII 


ate  length  of  the  lower  pedicels,  so  that  the  open  cluster  becomes  broader 
than  long  and  flat-topped  or  convei,  as  in  the  Hawthorn  (p.  128). 

109.  An  Umbel  further  differs  only  in  having  the  rachis  (106)  so  short 
that  the  pedicels  seem  to  spring  all  from  the  same  point  or  nearly,  and  are 
mostly  equal  in  length,  as  in  the  Primrose  and  Dodecatheon  (p.  281).  The 
bracts  in  this  and  the  following  case,  being  brought  into  a  whorl  (85)  or 
cluster  round  the  stem,  form  collectively  the  Involucre,  as  in  the  Prim¬ 
rose,  Flowering  Cornel  (p.  168),  &c. 

110.  A  Head  (or  Capitulum)  is  the  same  as  an  umbel  with  the  pedicels 
all  shortened,  so  as  to  bring  the  flowers  into  a  solid  rounded  mass,  or  the 
same  as  a  spike  with  a  very  short  axis,  as  in  the  Clover  (p.  106)  and  Teasel 
(p.  183). 

111.  In  these  contracted  or  depressed  forms,  the  older  or  lower  flower- 
buds  (107)  will  obviously  occupy  the  margin  or  circumference,  and  they 
will  expand  in  regular  order  from  the  circumference  to  the  centre.  Hence 
the  indefinite  inflorescence  is  sometimes  said  to  be  centripetal. 

112.  Of  the  spike  and  head  there  are  one  or  two  particular  forms  ;  such  as 
the  Spadix,  which  is  merely  a  fleshy  spike  (as  in  the  Calla  and  Indian 
Turnip,  p.  446),  or  head  (as  in  the  Skunk-Cabbage,  p.  447),  usually  envel¬ 
oped  by  a  hooded  bract  (called  the  Spathe). 

113.  The  Ament,  or  Catkin,  is  the  peculiar  scaly  spike  of  the  Birch, 
Alder,  Hazel,  Willow,  Poplar,  and  other  amentaceous  trees,  &c. 

U4-.  The  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists,  so  familiar  in  the  Sun¬ 
flower  and  all  Composite  (n.  184),  is  merely  a  head :  the  calyx-like  scales 
(bracts)  which  subtend  it  form  the  involucre,  and  the  broad  or  depressed 
rachis  is  commonly  termed  the  receptacle. 

115.  The  bracts  often  borne  on  the  peduncle  or  its  branches  are  distin¬ 
guished  by  the  name  of  Bractlets  or  Bracteoles.  A  stalk  which 
Dears  them  is  bracteolate.% 

1 16.  From  their  axils  branchlets  in  the  form  of  flower-stalks  may  again 
arise,  and  so  the  inflorescence  become  compound.  When,  in  such  cases, 
the  secondary  division  imitates  the  primary,  there  arises  a  compound  spike , 
compound  raceme  (as  in  Smilacina  racemosa,  p.  491),  or  compound  umbel 
(as  in  the  Parsley  and  all  that  family,  p.  153),  &c. 

117.  The  secondary  or  partial  umbels  are  called  Umbellets.  A  sec¬ 
ondary  involucre  is  termed  an  Involucel. 

118.  If  the  lower  branches  of  a  raceme  are  branched  irregularly,  more  or 
less,  a  Panicle  is  produced.  A  compact,  pyramidal  or  oblong  panicle  is 
called  a  Thyrsus,  as  in  the  Lilac. 

119.  In  the  definite,  or  second  principal  mode  of  inflorescence,  where 
the  flower-buds  are  all  terminal  (102),  the  main  axis  is  first  terminated  by  a 
blossom,  which  arrests  its  growth.  This  gives  a  solitary  terminal  flower, 
as  in  the  Tulip,  many  Gentians,  &c.  Further  development  can  take  place 
only  by  the  production  of  axillary  branches ;  which  can  spring  from  the 
primary  peduncle  only  when  it  is  furnished  with  bracts  from  whose  axils 
they  may  arise.  They  are  most  likely  to  spring  from  the  axils  of  the  up¬ 
per  leaves.  If  the  leaves  and  bracts  are  opposite  (85),  which  is  more  com¬ 
monly  the  case  in  definite  inflorescence,  and  a  flower-stalk,  or  a  branch 
terminated  by  a  flower,  springs  one  from  each  axil  of  the  upper  pair,  a  3- 
flowered  inflorescence  is  produced,  in  which  the  central  (terminal)  blos¬ 
som  is  earliest,  and  the  two  lateral  (axillary)  later,  to  appear  and  develop. 
The  order  of  flowering  is  therefore  from  the  apex  downwards,  or  descend¬ 
ing  (the  reverse  of  the  indefinite  forms),  or,  if  the  three  blossoms  are  on  a 
level,  from  the  centre  outwards,  or  centrifugal. 

120.  When  the  pair  of  leaves  or  bracts  of  the  lateral  branches  or  pedun¬ 
cles  gives  rise  to  new  flower-stalks  in  the  same  way,  a  7-flowered  centrilu- 


XX1Y 


INTRODUCTION. 


gal  inflorescence  results  ;  in  which  the  central  flower  necessarily  expands 
first,  the  central  ones  of  each  branch  next,  and  then  the  lateral  ones. 
These  may  in  turn  develop  each  a  lateral  pair  of  flowers,  and  so  on. 
This  mode  of  inflorescence  is  also  termed  cijmose;  a  Cyme  being  the  gen¬ 
eral  name  for  a  flower-cluster  of  the  kind,  whether  simple  or  compound. 

121.  Sometimes  this  evolution  is  gradual,  the  successive  branches  shoot¬ 
ing  forth  after  the  expansion  of  the  primary  flower,  so  that  the  whole  pro¬ 
cess  may  be  directly  traced,  as  in  many  Chickweeds  (p.  62)  :  on  the  other 
hand,  all  the  numerous  flower-buds  of  a  compound  cyme  are  frequently 
fully  formed  before  any  of  them  open,  as  in  the  Laurestinus  and  other  Vi¬ 
burnums  (p.  174),  the  Elder  (p.  173),  &c. 

122.  A  contracted  cyme,  with  the  flowers  nearly  sessile,  is  called  a  Fas¬ 
cicle,  or  if  much  crowded,  like  a  head  (from  which  it  is  at  once  distin¬ 
guished  by  the  central  flowers  being  the  first  to  open),  it  is  named  a 
Glomerule. 

123.  The  regularity  and  symmetry  of  the  cyme  are  often  interfered  with 
by  the  non-evolution  of  some  of  the  flowers ;  thus  becoming  one-sided, 
and  sometimes  closely  imitating  some  form  of  centripetal  inflorescence. 
The  most  ambiguous  cases  of  the  kind  occur  in  some  alternate-leaved 
plants,  such  as  Stone-crops  (p.  146),  where  the  whole  cyme,  or  its  branch¬ 
es  (from  the  continued  evolution  of  the  branch  on  one  side  only),  would 
always  be  mistaken  foiva  raceme,  were  it  not  that  the  apparently  lateral 
flowers  are  not  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts,  but  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
axis,  or  nearly  so,  thus  showing  that  they  are  terminal. 

124.  The  case  of  a  whole  flower-cluster  borne  on  a  peduncle  opposite  a 
leaf,  as  in  the  Grape  and  entire  Vine  Family  (p.  85)  and  in  the  Poke  (p. 
385),  is  evidently  of  the  same  sort:  that  is,  an  originally  terminal  peduncle 
becomes  lateral  by  the  production  of  a  branch  from  the  axil  of  the  leaf  be¬ 
low  ;  this  branch  assuming  the  direction  of  the  main  stem  so  as  to  con¬ 
tinue  it,  turning  the  terminal  peduncle  to  one  side.  The  tendril  of  the 
Vine  occupies  the  same  position,  and  becomes  lateral  in  the  same  way. 

125.  The  centripetal  and  centrifugal  modes  of  evolution  are  sometimes 
combined  in  the  same  plant.  Thus,  the  heads  of  all  Compositae  (p.  184) 
open  their  flowers  cen  tripe  tally,  while  the  heads  themselves  are  developed 
more  or  less  regularly  in  the  centrifugal  mode.  The  reverse  is  seen  in  the 
Mint  Family  (p.  313),  where  the  stems  elongate  indefinitely  by  the  terminal 
bud,  developing  axillary  clusters  in  the  centripetal  mode,  but  the  clusters 
themselves  are  cymes,  expanding  their  flowers  centrifugally.  The  leaves 
being  opposite,  the  pair  of  contracted  small  cymes  (or  cymules)  when  ses¬ 
sile  forms  an  apparent  whorl  (Verticillaster).  But  truly  whorled 
flowers  only  occur  when  the  leaves  are  whorled,  as  in  Hippuris  (p.  140). 

126.  A  peduncle  which  rises  from  beneath  or  near  the  surface  of  the  soil 
is  called  a  Scape. 

8.  Tlie  Flower. 

*  Its  Component  Parts,  Structure,  &  c. 

127.  The  Flower  consists  of  two  kinds  of  organs,  viz. :  —  1st,  the  leaves 
of  the  blossom,  or  floral  envelopes  ;  and  2nd,  the  essential  organs, 
inclosed  and  protected  by  the  former  in  the  bud,  and  which  ordinarily  bear 
no  resemblance  to  leaves.  All  the  parts  are  arranged  on  a  short  axis  (the 
Receptacle  or  Torus),  like  leaves  on  a  branch,  usually  in  successive 
whorls.  The  flower  is  therefore  a  sort  of  branch,  with  the  internodes  very 
much  shortened  and  inconspicuous. 

128.  A  complete  flower  is  furnished  with  two  sets  of  floral  envelopes, 
viz.  an  outer  (the  Calyx),  and  an  inner  (the  Corolla),  and  with  two  kinds 
of  essential  organs,  of  which  the  outer  are  the  Stamens,  and  the  inner  or 
central  the  Pistils. 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XXV 


129.  The  Calyx  or  flower-cup  is  commonly  green  and  leaf-like,  but  not 
always  so  :  the  leaves  of  which  it  consists  are  named  the  Sepals. 

130.  The  Corolla,  or  inner  row  of  floral  envelopes,  is  commonly  of 
delicate  texture,  and  colored  (that  is,  of  some  hue  other  than  green),  so  that 
it  forms  the  most  showy  part  of  the  blossom  :  its  several  parts  or  leaves  are 
called  the  Petals. 

131.  When  the  leaves  of  the  flower  consist  of  one  row  only,  that  row  is 
considered  as  the  calyx,  whatever  its  color  or  texture  ;  excepting  where 
the  real  calyx  has  become  obliterated,  or  concealed  by  adhesion  with  some 
other  organ,  as  in  most  Umbelliferae  (p.  153),  when  the  envelope  which  ap¬ 
pears  may  be  shown  to  belong  to  the  corolla.  A  flower  which  is  incom¬ 
plete  from  the  want  of  the  corolla  is  apetalous. 

132.  The  floral  envelopes  are  collectively  termed  the  Perianth,  which 
name,  however,  is  seldom  used  except  in  cases  where  the  calyx  and  corolla 
are  not  satisfactorily  distinguishable,  or  where  the  existence  of  both  sets  is 
uncertain,  as  in  the  Lily  (p.  494),  and  Lily-like  plants. 

133.  Nor  is  the  calyx,  any  more  than  the  corolla,  an  essential  part  of  the 
flower :  both  are  often  wanting,  as  in  the  Willow  (p.424),  and  the  Lizard’s- 
tail  (p.  401)  ;  when  the  flower  is  naked,  or  achlamydeous. 

134.  The  leaves  of  the  flower,  whether  sepals  or  petals,  are  more  fre¬ 
quently  than  ordinary  leaves  (86)  united,  or  grown  together  by  their 
contiguous  margins  in  various  degrees,  so  as  to  form  a  cup  or  tube*  which 
appears  as  if  lobed,  parted,  cleft,  or  toothed  (65),  according  to  the  degree  of 
the  union  of  the  component  parts.  A  calyx  with  the  sepals  thus  combined 
is  said  to  be  monosepalous  or  monophyllous  ;  a  corolla  in  the  same  way  is 
monopetalous  (or  gamopetalous) ;  and  the  degree  of  division,  the  number  of 
parts,  &c.,  are  expressed  by  the  same  terms  as  in  lobed  leaves. 

135.  To  designate  a  calyx  or  corolla  with  unconnected  (or  distinct)  se¬ 
pals  or  petals,  the  terms  polyphyllous  or  poly  sepal ous,  and  polypetalons,  are 
used  ;  or  their  number  may  be  directly  expressed,  as  ti'isepalous  or  tripeta- 
lous,  when  there  are  three,  or  5-sepalous,  5~petalous ,  and  so  on. 

136.  The  mode  in  which  the  sepals  or  petals  are  applied  to  each  other  in 
the  bud,  constitutes  the  jestivation  or  pr defloration.  The  leading 
modes  are,  the  valvule  or  valvular,  where  the  parts  meet  by  their  edges 
without  any  overlapping,  as  in  the  calyx  of  the  Mallow  Family  (p.  67)  and 
the  Linden  (p.  71 ),  the  petals  of  the  Vine  (p.  85),  &c. :  the  induplicate,  which 
is  a  variety  of  the  last,  with  the  edges  rolled  inwards,  as  in  the  calyx  of  Clem¬ 
atis  (p.  4)  :  the  convolute,  contorted,  or  twisted  (forms  that  are  all  alike,  ex¬ 
cept  in  degree),  where  each  petal  or  sepal  has  one  edge  within  and  the  other 
without,  and  consequently  overlaps  the  next  on  one  side  while  it  is  over¬ 
lapped  by  its  neighbour  on  the  other,  as  the  petals  of  Mallow,  St.  John’s- 
wort  (p.  51),  and  Flax  (p.  72) :  the  imbricated,  where  two  of  them  have 
both  edges  exterior  in  the  bud,  so  as  to  inclose  the  others ;  of  which  the 
quincuncial  or  spirally  imbricated  is  the  regular  and  principal  form  when  the 
parts  are  five  in  number)  as  in  the  calyx-lobes  of  the  Hose,  the  petals  of 
the  Cherry  (p.  115),  &.c.  In  this  case,  the  first  and  second  are  wholly  ex¬ 
ternal,  the  fourth  and  fifth  wholly  internal,  while  the  third  has  one  edge 
covered  by  the  first,  and  the  other  overlapping  the  contiguous  edge  of  the 
fifth  ;  and  a  line  traced  from  the  first  to  the  adjacent  edge  of  the  second 
and  so  on  to  the  fifth,  describes  a  regular  spiral. 

137.  Frequently  the  petals,  and  rarely  the  sepals,  are  contracted  below 
into  a  stalk-like  base  (the  claw),  when  they  are  ungnicnlate,  as  in  the  corolla 
of  the  Mustard  Family  (p.  30);  the  expanded  part,  like  the  blade  of  the 
leaf,  being  distinguished  as  the  lamina  or  limb. 

138.  The  calyx  or  corolla  is  regular  when  the  parts  are  uniform  in 
size  and  shape,  as  in  the  cruciform  (cross-shaped)  corolla  of  the  Crucifer* 

c 


XXVI 


INTRODUCTION. 


(p.  30) ;  and  irregular  when  the  parts  are  dissimilar,  as  in  the  peculiar  papil¬ 
ionaceous  (butterfly-like)  corolla  of  the  Pulse  Family  (p.  90). 

139.  Among  the  forms  of  the  regular  monopetalous  corolla  are,  the  bell- 
shaped  or  campanulate,  which  enlarges  gradually  from  a  rounded  base  to 
the  open  and  spreading  border  :  the  funnel-shaped  or  infundibuliform, 
where  a  longer  tube  enlarges  gradually  below,  but  expands  widely  at  the 
summit,  as  in  the  Morning-Glory  :  the  tubular ,  which  is  more  or  less  cylin¬ 
drical  throughout  and  elongated  :  the  salver-shaped  (or  hypocraterifoifti), 
where  the  limb  or  border  spreads  abruptly  at  right  angles  with  the  summit  of 
the  slender  tube,  as  in  the  Primrose  (p.  281)  and  Phlox  (p.  344)  :  and  the 
wheel-shaped  (or  rotate),  which  is  like  the  last,  but  with  the  tube  much  shorter 
than  the  limb,  as  in  the  Bittersweet  (p.  354).  The  principal  irregular  form 
which  has  received  a  distinct  name  is  the  labiate  or  2-lipped,  where  the 
petals  are  unequally  united  so  as  to  form  an  upper  and  a  lower  lobe  or  lip, 
as  in  the  Mint  Family  (p.  313).  It  is  ringent  ox  gaping,  when  the  lips  are 
spreading  and  the  throat  open ;  and  personate  or  masked  when  closed  by 
the  approximation  of  the  lips,  or  by  a  protuberance  of  the  lower  one, 
called  the  palate,  as  in  the  Snapdragon  and  Toad-Flax  (p.  296). 

140.  A  flower  which  possesses  both  kinds  of  the  essential  organs  is  per¬ 
fect.  When  the  stamens  and  pistils  occupy  separate  flowers,  these  are 
diclinous  or  separated  ;  and  either  monoecious,  when  both  the  stamen-bear¬ 
ing  ( staminate  or  sterile)  and  the  pistil-bearing  (pistillate  or  fertile)  flowers 
are  borne  by  the  same  individual  plant  (as  in  the  Oak  Family,  d.  412) ;  or 
dioecious,  where  they  are  borne  on  different  individuals  (as  in  the  Willow 
Family,  p.  424,  and  the  Hemp,  p.  435). 

141.  The  Stamens,  or  fertilizing  organs  (sometimes  collectively  termed 
the  Andr(Ecium),  arise  from  the  receptacle  next  within  or  above  the  petals. 

142.  A  stamen  consists  of  two  parts  j  the  stalk  or  Filament,  and  the 
usually  knob-like  body  borne  on  its  apex,  the  Anther.  The  latter  is 
analogous  to  the  blade  of  a  leaf ;  the  former  to  the  leaf-stalk,  and,  like  it, 
is  often  wanting)  when  the  anther,  the  essential  organ  of  the  stamen,  is 
sessile  (59). 

143.  The  anther  is  normally  composed  of  2  hollow  lobes,  placed  side  by 
side,  or  is  2 -celled ;  each  lobe  or  cell  corresponding  to  the  side  of  a  leaf, 
and  the  prolonged  apex  of  the  filament  to  which  they  are  fixed  (the  con¬ 
nective!  corresponding  to  the  midrib.  The  minute,  dust-like  grains 
which  fill  the  interior  constitute  the  Pollen,  which,  discharged  from  the 
cells  of  the  anther  as  they  open  (commonly  lengthwise  by  a  slit  or  chink 
down  the  outer  side),  falls  upon  the  stigma  (149),  and  serves  to  fertilize 
the  ovary  (179). 

144.  The  anther  appears  to  be  fixed  to  the  filament  in  three  principal 
ways.  Sometimes  its  base  rests  directly  on  the  apex  of  the  filament,  as  in 
Menispermum  (p.  19),  when  it  is  innate,  or  erect :  sometimes  it  is  attached 
by  a  point  to  the  apex  of  the  filament  on  which  it  lightly  swings,  as 
in  the  Lily,  when  it  is  versatile :  or  occasionally  the  cells  occupy  one 
side  of  a  connective  which  is  a  continuous  prolongation  of  the  fila¬ 
ment,  to  one  side  of  which  the  anther  is  apparently  adherent  by  its  whole 
length  ;  and  hence  it  is  adnate,  —  either  to  the  face  next  the  pistil,  when 
it  is  introrse  (turned  inwards),  as  in  Magnolia  (p.  17),  or  to  the  face  to¬ 
wards  the  petals,  when  it  is  extrorse  (turned  outwards),  as  in  Liriodendron 
(P-  18)- 

145.  Sometimes  the  anther-cells,  instead  of  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
slit,  discharge  their  pollen  through  a  pore  or  small  chink  at  the  apex )  as  in 
most  of  the  Heath  Family,  p.  256,  in  the  Potato,  p.  354,  &c.  Rarely  they 
open  by  valves,  hinged  above  and  uplifted  like  trap-doors,  either  a  sing 
one  to  each  cell,  as  in  the  Barberry  (p.  20)  and  Benzoin  (p.  394),  or  a  pai 
of  them,  as  in  the  Sassafras  (p.  394). 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY.  XXvii 

146.  The  number  of  the  stamens  is  adjectively  expressed  by  Greek  nu¬ 
merals,  or  the  proper  adjectives,  prefixed  to  androus ;  as  monandrouSj  with 
a  single  stamen  ;  diandrous,  with  2  ;  triandrous ,  with  3  ;  tetrandrous,  with 
4 ;  pentandrous,  with  5  ;  hexandrous,  with  6  ;  keptandrovs ,  with  7  ;  octan- 
drous,  with  8  ;  euneandrous,  with  9  ;  decandrous ,  with  10  ;  dodecandrous , 
with  12  ;  and  po/yandrous,  when  more  numerous  or  indefinite. 

147.  The  stamens,  like  the  leaves  of  the  flower  (134),  may  unite  or  grow 
together ;  either  by  their  anthers  ( syngenesious,  as  in  Composite,  p.  184, 
and  Lobelia,  p.  253),  or  by  their  filaments.  If  the  filaments  unite  into  one 
mass,  tube,  or  ring,  the  stamens  are  monadelphous  (in  one  brotherhood),  as 
in  the  Mallow  Family  ;  if  into  two,  diadelphous,  as  in  most  of  the  Pulse 
Family  (p.  90)  j  if  in  three,  triade/phous ,  &c.  j  if  in  several,  polyadelphous. 
When  uncombined  they  are  distinct. 

148.  The  Pistils,  or  seed-bearing  organs  (collectively  termed  the 
GynjEcium),  to  whose  protection  and  perfection  all  the  other  parts  of  the 
blossom  are  in  some  way  subservient,  are  placed  within  or  above  the  sta¬ 
mens,  and  therefore  occupy  the  centre  or  summit  of  the  flower.  When 
there  is  only  one,  it  seems  to  terminate  the  axis  or  receptacle  (127). 

149.  A  pistil  is  distinguished  into  three  parts,  viz.  the  hollow  portion 

below,  which  becomes  the  pod  or  fruit,  and  is  named  the  Ovary  (or  by 
Linnaeus  the  Germen) ;  a  prolongation  usually  from  the  apex  of  the  ovary, 
of  various  form,  oftener  thread-shaped  or  columnar,  called  the  Style  ;  and 
the  termination  or  some  other  part  of  the  style  denuded  of  its  epidermis, 
either  knob-shaped  or  otherwise,  termed  the  Stigma.  The  style  is  often 
absent,  when  the  stigma  is  sessile  (142)  on  the  apex  of  the  ovary.  These 
two  parts  are  essential  to  the  pistil  j  the  stigma  to  receive  the  pollen  by 
which  the  Ovules,  or  rudiments  of  seeds  inclosed  within  the  ovary,  are 
fertilized.  J 

150.  The  only  exception  to  this  statement  is  furnished  by  the  Gymno- 
■ww-ou.  (°r  Naked-seeded)  Plants,  such  as  the  Pine  Family  (p.438), 
which  produce  flowers  of  the  greatest  possible  simplicity,  the  pistil  con¬ 
sisting  of  an  open  scale,  ovuliferous  (bearing  ovules)  on  some  part  of  its 
upper  surface,  upon  which  the  pollen  acts  directly,  without  the  interven¬ 
tion  of  a  stigma ;  and  the  seeds  consequently  are  not  contained  in  a  pod. 

151.  The  number  of  the  pistils  is  adjectively  expressed  by  Greek  numer¬ 
als  &c.,  prefixed  to  gynous,  e.  g.  1,  monogynous,  2,  digynous,  3,  trigynotis, 
and  so  on  to  polygynous,  when  they  are  numerous  or  indefinite,  as"  in  the 
corresponding  case  in  stamens  (146). 

/  pi®til  **  frequently  truly  single  or  solitary,  as  in  the  Baneberry 

(p.  lo),  Pulse  Family,  &c.  j  but  often  what  appears  to  be  a  single  pistil 
consists  in  fact  of  two,  three,  or  more,  with  all  tneir  parts  united,  as  in  the 
Lily  and  Tulip,  where  the  compound  pistil  they  bear  consists  of  three  sim¬ 
ple  pistils  confluent  into  one. 

153.  The  pistils,  although  often  distinct  or  separate  (as  in  Larkspur,  p.  13), 
are  more  frequently  united  than  any  of  the  other  parts  of  the  flower.  The 
union  occurs  in  every  degree,  from  the  connection  merely  of  their  bases,  as 
in  many  Saxifrages  (p.  148),  to  the  complete  coalescence  of  the  ovaries 
while  the  styles  are  distinct  (as  in  Aralia,  p.  166).  to  the  partial  union 
of  these,  or  to  their  complete  union,  with  that  of  the  stigmas  also 
as  in  the  Lily,  the  Dogwood  (p.  167),  Honeysuckle  (p.  171 ),  &c.  The  num¬ 
ber  of  the  cells,  or  cavities,  in  such  ovaries  indicates  the  composition  ;  the 
ovary  of  a  simple  pistil  being  normally  l-celled. 

J54-  Not  only  do  homogeneous  parts  of  the  flower  unite  (134,  147, 
153),  but  adjacent  sets  of  organs  are  liable  to  grow  together  in  a  greater  or 
less  degree.  When  parts  of  a  different  nature  are  not  united,  they  are  said 
to  oefree.  When  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  are  all  free  from  the  pis¬ 
tils  and  from  each  other,  but  exhibit  their  real  origin  or  insertion  (127) 


xxvm 


INTRODUCTION. 


in  successive  sets,  one  within  and  above  the  other,  as  in  a  Buttercup  (p.  8), 
Poppy  (p.  26),  &c.,  these  organs  are  said  to  be  hypogynous.  When,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  petals  and  stamens  are  inserted  into  the  calyx ,  that  is,  cohere 
below  with  it  (usually  through  the  intervention  of  a  ring  or  Disk  which 
lines  its  base),  as  in  the  Cherry,  Strawberry,  &c..  they  are  perigynota. 
The  same  term  is  employed  when  all  these  parts  likewise  cohere  with  the 
base  of  the  ovary,  as  in  many  Saxifrages,  Heuchera  (p.  149),  &c.  When 
all  these  parts  adhere  to  or  are  incorporated  with  the  surface  of  the  ovary 
quite  to  its  summit,  as  in  Umbelliferae  (p.  163),  Dogwood  (p.  167),  also  in 
the  Fuchsia,  and  all  the  Evening  Primrose  Family  (p.  134),  so  that  these 
organs  seem  to  spring  from  the  top  of  the  pod  or  fruit  instead  of  beneath  it, 
they  are  termed  epigynous. 

155.  Rarely  the  stamens  further  cohere  with  the  style  itself,  when  the 
flower  is  gynandrous ,  as  in  the  Orchis  Family  (p.  463). 

*  *  Its  Symmetry. 

156.  A  flower  is  perfectly  symmetrical  when  the  several  whorls,  or  sets 
of  organs,  which  compose  it  are  equal  in  number,  or  are  multiples  of  the 
fundamental  number.  The  flower  of  Tillsea  (p.  146)  is  entirely  and  ob¬ 
viously  symmetrical,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  being  un"°r*?\y 
3,  or  in  some  specimens  4.  So  is  that  of  Sedum  (Stone-Crop,  &c.,  p.  14b)» 
where  the  parts  are  in  fives,  but  the  stamens  are  doubled,  or,  in  other 
words,  there  are  2  whorls  of  them,  which  may  be  distinguished  by  some 
inequality  in  the  length  or  time  of  the  maturity  of  the  two  sets.  Pentho- 
rum,  the  next  genus  (p.  147),  is  like  the  last,  only  the  petals  are  usually 
wanting  ( suppressed ),  and  the  5  pistils  are  partially  united  into  one.  The 
Lily  (p.  494)  is  also  symmetrically  constructed  on  the  ternary  plan,  viz. 
with  all  its  parts  in  threes  ;  the  6-leaved  perianth  (132)  consisting  of  3 
outer  ( sepals )  and  3  inner  parts  ( petals ) ;  the  stamens  6,  or  two  sets  ;  while 
the  apparently  single  pistil  consists  of  three  wholly  coherent  into  one.  C& 
the  other  hand,  the  flower  of  Crucifers  (p.  30)  is  unsymmetrical  as  to  the 
stamens,  which  are  6,  while  the  sepals  and  petals  are  only  4. 

157.  The  number  of  the  component  parts  of  the  whole  flower,  or  of  any 
set,  is  designated  by  the  terms  binary  (in  twos),  ternary  (in  threes,  as  in 
most  Endogens),  quaternary  (in  fours),  quinary  (in  fives,  the  prevalent 
mode  in  Exogens),  &c.;  or  sometimes  by  Greek  numerals  prefixed  to 
-merous,  as  dimerous,  of  2  parts  ;  trimerous,  of  3  ;  tetramerous,  of  4  ;  penta- 
merous ,  of  5 ;  hexamerous,  of  6,  and  so  on.  These  and  the  like  terms  are 
frequently  written  with  Arabic  numerals,  as  3 -merous,  4 -merous,  &c. 

158.  In  the  typical  or  normal  symmetrical  flower,  the  organs  of  each  set 
successively  alternate  (85)  with  each  other;  that  is,  the  petals  stand 
over  the  intervals  between  adjacent  sepals  ;  the  stamens,  or  the  outer 
whorl  of  them,  over  the  intervals  between  the  petals  (or  the  lobes  ot 
the  corolla  if  monopetalous),  and  consequently  opposite,  or  before,  the 
sepals  ;  and  so  on.  This  regular  alternation  of  parts  is  to  be  taken  for 
granted  in  botanical  descriptions,  unless  otherwise  expressed.  The  excep¬ 
tions  to  this  rule,  when  they  occur,  almost  universally  run  uniformly  through 
the  family,  as  in  Berberidaceae  (p.  20),  Rhamnaceie  (p.  84),  where  the 
stamens  stand  opposite  the  petals  ;  and  in  Primulaceae  (p.  280),  where  they 
are  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  amounts  to  the  same  thing. 

159.  That  sepal,  petal,  or  other  part  which,  in  an  axillary  flower  (10), 
lies  next  the  bract,  or  outwards  as  to  the  axis  of  the  stem  or  branch,  i 
termed  the  anterior  or  inferior  (lower) ;  those  which  are  on  the  opposi  e 
side,  viz.  next  the  main  axis,  are  posterior  or  superior  (upper) ;  those  whicn 


*  For  particular  explanations  and  more  extended  illustrations  of.the  Plan!^rJj^ 
ture,  symmetry,  and  modifications  of  the  flower,  .the  student  is  referred  to  tne  w 
tanical  Text-Book,  2d  ed.,  pp.  184-218. 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XXIX 


occupy  the  sides,  or  stand  more  or  less  at  right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the 
axis  and  the  bract,  are  lateral.  Thus,  the  two  lips  of  the  corolla  of  Labiate 
plants  (p.  313)  are  superior  and  inferior  (upper  and  lower).  Thus,  in  the 
Pea  and  all  the  Pulse  Family,  where  the  flower  is  5-merous,  the  odd  sepal 
is  inferior ,  or  next  the  bract,  while  the  sinus  or  notch  between  the  two  su¬ 
perior  exactly  corresponds  to  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  and  the  two  re¬ 
maining  sepals  are  lateral.  And,  since  the  petals  alternate  with  the  sepals, 
the  odd  petal  ( standard ,  p.  90,  note)  is  superior,  the  two  lower  (forming  the 
keel)  are  inferior ,  and  the  two  remaining  (wings)  lateral.  This  will  render 
sufficiently  clear  the  application  of  these  terms  in  other  cases.  It  must  be 
noted,  however,  that  what  was  called  an  11  inferior  fower”  or  u  inferior 
calyx,”  &c.,  in  the  earlier  botanical  language,  still  to  some  extent  in  use, 
merely  designates  a  flower  with  the  calyx,  &c.,  free  from  the  ovary  (154), 
or  not  adherent ;  and  the  term  flower  or  calyx  superior  is  equivalent  to 
calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  free  portion  in  such  case  appearing  as  if  it 
constituted  the  whole  of  the  calyx  and  surmounted  the  ovary. 

*  *  *  Internal  Structure  of  tlie  Pistil,  & c. 

160.  When  the  pistils  are  very  numerous,  the  receptacle  is  commonly 
prolonged  or  otherwise  enlarged  for  their  insertion  3  as  in  Anemone  cvlin- 
drica  (p.  5),  Ranunculus  (p.  8),  the  Strawberry  (p.  123),  &c.  In  the  Rose 
(p.  126)  the  receptacle  is  expanded  in  a  different  way,  so  as  to  become 
hollow,  and  line  the  urn-shaped  fleshy  calyx-tube  which  forms  the  rose-hip, 
bearing  the  inclosed  pistils  over  the  whole  inner  (upper)  surface. 

161.  In  Geranium  (p.  73),  the  receptacle  is  prolonged  far  beyond  the  5 
ovaries  into  a  beak,  to  which  the  styles  cohere.  In  Nelumbium  it  ex¬ 
pands  into  a  large  top-shaped  body,  into  the  upper  face  of  which  the  pistils 
are  immersed. 

162.  In  Magnolia  and  Liriodendron  (p.  17),  the  numerous  pistils,  which 
partly  cover  each  other,  or  are  imbricated,  in  many  rows  on  an  elongated 
receptacle,  cohere  by  their  contiguous  parts  (the  inner  side  of  each  to  the 
back  of  the  next  above)  into  a  common  mass. 

163.  To  form  a  proper  Compound  Pistil,  however,  the  component  simple 
pistils  unite  in  a  whorl  or  ring,  all  being  in  one  plane,  in  a  manner  which 
is  well  illustrated  by  the  Mallow  (p.  69)  and  its  allies.  Rightly  to  under¬ 
stand  the  structure  and  modifications  of  the  compound  ovary,  the  nature  of 
the  simple  pistil  must  first  be  more  particularly  indicated. 

164.  A  simple  pistil  is  correctly  represented  as  a  transformed  leaf,  curv¬ 
ed  or  folded  inwards  so  that  the  two  edges  are  brought  into  contact 
and  cohere,  thus  forming  a  closed  sac  or  cell,  the  ovary ;  while  a  pro¬ 
longation  of  the  apex  of  such  a  leaf  produces  the  style,  if  any  j  and  its  apex, 
or  some  marginal  portion  of  the  prolongation,  forms  the  stigma.  The 
simple  pistil,  formed  thus  of  a  single  leaf,  whether  separate,  or  when 
forming  one  of  the  components  of  a  compound  leaf,  is  named  a  Carpel. 

164.2  In  a  whorl  of  simple  pistils,  accordingly,  the  line  which  represents 
the  united  margins  of  the  caipellary  leaf  ’  of  which  each  theoretically  is 
composed,  is  on  the  inner  side,  or  next  the  axis.  This  line  is  called  the 
Inner  or  Ventral  Suture  (seam).  A  similar  line  down  the  back,  answering 
to  the  midrib  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  is  called  the  Outer  or  Dorsal  Suture. 

165.  It  is  to  the  ventral  suture  alone,  or  some  part  of  it,  with  rare  ex¬ 
ceptions,  or  to  something  formed  of  it,  that  the  ovules  (173,  or  bodies 
which  are  to  become  the  seeds)  are  attached.  This  is  plainly  seen  in  the 
most  natural,  normal  carpels  of  the  Larkspur,  Columbine,  or  Caltha  (pp. 
11  - 13),  where  the  ovules  occupy  the  whole  ventral  suture  in  two  rows, 
one  for  each  margin  of  the  transformed  leaf.  In  the  Buttercup  (p.  8),  the 
single  ovule  occupies  the  very  base  of  this  suture  j  in  Anemone,  its  apex. 

166.  The  line  or  ridge  which  bears  the  ovules,  and  often  projects  more 

c  * 


XXX 


INTRODUCTION. 


or  less  into  the  cell,  is  called  the  Placenta.  Each  placenta  consists  of, 
and  often  separates  into,  two  parts  5  one  belonging  to  each  margin  of  the 
transformed  leaf. 

167.  It  is  apparent,  therefore,  that  when  the  carpels  of  a  whorl  combine 
to  form  a  compound  pistil  by  the  cohesion  of  the  contiguous  parts,  the 
compound  ovary  so  produced  will  have  as  many  cells  as  there  are  carpels 
in  its  composition,  and  the  placentae  will  all  meet  in  the  axis,  or  around  it; 
or,  in  other  words,  the  ovules  will  be  borne  from  the  internal  angle  of  each 
cell.  It  is  obvious,  also,  that  the  partitions  (or  dissepiments )  of  the  com¬ 
pound  ovary  consist  of  the  contiguous  and  united  sides  of  the  carpels,  and 
that  each  is  double,  or  of  two  layers. 

168.  Although  a  simple  carpel  has  no  proper  dissepiment,  yet  the  pres¬ 
ence  of  a  partition  is  no  absolute  proof  that  an  ovary  is  compound  ;  since  a 
spurious  partition  is  sometimes  formed  by  the  inflexion  of,  or  a  growth  from, 
the  dorsal  suture  ;  as  in  the  simple  carpel  of  Astragalus  (p.  103),  and  in 
the  compound  ovary  of  Flax  (p.  72)  and  Blueberry  (p.  261),  which  in  this 
way  show  twice  as  many  cells  as  there  are  component  carpels. 

169.  Nor,  jon  the  other  hand,  can  a  1-celled  ovary  be  inferred  to  be 
simple  on  that  account.  The  more  or  less  distinct  styles,  or  the  numerous 
stigmas,  or  the  number  of  the  placentae,  indicate  the  composition.  A  one- 
celled  compound  ovary  may  arise  in  either  of  the  following  ways. 

170.  The  partitions  which  actually  exist  at  a  very  early  stage  may  vanish, 
by  the  more  rapid  growth  of  the  exterior,  so  as  entirely  or  nearly  to  disap¬ 
pear  before  the  flower  opens,  forming  a  free  central  placenta;  as  in  most  of 
the  Pink  Family  (p.  55). 

171.  Or,  the  compound  ovary  may  arise  as  if  from  the  union  of  a  whorl 
of  2,  3,  or  more  open  carpellary  leaves,  the  margin  of  one  uniting  with  the 
contiguous  margin  of  the  adjacent  leaf  to  form  a  placenta  or  ovuliferous 
line,  without  any  introflexion  at  all  (as  in  the  Prickly  Poppy,  p.  26,  the 
Violet,  p.  43,  and  Sundew,  p.  49),  or  with  more  or  less  introflexion,  though 
not  so  as  to  reach  the  centre  (as  in  the  Poppy,  p.  26,  many  St.  John’s- 
worts,  p.  53,  &c.).  The  placentae,  being  in  such  cases  borne  on,  or  pro¬ 
jected  from,  the  parietes  or  walls  of  the  ovary  (instead  of  from  the  centre), 
are  said  to  be  parietal. 

172.  The  number  of  carpels  which  make  up  a  compound  ovary,  of  what¬ 
ever  sort,  is  expressed  by  the  terms  di-(2-)carpellary^  tri-{3-)carpellary, 
tetra-(4-)rarpellary,  penta-(5-)carpellary ,  and  so  on.  To  express  the  de¬ 
gree  of  union  of  the  styles,  we  may  either  say,  style  cleft,  parted ,  &c..  de¬ 
scribing  according  to  the  appearance,  as  if  an  originally  solid  body  had  been 
split,  &c. ;  or,  more  properly,  styles  united  at  the  base ,  to  the  middle ,  to  the 
summit,  &,c.,  thus  adapting  the  language  to  the  actual  state  of  the  case. 

*  *  *  *  Ovules;  Fertilization. 

173.  Ovules  (149)  at  first  appear  like  minute  granulations,  or  pulpy 
excrescences  of  the  placenta  ;  but  before  the  flower  opens  they  have  gen¬ 
erally  acquired  their  regular  form  and  structure. 

174.  The  ovule  is  commonly  raised  on  a  stalk  of  its  own,  the  Funiculus. 
It  ordinarily  consists  of  two  coats,  an  outer,  the  Primine,  and  an  inner, 
the  Secundine,  which  are  developed  around  the  base  of  a  cellular  mass, 
the  Nucleus,  so  as  at  length  to  inclose  it.  The  coats  are,  however,  open 
at  the  apex,  the  mouth  or  orifice  (foramen,  micropylf.)  of  the  outer 
being  called  the  Exostome  *,  of  the  inner,  the  Endostome.  The  base,  or 
extremity  where  the  coats  and  the  nucleus  join  and  are  fixed  to  the  stalk, 
through  which  it  draws  its  nourishment  from  the  placenta,  forms  the 
Chalaza. 

175.  In  the  orthotropous  ovule,  which  is  the  simplest  form  of  all,  the 
whole  organ  remains  straight,  as  the  name  denotes,  with  the  chalaza  or  real 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XXXI 


base  next  the  placenta  with  which  funiculus  directly  connects  it,  while  the 
orifice  or  apex  is  at  the  opposite  extremity  5  of  which  the  Cistus  Family 
(p.  47)  affords  good  examples. 

176.  In  the  campy  lutropous  or  curved  ovule,  the  whole  curves  round  on 
itself  in  the  course  of  its  unequal  growth,  so  as  to  become  more  or  less 
kidney-shaped,  and  to  bring  the  apex  round  in  proximity  to  the  chalaza. 
Those  of  the  Mignonette  (p.  42),  Mustard  Family  (p.  30),  and  Pink  Family 
(p.  55)  are  of  this  sort. 

177.  In  the  anatropous  or  inverted  form,  which  is  the  most  common  case 
(of  which  the  Violet  affords  a  good  example),  the  ovule  is  straight,  as  in  the 
orthotropous,  but  has  become  bodily  inverted  on  its  stalk  in  an  early  period 
of  its  development,  so  that  the  orifice  or  real  apex,  brought  down  by  the 
side  of  the  stalk,  points  to  the  placenta,  while  the  chalaza  occupies  the  op- 

fiosite  extremity,  or  the  apparent  apex.  The  portion  of  the  stalk  which 
ies  in  contact  with  the  side  of  the  ovule  coheres  to  it,  and  receives  the 
name  of  the  Raphe.  This  remains  firmly  thus  attached  in  the  seed ;  so 
that  the  Hilum,  or  scar  left  on  the  seed  when  it  separates  from  the  stalk, 
is  next  the  orifice  or  true  apex,  and  quite  at  the  opposite  end  from  the 
chalaza  ;  instead  of  being  at  the  chalaza,  as  in  the  preceding  kinds. 

178.  A  modification  of  the  last,  called  the  amphitropous  form,  is  precisely 
like  it,  except  that  the  stalk  adheres  only  halfway  down  to  form  a  raphe, 
and  the  free  part  of  the  stalk  then  diverges,  so  that  the  ovule  stands  across 
its  apex,  with  the  hilum  equidistant  between  the  chalaza  at  one  end  and 
the  orifice  at  the  other. 

179.  The  ovules  are  fertilized  through  the  agency  of  the  pollen  (143). 
The  pollen-grains  that  fall  upon  the  stigma,  or  some  of  them,  soon  emit, 
through  some  part  of  their  thickish  outer  coat,  a  delicate  prolongation  of 
the  thin  and  extensile  inner  coat,  in  the  form  of  a  slender  tube,  filled 
with  the  fluid  which  the  grain  contains,  and  with  the  minute  molecular 
matter  that  floats  in  it:  this  tube  penetrates  the  stigma  and  imbeds  itself 
deeply  in  the  loose  tissue  of  the  style.  Shortly  after,  similar  tubes  or 
threads,  generally  supposed  to  be  prolongations  of  these,  are  found  in  the 
placenta,  whence  they  have  often  been  traced  into  the  orifice  of  the  ovule, 
or  into  contact  with  the  projecting  apex  of  the  nucleus  j  in  which  the  nas¬ 
cent  embryo  (15,209)  subsequently  appears,  first  as  an  apparently  single 
cell  or  vesicle  of  cellular  tissue,  suspended  by  a  thread-like  chain°of 
smaller  cells.  This  primary  cell  soon  gives  rise  to  a  mass  of  minute  cells, 
which,  as  they  increase  and  grow,  are  at  length  fashioned  into  the  ultimate 
and  specific  form  of  the  embryo.  The  Radicle  or  root-end  of  the  embryo 
is  always  that  extremity  by  which  it  was  at  first  suspended  :  consequently 
it  always  points  towards  the  orifice  of  the  ovule,  or  the  micropyle. 

180.  The  fertilized  ovule  becomes  the  seed;  and  the  ripened  and  full- 
grown  seed-bearing  ovary  forms 


9.  Tlie  Fruit. 

181.  The  Fruit  consists  of  the  matured  ovary  (the  Pericarp  or  Seed- 
vessel)  and  its  contents,  along  with  any  other  parts  that  may  be  incorpo¬ 
rated  with  it ;  such  as  an  adherent  calyx,  which  in  the  apple  and  pear,  be¬ 
coming  greatly  thickened  and  fleshy,  makes  up  the  principal  bulk  of  the 
fruit,  and  in  the  quince  forms  the  whole  edible  mass. 

182.  Sometimes  a  calyx  becomes  fleshy  or  berry -like  without  adhering  at 
all  to  the  pericarp  itself,  as  in  the  Creeping  Wintergreen  (p.  264)  :  some¬ 
times  it  is  the  receptacle  alone  which  becomes  pulpy  and  edible,  as  in  the 
Strawberry  (p.  123).  The  organizable  nutritive  matter  often  accumulates 
largely  in  the  pericarp,  which,  becoming  soft  or  juicy  as  it  ripens,  forms  a 
berry.  Often  there  is  no  accumulation  farther  than  what  is  immediately 
required  for  the  seeds,  when  the  walls  of  the  pericarp  remain  leaf-like,  or 


xxxu 


INTRODUCTION. 


in  ripening  become  membranaceous,  coriaceous,  or  crustaceous,  forming  a 
dry  fruit  $  such  as  a  pod,  when  it  splits,  or  otherwise  opens  at  malurity, 
and  a  nut ,  achenium,  &. c.,  when  it  does  not.  Sometimes  the  outer  layer  of 
the  pericarp  enlarges  and  softens,  while  the  inner  hardens  like  a  nut,  when 
a  drupe  or  stone-fruit  is  the  result,  such  as  the  plum  and  peach. 

183.  Besides  the  changes  in  size,  form,  and  texture  to  which  the  ovary  is 
subject  as  it  matures  into  the  pericarp,  it  is' also  liable  to  some  changes 
from  the  abortion  or  obliteration  of  parts.  Thus,  the  ovary  of  the  Oak  and 
Beech  has  3  cells  and  2  ovules  in  each  $  while  the  acorn  and  beech  nut  are 
only  one-celled  and  one-seeded  ;  five  ovules  and  two  of  the  cells  being  ob¬ 
literated  during  the  growth  of  the  fruit.  The  same  thing  occurs  in  the 
Horsechestnut,  but  in  a  less  degree,  since  2  or  3  seeds  often  ripen,  and 
the  abortive  ones,  or  traces  of  them,  as  well  as  of  the  original  partitions, 
may  always  be  found  in  the  ripe  fruit. 

184.  On  the  other  hand,  the  cells  are  sometimes  multiplied  in  fruiting, 
as  in  the  Stramonium  (p.  353),  where  a  2-celled  ovary  becomes  4-celled  by 
a  false  partition,  and  in  Desmodium  (p.  98)  and  such  like  pods,  in  which  a 
set  of  cross  divisions  is  formed. 

185.  Of  simple  fruits  (produced  by  a  single  flower),  the  following  are  the 
principal  kinds. 

186.  A  Follicle  is  a  pod  (183)  formed  of  a  single  carpel  which  opens 
at  maturity  along  the  ventral  suture ;  as  in  the  Larkspur  and  Columbine 
(p.  13). 

187.  A  Legume,  the  proper  pod  of  the  Pulse  Family  (p.  90),  differs  from 
the  follicle  in  opening  by  both  sutures,  thus  splitting  into  2  pieces,  or 
valves,  each  of  which  is  half  a  carpel.  The  name  is  given,  in  practice,  to 
every  form  of  the  fruit  of  the  Pulse  Family,  whether  opening  by  valves  or 
not.  A  pod  of  the  sort  which  is  divided  transversely  into  several  joints  (in 
the  mode  mentioned  at  the  close  of  paragr.  184)  is  called  a  Loment,  or  a 
lomentaceous  pod. 

188.  A  Capsule  is  the  general  name  for  any  sort  of  pod  formed  of  a 
compound  ovary  (163),  especially  when  opening  by  regular  valves;  or,  in 
other  words,  is  dehiscent. 

189.  Regular  dehiscence  takes  place  by  the  opening  through  one  or 
both  sutures  (164),  and  often  also  by  the  disjunction  of  carpels  that  have 
been  united. 

190.  When  a  capsule  splits  through  the  partitions,  the  dehiscence  is 
septicidal.  This  separates  it  into  its  constituent  carpels,  which  then  usually 
open  by  the  ventral  suture  at  their  inner  angle  for  the  discharge  of  the 
seeds.  The  separable  carpels,  or  the  lobes  of  a  pod,  the  carpels  of  which 
are  united  at  the  centre  only,  are  sometimes  called  Cocci,  and  the  pod, 
dicoccous,  tricoccous,  &c.,  to  express  the  number  of  carpels. 

191.  When  the  dehiscence  of  a  capsule  occurs  by  the  dorsal  suture  of 
each  carpel,  thus  opening  directly  into  the  back  of  each  cell,  it  is  said  to  be 
loculicidal.  The  partitions,  remaining  intact,  are  borne  each  on  the  middle 
of  a  valve  ;  while  in  the  septicidal  mode  the  half-partitions  remain  attached 
to  the  margins  of  the  valves. 

192.  The  1-celled  capsule  with  parietal  placentae  may  dehisce  either 
loculicidally  through  the  dorsal  sutures,  when  the  placentae  will  occupy  the 
middle  of  the  valves,  or  by  the  disjunction  of  the  united  margins  of  the 
carpels,  when  each  valve  will  answer  to  an  entire  carpel,  and  bear  the  half¬ 
placentae  and  seeds  on  both  margins. 

193.  Sometimes  the  valves  fall  away  from  the  partitions,  leaving  them  ad¬ 
herent  in  the  centre,  as  in  the  Morning-Glory  (p.  349),  — a  modification  ot 
either  of  the  twfo  preceding  modes,  which  is  termed  septifragal. 

194.  Not  unlike  this  is  the  case  where  the  valves  separate  from  the  pa* 


^^^atiSi'SST^ssriii 

"“'wsar 


SSSxa?« 

JK^"^-i?Li-^-'“-“‘‘i-  -  -h“ 

g-j^^SSHliwSKS 

sSsS-SjESS^ 


XXXIV 


INTRODUCTION. 


10.  The  Seed. 

209.  The  Seed  is  the  matured  ovule,  with  the  Embryo,  or  initial  plantlet 
(15,  97),  formed  within  it.  It  consists  of  a  nucleus  (174),  inclosed  ordi¬ 
narily  by  two  integuments. 

210.  The  exterior  seed-coat  (the  testa)  is  commonly  much  thicker 
than  the  inner.  It  varies  greatly  in  texture  and  in  form  :  it  is  sometimes 
expanded  into  a  wing  for  facilitating  dispersion  by  the  wind,  as  in  Catalpa 
(p.  291),  and  many  other  plants  with  dehiscent  pods  (but  in  no  indehiscent 
fruits) :  and  sometimes  it  is  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  or  down 
(coma)  to  effect  the  same  purpose,  as  in  Willow-herb  (p.  135)  and  Silk- 
weed  (p.  366). 

211.  Seeds  are  occasionally  furnished  with  an  extraneous  covering,  more 
or  less  complete,  which  does  not  preexist  in  the  ovule,  but  is  subsequently 
formed  by  a  growth  from  the  apex  of  the  funiculus  (174)  or  seed-stalk: 
this  forms  an  Aril,  of  which  the  mace  of  the  JXutmeg  is  an  example,  and 
also  the  scarlet  pulpy  envelope  of  the  seeds  of  Celastrus  (p.  83)  and  its 
allies. 

212.  The  scar  left  where  the  seed-stalk  separates  from  the  seed  is  the 
Hilum  (177).  The  orifice  or  foramen  of  the  ovule  (174)  leaves  a  trace 
which  is  named  the  micropyle  in  the  seed.  The  Raphe  of  the  ovule 
(177)  bears  the  same  name  in  the  seed,  where  it  is  equally  conspicuous  j  in 
the  anatropaus  form  appearing  as  a  line  or  ridge  down  the  inner  side  of 
the  seed,  but  in  the  ampkitropous  only  half  the  length,  joining  the  hilum 
with  the  chalaza  (178).  Orthotropous  and  campijlotropous  seeds,  like  the 
ovules  from  which  they  result,  have  no  raphe,  their  hilum  being  at  the 
chalaza  (175,  176). 

213.  The  nucleus  of  the  seed,  or  part  contained  in  the  integuments, 
consists  either  of  the  embryo  alone  (as  in  the  almond,  and  all  the  Rose 
Family,  the  Pulse  Family,  &c.),  or  of  this  body  and  a  mass  of  starch  and 
other  nutritive  matter  accumulated  around  it,  and  intended  for  the  nourish¬ 
ment  of  the  plantlet  in  germination  (222).  This  substance,  the  flowery  part 
of  the  seed,  is  called  the  Albumen,  or  Perisperm.  Such  seeds  are 
termed  albuminous. 

214.  Seeds  which  are  destitute  of  albumen  (exalbuminous)  have  of  course 
an  embryo  so  large  as  to  fill  the  whole  interior  ;  and  which  is  provided 
either  with  well-developed  leaf-like  cotyledons  (218),  as  in  the  Maple 
(p.  80),  or  else  with  a  store  of  nourishing  matter  in  the  thickened  cotyle¬ 
dons  themselves  (as  in  the  pea  and  bean,  chestnut,  &c.),  on  which  the  ger¬ 
minating  plantlet  feeds. 

215.  The  albumen  is  not  always  farinaceous ,  or  mealy  (as  in  Grasses, 
Buckwheat,  &c.) :  it  is  often  fleshy  in  consistence,  or  hard  and  homy  or 
corneous  (as  in  Coffee),  or  softer  and  even  mucilaginous  (as  in  Convol¬ 
vulus,  p.  347),  or  gorged  with  oil  (oily),  as  in  Poppy-seeds.  Although  gen¬ 
erally  homogeneous,  yet  in  the  nutmeg,  and  in  the  seeds  of  the  Custard- 
Apple  Family  (p.  18),  it  is  variegated  or  thrown  into  folds,  or  ruminated. 

216.  In  Water-Lilies,  &c.  (p.  23),  the  embryo  is  separately  inclosed  in 
a  peculiar  little  sac  within  or  at  the  end  of  the  albumen. 

217.  The  Embryo  (15,  209)  varies  very  much  in  size,  form,  and  in  posi¬ 
tion  with  respect  to  the  albumen  when  this  is  present.  It  is  generally  sur¬ 
rounded  by  and  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen  ;  but  it  often  rests  on  some  part 
of  its  surface  (as  wheat,  and  all  Grass-seeds,  p.  567),  or  is  coiled  like  a  ring 
around  it  (as  in  the  Purslane  Family,  and  many  others  with  albuminous 
campy lotropous  seeds). 

218.  The  embryo  is  the  essential  part  of  the  seed:  to  its  production, 
protection,  and  support,  all  the  other  parts,  not  only  of  the  seed,  but  also  o 
the  fruit  and  flower,  are  subservient.  It  becomes  a  plant  simply  by  tne 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XXXV 


evolution  of  its  parts ;  it  accordingly  possesses,  in  a  rudimentary  state,  all 
the  essential  organs  of  vegetation,  as  has  already  been  shown  (12-17). 
The  preexisting  first  joint  (internode)  of  the  axis  is  the  Radicle,  and  the 
seed-leaves  it  bears  are  the  Cotyledons. 

219.  The  embryo  of  Endogenous  Plants  (p.  445)  bears  a  single  cotyledon 
(or  only  one  seed-leaf  on  its  primary  node,  13),  or  is  monocotyledonous. 
That  of  Exogenous  Plants  (p.  1)  bears  two  opposite  cotyledons,  and  is 
therefore  dicotyledonous ,  or  rarely  3  or  more  in  a  whorl  ( polycotytedonous ), 
as  in  Pines  (p.  439). 

220.  In  large  embryos,  the  rudiment  of  the  second  node,  with  its  leaf  or 
leaves,  is  sometimes  apparent  or  more  or  less  conspicuous  anterior  to  ger¬ 
mination  :  this  growing  apex,  or  bud,  is  named  the  Plumule. 

221.  Whatever  be  the  form  and  nature  of  the  seed,  the  radicle  lies  adja¬ 
cent  to  its  organic  apex,  or  micropyle  (179),  towards  which  the  root-end 
(the  extremity  opposite  to  the  cotyledons)  invariably  points.  It  is  accord¬ 
ingly  next  the  hilum  in  anatropous  seeds,  but  remote  from  it,  at  the  oppo¬ 
site  end,  in  orthotropous  seeds.  Considered  with  respect  to  the  pericarp, 
the  radicle  is  superior  when  it  is  directed  towards  the  apex  of  the  fruit ; 
in/enor  when  it  points  towards  its  base,  &c. 

222  The  germination,  or  development  of  the  embryo  from  the  seed, 
and  its  establishment  as  an  independent  individual  plant,  completes  the 
cycle  of  vegetable  life,  and  brings  us  round  to  the  point  at  which  this 
account  began. 

223.  The  conditions  requisite  to  germination  are  a  certain  amount  of 
heat  (according  to  the  nature  of  the  species),  moisture,  darkness,  and  a 
free  communication  with  the  air.  Seeds  are  in  the  most  favorable  condi¬ 
tion  for  germination,  therefore,  when  loosely  covered  with  soil,  which  ex¬ 
cludes  the  light  while  it  freely  admits  the  air,  and  is  moistened  by  showers 
and  warmed  by  the  rays  of  the  sun.  The  water  which  is  slowly  absorbed 
softens  all  the  parts  of  the  seed,  and  serves  to  dissolve  the  starch  and 
other  nutritive  matter  contained  in  the  cotyledons  or  accumulated  in  the 
surrounding  albumen  (a  portion  of  which  is  decomposed  and  converted 
into  carbonic  acid  and  water  with  the  evolution  of  heat,  while  the  remain¬ 
der  is  usually  brought  into  the  more  soluble  forms  of  dextrine,  sugar.  &c.); 
the  enlarging  embryo  bursts  its  envelopes  ;  the  radicle  is  protruded,  and, 
taking  a  downward  direction,  fixes  itself  in  the  soil ;  while  the  budding  end 
elongates  in  the  opposite  direction  to  elevate  the  plumule  above  the^  sur¬ 
face,  when  the  leaves  expand  in  the  air  and  light  (12-17). 

224.  In  most  Exogens,  the  cotyledons  are  brought  to  the  surface  in  ger¬ 
mination  and  expand  in  the  air,  as  in  the  Maple,  Beech,  and  Bean.  But 
when  greatly  thickened  and  gorged  with  nourishing  matter  deposited  in 
their  tissue,  they  remain  under  ground  (as  in  the  Oak,  Horsechestnut, 
Pea,  &c.),  the  plumule  alone  rising  above  the  surface,  and  its  primordial 
leaves  being  the  earliest  to  expand.  So,  likewise,  the  single  cotyledon  in 
Endogens  always  remains  subterranean. 

225.  In  the  Mangrove,  &c.,  and  also  in  some  casual  cases,  the  embryo 
germinates  while  the  fruit  is  still  attached  to  the  parent  stem  ;  or  is,  as’  it 
were,  viviparous. 


11.  Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  Plants. 

226.  Cryptogamous  Plants  of  the  highest  grade,  such  as  Ferns,  Horse¬ 
tails,  and  Club-mosses,  do  not  essentially  differ  from  Phsenogamous  Plants 
(2)  in  anatomical  structure  and  in  their  vegetation;  except  that  their  stems 
grow  from  the  apex  only,  and  have  no  particular  provision  for  subsequent 
increase  in  diameter :  hence  they  have  been  named  Acrogens,  or  Point - 
growers  (p.  618). 

227.  Their  organs  of  reproduction  are  so  diverse  in  different  families 


XXXV 1 


INTRODUCTION. 


that  they  have  not  been  referred  to  any  common  type,  but  have  to  be  sep¬ 
arately  defined  and  described  under  each  family.  What  are  called  their 
flowers  and  fruit  are  not  constituted  on  the  plan  of  those  organs  as  char¬ 
acterized  in  the  foregoing  sections :  they  have  no  stamens  and  pistils,  but 
bear  organs  of  simpler  kinds  analogous  to  these.  Their  seeds  do  not  arise 
from  ovules,  have  no  manifest  integuments  distinct  from  the  nucleus,  and 
contain  no  ready-formed  embryo,  nor  can  any  particular  growing  point  be 
detected  antecedent  to  germination.  To  distinguish  them  from  true  seeds 
they  are  called  Spores. 

228.  The  bodies  comprised  under  this  name  are  widely  various,  with 
little  obvious  agreement  in  any  positive  character,  except  that  they  all  ger¬ 
minate  and  give  rise  to  new  plants.  Some  of  them  are  masses  of  cellular 
tissue  of  considerable  size,  and  are  probably  analogous  to  the  nucleus  of 
an  ovule  :  others,  like  the  powder  of  Club-mosses  (p.  636).  resemble  pol¬ 
len,  and  indeed  are  formed  in  much  the  same  manner ;  while  those  of  the 
lowest  and  simplest  plants  (such  as  Fungi),  are  apparently  reduced  to  sim¬ 
ple  cells  (although  endowed  with  specific  character),  and  obey  the  ordi¬ 
nary  laws  of  cellular  development  (4,  5). 

229.  The  lower  Cryptogamous  Plants  are  humble  vegetables,  composed 
of  cellular  tissue  alone,  without  any  woody  tissue  or  vessels.  Still,  the 
general  type  of  vegetation  (12-17)  is  displayed  in  their  higher  forms;  as 
in  Anophytes  (p.  641),  the  class  to  which  the  Mosses  belong.  These 
grow  upwards  by  a  distinct  axis,  or  stem,  emit  roots  downward,  and  bear 
distinct  leaves ;  excepting  a  few  where  the  leaves  and  stem  are  confluent 
into  a  Frond  (pp.  641,  678).  They  all  produce  two  sorts  of  reproductive 
organs,  which  are  analogous  to  stamens  and  pistils,  and  therefore  designated 
as  Staminidia  and  Pistillidia. 

230.  In  the  lowest  grades  of  plants,  there  is  still  further  simplification  of 
the  organs  of  reproduction ;  which  in  many  are  reduced  merely  to  spores 
formed  of  single  cells,  imbedded  in  the  tissue  or  budding  forth  from  the 
surface  or  extremity  of  other  cells:  while,  as  to  vegetation,  there  is  no 
longer  any  manifest  distinction  of  organs,  or,  at  least,  no  distinction  into 
root,  stem,  and  leaves.  Indeed,  a  great  part  of  these  plants  exhibit  no 
lengthened  axis,  but  incline  rather  to  spread  centrifugally  in  all  directions 
equally,  or  in  one  plane,  so  as  to  form  a  Thallus  or  bed  of  vegetable 
matter ;  from  which  this  class  receives  the  name  of  Thallophytes. 

231.  There  are  three  principal  kinds  or  orders  of  Thallophytes  :  one, 
living  in  air  (either  terrestrial  or  fixed  to  rocks,  trees,  &c.),  and  receiving 
moisture  from  the  rain  and  dews,  the  Lichen es  ;  another  living  in  water, 
the  ALGiE  (Sea-weeds,  &c.) ;  both  furnished  with  chlorophyll  (1,  H 
though  often  of  other  hues  than  green),  and  therefore  capable  of  assim¬ 
ilating  and  living  (as  they  do)  directly  on  air  and  water;  while  the  third,  the 
multifarious  order  of  Fungi  (Mushrooms,  Moulds,  &c.)  are  destitute  of 
chlorophyll  and  accordingly  of  the  power  of  proper  vegetable  digestion, 
and  therefore  live  parasitically  upon  the  juices  of  other  plants  or  animals, 
or  upon  their  decaying  remains  or  products. 

232.  Having  been  unable  to  include  the  Thallophytes  in  the  following 
Flora,  it  is  unnecessary  to  describe  their  organs  here,  or  to  define  the  nu¬ 
merous  peculiar  terms  employed  in  characterizing  them.  The  special  terms 
used  in  the  higher  orders  of  Cryptogamous  Plants  are  mostly  explained  in 
the  character  of  the  orders  to  which  they  respectively  belong,  or  in  the 
synopsis  which  follows  them. 

12.  Classification  and  Nomenclature. 

233.  Living  beings  are  presented  to  our  view  as  individuals  alone. 
Among  these  some  are  so  essentially  alike  in  every  part  that  we  involun¬ 
tarily  apply  to  them  the  same  name,  or  say  that  they  are  of  the  same 
species.  Under  the  name  of  Species  we  assemble  those  individuals  whicn 


OUTLINES  OF  BOTANY. 


XXXV II 


we  observe  to  spring,  or  from  their  close  resemblance  infer  to  have  orig¬ 
inated,  from  a  common  stock,  and  which  preserve  their  characteristics 
when  propagated  from  seed. 

234.  Varieties  are  casual  or  minor  deviations  from  the  common  type 
of  the  species,  not  of  sufficient  moment  or  constancy  to  be  at  all  incom¬ 
patible  with  the  idea  of  a  common  origin,  and  not  permanent  from  genera¬ 
tion  to  generation  by  seed,  when  left  in  a  state  of  nature.  Races  are 
varieties  which,  under  the  long-continued  influence  of  cultivation  or  do¬ 
mestication,  have  become  so  far  fixed  that  they  transmit  their  characteris¬ 
tics  by  seed,  so  long  as  carefully  kept  by  themselves.  Hybrids  are 
crosses  (usually  sterile)  between  allied  species. 

235.  Genera,  or  kinds,  are  ideal  assemblages  of  nearly  related  species 

viz.  of  those  which,  notwithstanding  specific  differences,  agree  with  each 
other  closely  in  structure  and  appearance.  Thus,  the  different  species  of 
Hose  constitute  the  genus  Rosa  ;  and  the  Apple,  Pear,  Crab,  &c.,  belong 
to  a  common  genus,  Pyrus.  (A  genus  may  indeed  comprise  but  a  single 
known  species,  if  its  characteristics  are  so  peculiar  that  it  cannot  with 
propriety  be  deemed  to  belong  to  any  recognized  genus.)  Subgenera 
are  sections  of  genera  so  well  marked  in  character  that  they  have  claims 
to  rank  as  genera.  For  example,  the  genus  Cimicifuga,  p.  16,  is  made  to 
comprise,  in  addition  to  the  true  Cimicifuga,  the  subgenus  Macrotys  ;  and 
/  yrus,  the  Pear-genus  (p.  129),  includes  the  subgenera  Malus  (for  the 
Apple  and  Crab-apples),  Adenorachis  (for  the  Chokeberry),  and  Sorbus  (for 
what  are  called  the  Mountain-Ashes).  v 

236.  An  indication  of  the  particulars  in  which  a  genus  differs  from  re¬ 
lated  genera  given  in  botanical  language,  constitutes  the  Generic  Charac- 
ter.  A  similar  enumeration  of  the  points  (characters)  which  serve  for  dis¬ 
tinguishing  kindred  species  forms  their  Specific  Characters . 

237.  Each  genus  bears  a  fixed  substantive  generic  name,  of  one  word. 

„ra"’P- fr°m  £  4  se1-.  Atragene,  Clematis,  Pulsatilla,  Anemone, 

hepatica.  Each  species  bears  a  specific  name,  of  one  word,  usually  an 
adjective,  and  in  agreement  with  the  generic  name.  Examp.  Atragene 
Americana  (American  Atragene),  Anemone  nemorosa  (Wood  Anemone) 
A.  cytindrica,  A.  Virgiviana,  A.  mnltijida,  &c.  The  botanical  name  of  a 
plant  consists  of  the  generic  name  followed  by  that  of  the  species  as  in 
the  examples  just  given.  The  generic  name  evidently  answers  to  the 
surname  and  the  specific  to  the  baptismal  name  of  a  person. 

238.  To  express  the  various  degrees  of  relationship  among  genera  them¬ 
selves,  and  for  convenience  and  precision  in  arrangement,  those  genera 
which  are  most  alike  are  associated  in  higher  groups,  and  these  groups  com¬ 
bined  into  fewer  and  still  higher  groups,  with  more  comprehensive  char¬ 
acters.  and  so  on,  until  the  highest  generalization  comprehends  the  whole 
kingdom  (animal  or  vegetable).  This  series  of  divisions  is  more  or  less 
numerous  according  to  circumstances;  and  the  names  of  the  divisions 
follow  the  subjoined  sequence,  beginning  with  the  highest :  — 

KINGDOM  (Vegetable  or  Animal), 

Series, 

CLASS, 

Subclass, 

ORDER  or  Family, 

Suborder, 

Tribe, 

Subtribe, 

GENUS, 

Subgenus, 

SPECIES, 

.  Varieties- 

a 


XXXV  111 


INTRODUCTION. 


239.  Of  these  the  Class,  Order,  Genus,  and  Species  are  of  fundamental 
importance  ;  the  others  are  intercalations,  or  higher  generalizations. 

240.  In  respect  to  genera  and  species  all  classifications  in  botany  agree ; 
but  in  arranging  the  genera,  orders,  &c.,  two  unlike  modes,  with  partly 
different  aims,  have  been  pursued ;  giving  rise  one  to  an  artificial ,  the  other 
to  a  natural  arrangement. 

241.  The  object  of  the  latter  is  to  arrange  plants  as  far  as  practicable 
according  to  their  relationship,  bringing  those  genera  into  the  same  group 
which  nearest  resemble  each  other  in  the  most  numerous  and  most  impor¬ 
tant  points ;  so  that  the  full  classification  shall  actually  embody  and  ex¬ 
press,  in  a  properly  subordinated  form,  the  whole  knowledge  of  the  struc¬ 
ture  of  plants,  including  the  characteristics  of  every  part.  For  the  history 
of  the  received  Natural  Method,  the  student  must  consult  fuller  trea¬ 
tises.  It  essentially  consists  in  the  association  of  kindred  genera  into 
Natural  Orders  or  Families ,  under  a  small  number  of  Classes,  based  upon 
«till  more  general  agreement  in  structure. 

242.  In  the  particular  form  adopted  in  this  work,  the  student  will  per¬ 
ceive  that  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  primarily  divided 
into  two  great  Series,  in  view  of  the  presence  or  absence  of  proper  flowers 
and  seeds,  as  defined  in  paragr.  2,  209,  &c.,  viz.  the  higher  Series  ®i 
PH^ENOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS  (p.  1);  and  the  lower, 
of  CRYPTOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS  (p.  618). 

243.  The  former  is  likewise  divided  into  two  Classes ,  characterized  as 
well  by  the  different  structure  of  the  essential  part  of  the  seed,  viz.  the 
embryo  (218,  219),  or  initial  plantlet,  as  by  that  of  the  stem  and  foliage  ot 
the  developed  plant  (48,  52,  71);  viz.  Class  I.  DICOTYLEDONOUS  or 
EXOGENOUS  PLANTS,  the  distinguishing  characters  of  which  are  as¬ 
sembled  on  p.  1 :  and  Class  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  or  ENDOG¬ 
ENOUS  PLANTS,  equally  characterized  on  p.  445. 

244.  The  first  of  these  classes  is  most  naturally  divided  into  two  sub¬ 
classes,  in  view  of  the  structure  of  the  pistil.  In  a  small,  but  remarkable 
portion  of  the  class,  with  flowers  of  the  simplest  sort,  the  pistil  consists  ot 
an  open  scale,  bearing  naked  ovules,  which  are  fertilized  by  the  pollen 
directly  (150,  as  in  the  Pine  Family,  p.  438) :  the  greater  part,  like  all  the 
rest  of  Phaenogamous  Plants,  bear  the  ovules  in  closed  pistils,  which  are 
fertilized  through  the  stigma.  The  latter  constitute  the  Subclass  I.  Ang1* 
ospermje  (which  means,  bearing  seeds  in  a  pod),  p.  2;  the  former,  the 
Subclass  II.  Gymnospermje  (or  naked-seeded  plants),  p.  438.  The  sec¬ 
ond  class  does  not  present  this,  nor  any  equivalent  diversity. 

245.  The  three  Divisions  of  the  first  and  principal  subclass,  viz.  the 
Polypet  a  lous,  Monopetalous,  and  Apetalous,  form  no  proper  part 
of  the  Natural  Method,  but  are  used  as  easy  and  convenient  artificial  di¬ 
visions  for  breaking  up  the  long  series  of  orders  into  three  parts.  The 
distinctions,  too,  are  not  entirely  absolute  and  constant. 

246.  The  lower  great  Series,  comprising  Class  III.  ACROGENS,  Class 
IV.  ANOPHYTES,  and  Class  V.  THALLOPHYTES,  is  based  upon  the 
peculiarities  just  explained  (226-231) ;  the  former  of  these  is  defined  on 
p.  618,  the  ensuing,  on  p.  461. 

247.  Next  are  the  Natural  Orders  or  Families,  with  the  Ordinal 
Characters,  or  enumeration  of  the  principal  points  in  which  the  plants  em¬ 
braced  accord  with  each  other  and  differ  from  the  neighbouring  families* 
The  technical  names  of  the  orders  are  generally  (but  not  always)  adjective 
prolongations  in  ace.®  of  the  name  of  a  characteristic  genus,  as  RanuN- 
culaceas  (p.  2)  from  the  genus  Ranunculus,  for  the  Crowfoot  Family} 
Papaveracea:  (p.  25)  from  Papaver,  the  Poppy,  for  the  Poppy  Family} 
Malvaceae,  for  the  Mallow  Family,  &c. ; — meaning  Plantes  Malvacem, 
or  Mallow-plants,  Plantoe.  Papareracece,  or  Poppy-plants  or  Poppy-hke 
plants,  and  so  on. 


SIGNS  AND  ABBREVIATIONS. 


XXXIX 


248.  Suborders  are  divisions  of  orders,  of  the  highest  rank  ;  they  are  to 
orders  what  subgenera  are  to  genera  (235).  Their  names  are  formed  like 
those  of  orders,  but  without  the  termination  in  acece,  when  that  can  be 
avoided. 

249.  Tribes  are  sections  of  orders  of  lower  rank  than  suborders,  and 
are  named  in  a  similar  way,  as  Tribe  Clematideje,  and  the  rest,  under 
the  Order  Ranunculaceae,  p.  2.  (See  also  Rosaceae,  p.  112,  both  for  sub¬ 
orders  and  tribes.)  In  the  larger  families  Sw5tribes  are  introduced,  as 
divisions  of  a  still  lower  grade  than  tribes. 

250.  To  assist  the  learner  in  practically  arriving  at  the  leading  character¬ 
istics  of  the  orders,  while  ascertaining  the  order  to  which  an  unknown 
plant  belongs,  an  artificial  analytical  key  to  the  orders  is  appended 
(p.  lxviii.). 

251.  The  object  of  an  artificial  classification  (240)  is  to  furnish  a  con¬ 
venient  mode  for  ascertaining  the  genus  and  name  of  an  unknown  plant, 
by  the  use  of  whatever  set  of  characters  will  most  readily  answer  the  pur¬ 
pose,  without  regard  to  their  relative  importance,  or  to  any  agreement  in 
other  respects. 

252.  The  only  Artificial  System  which  has  attained  a  general  celebrity 
and  currency  is  that  founded  by  Linmeus,  on  the  number,  proportion,  po¬ 
sition,  &c.,  of  the  stamens  and  pistils  ;  the  classes  upon  the  stamens,  and 
the  orders  in  great  part  upon  the  pistils.  It  is  therefore  employed  as  the 
basis  of  the  extended  Artificial  Key  to  the  Genera  comprised  in  this  work  ; 
a  tabular  synopsis  of  the  classes  being  prefixed  (p.  lii.). 


*##  Signs  used  in  this  Work. 

(T)  An  annual  plant. 

®  A  biennial  plant. 

A  perennial  plant. 

?  A  mark  of  doubt. 

!  A  mark  of  affirmation  or  authentication. 

1°,  2',  3".  To  save  space,  the  signs  of  degrees  (°)  are  used  for  feet ; 
of  minutes  (')  for  inches;  of  seconds  (")  for  lines,  a  line  being  the 
twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

The  following  signs  are  common,  but  have  not  been  used  in  this 
work,  viz  :  —  g  A  staminate  plant  or  flower :  $  A  pistillate  plant 
or  flower  :  and  $  A  perfect  flower,  or  a  plant  that  bears  them. 


Principal  Abbreviations  of  the  Names  of  Authors. 


Adans. 

—  Adanson. 

Beauv.  = 

Palisot  de  Beauvois. 

Mt. 

Aiton. 

Benth. 

Bentham. 

Andr. 

Andrews. 

Bernh. 

Bernhardi. 

Am. 

Arnott. 

Bieh. 

Bieberstein. 

Auct. 

(auctorum),  of  au- 

Bigel. 

Bigelow. 

Aubl. 

Aublet.  [thors. 

Brid . 

Bride!. 

Bart. 

Barton. 

Brongn. 

Brongniart. 

Bartl. 

Bartling. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

xl  INTRODUCTION. 


Cav.  = 

Cavanilles. 

Nutt.  = 

Nuttall. 

Cham. 

Chamisso. 

Pav. 

Pavon. 

Chav. 

Chavannes. 

Ptrs. 

Persoon. 

DC. 

De  Candolle. 

Pluk. 

Plukenet. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

Plum. 

Plumier. 

Dew. 

Dewey. 

Poir. 

Poiret. 

Dill. 

Dillenius. 

R.  Br. 

Robert  Browf. 

Ehrh. 

Ehrhart. 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

ELI. 

Elliott. 

Rich. 

Richard. 

Endl. 

Endlicher. 

Richards. 

Richardson. 

Eng  elm. 

Engelmann. 

Rccm. 

Rcemer. 

Gcertn. 

Gsertner. 

Salisb. 

Salisbury. 

Gmel. 

Gmelin. 

Schimp. 

Schimper. 

Good. 

Goodenough. 

Schk. 

Schkuhr. 

Grev. 

Greville. 

Schlecht. 

Schlechtendal. 

Griseb. 

Grisebach. 

Schrad. 

Schrader. 

Gronov. 

Gronovius. 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Hedw. 

Hedwig. 

Schult. 

Schultes. 

Hoffm. 

Hoffmann. 

Schw.  or  Schwein.  Schweinitz. 

Hook. 

Hooker. 

Schwcegr. 

Schwagrichen. 

Homsch. 

Hornschuch. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

Huds. 

Hudson. 

Soland. 

Solander. 

Jacq. 

Jacquin. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel. 

Juss. 

Jussieu. 

Steud. 

Steudel. 

L .  or  Linn. 

Linnaeus. 

Sulliv. 

Sullivant. 

Lag. 

Lagasca. 

Tayl. 

Taylor. 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

Torr. 

Torrey. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Torr.  Gr. 

Torrey  and  Gray 

Ledeb. 

Ledebour. 

Tourn. 

Tournefort. 

LHer. 

L’Heritier. 

Trin. 

Trinius. 

Lehm. 

Lebmann. 

Tuck,  or  Tuckerm.  Tuckerman. 

Lestib. 

Lestibudois. 

Vaill. 

Vaillant. 

Linde nb. 

Lindenberg. 

Vent. 

Ventenat. 

Lindl. 

Lindley. 

VUl. 

Villars. 

Michx . 

Michaux  (the  elder). 

Wahl. 

Wahlenberg. 

Michx.f. 

F.  A.  Michaux  (the 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Mill. 

Miller,  [younger). 

Web. 

Weber. 

Mitch. 

Mitchell. 

Willd. 

Willdenow. 

Mont. 

Montagne. 

Wils. 

Wilson. 

Muhl. 

Muhlenberg. 

Wulf. 

Wulfen. 

Nees. 

Neesvon  Esenbeck. 

xlii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Areolae  ;  little  spaces,  circumscribed 
by  meshes. 

Aril,  or  Arillus,  211. 

Aristate  ;  awned. 

Arrow-shaped,  67. 

Articulated ;  jointed,  92. 

Artificial  arrangement,  240,  251. 
Ascending;  rising  upwards  with  a 
curve  or  obliquely. 

Assurgent ;  same  as  ascending. 
Auriculate,  or  Auricled,  67. 

Awn;  a  slender  prolonged  tip,  or 
beard. 

Awned  ;  furnished  with  an  awn. 

Axil,  27. 

Axile  ;  belonging  to  the  axis. 
Axillary,  103. 

Axis ;  the  stem,  or  any  centre  round 
which  parts  are  arranged. 

Baccate  ;  berry-like. 

Barbs  ;  stiff  hooked  hairs. 

Bark,  47,  49. 

Beaked ;  tipped  with  a  conspicuous 
point. 

Bearded ;  beset  with  bristly  hairs. 
Bell-shaped,  182,  199. 

Berry,  182,  199. 

Bi,  in  composition,  twice,  as 
Bicarinate  ;  2-keeled. 

Biennials,  21. 

Bifid  ;  2-cleft. 

Bifarious ;  2-ranked. 

Bifurcate ;  2-forked. 

BiUbiate  ;  2-lipped,  139. 

Binate  ;  in  twos,  twin. 


Bipinnate,  &c.,  76. 

Biplicate  ;  in  2  folds. 

Biserial ;  in  2  sets  or  rows. 

Biserrate ;  twice  serrate. 

Bit^rnate,  79. 

Bladdery  ;  thin  and  inflated. 

Blade,  59. 

Brachiate ;  pairs  of  branches  spread¬ 
ing  nearly  at  right  angles. 

Bracted,  or  Bracteate ;  furnished  with 
bracts. 

Bracrteolate,  115. 

Bracteoles,  or  Bractlets,  115. 

Bracts,  84,  103. 

Branches,  27. 

Branchlets,  27. 

Breathing-pores,  57. 

Bristles,  58. 

Bristle-pointed;  tipped  with  a  bristle. 
Bud,  14. 

Bulb,  42,  44. 

Bulblets,  43. 

Bulbous;  bulb-like,  or  bulb-bearing. 
Bullate  ;  as  if  blistered. 


Caducous;  dropping  off  very  early, 

91. 

Cse'spitose  ;  growing  in  turf  or  tuft. 
Calcarate;  bearing  a  spur. 

Calicine;  belong  to  a  calyx. 

Callus,  p.  568. 

Calyculate;  with  an  accessory  outer 
calyx. 

Calyptra ;  the  hood  of  Mosses,  p.  642. 
Calyx,  129. 

Cambium,  49.  n 

Camp&nulate  ;  bell-shaped,  13y. 
Campylbtropous,  176,  212. 
Canaliculate;  channelled,  grooved 
down  one  side.  .  ,  ,  . 

Canescent ;  grayish-white  with  short 

Capillaceous  )  shaped  like  a  slender 
Capillary  $  thread  or  strong  hair. 
Capitate ;  shaped  like  a  head,  gloh- 
ular.  .  . 

Capitellate ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last- 
Capitulum,  110. 

Carina ;  a  keel. 

Carinate  ;  keeled. 

Carpel,  164. 

Carpellary,  164,  172. 

Carpophore  ;  fruit-stalk  ;  p.  133. 
Caruncle  ;  a  protuberance  or  appen¬ 
dage  at  the  hilum  of  a  seed. 
Caryophyllaceous ;  a  flower  like  a 
Pink. 

Caryopsis  ;  a  grain,  203. 

Catkin,  113. 

Caudate  ;  with  a  tail. 

Caudex  ;  the  axis  of  a  plant,  espe¬ 
cially  when  root-like,  or  scaly,  an 
erect. 

Caudicle  ;  the  little  stalk  which  at¬ 
taches  the  pollen  of  Orchis, 
to  the  stigma,  p.  464. 

Cauline,  belonging  to  stem,  84. 
Cells,  cellules,  4. 

Cellular  tissue,  4. 

Centrifugal,  119. 

Centripetal,  11 1. 

Cephalous;  headed,  or  head-bearing- 
C6rnuous  ;  nodding. 

Chaff,  p.  185. 

Chaffy ;  chaff-bearing. 

Chaliza,  174.  ...  _ 

Channelled;  hollowed  out  like 
gutter.  .  .  . 

Character;  a  phrase  containing  t 
essentia]  marks  of  a  species,  g 
nus,  &c.,  236,  247.  * 

Chartaceous ;  with  the  texture 


writing-paper. 

Chl6rophyll,  47,  54. 

i  Cilia  ;  hair-shaped  appendages. 


GLOSSARY. 


xliii 


Ciliate ;  fringed  with  hairs  on  the 
margin. 

Cinereous ;  ash-gray. 

Circinate,  93. 

Circumsclssile,  196. 

Circumscription  5  the  general  out¬ 
line. 

Cirrhose ;  tendril-like  or  tendril¬ 
bearing. 

Clasping,  59. 

Class,  239,  243. 

Classification,  233. 

CUvate  ;  club-shaped. 

Claw,  and  Clawed,  137. 

Cleft,  65,  134. 

Climbing,  31. 

Club-shaped ;  gradually  thickening 
upward  from  a  slender  base. 
Coadunate ;  coalescent. 

Coarctate  ;  crowded  ;  drawn  close 
together. 

Coccus,  pi.  Cocci,  190. 

Cbchleate  :  coiled  like  a  short  spiral 
shell. 

Collateral ;  side  by  side. 

Collective  Fruits,  207. 

Colored,  130. 

Columella ;  a  solid  axis  of  a  pod ; 
p.  642. 

Column  ;  the  stamens  or  stamens  and 
pistils  combined ;  pp.  67,  464. 
Coma;  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Commissure;  the  face  by  which  2 
carpels  cohere,  p.  153. 

Complete  flower,  128. 

Complicate  ;  folded  up  upon  itself. 
Compound  flower,  1 14. 
leaf,  61 . 
pistil,  151,  163. 

Compressed  ;  flattened  lengthwise. 
Conduplicate ;  folded  together  so 
that  the  sides  are  applied  face  to 
face ;  93. 

Cone  (or  strobile),  208. 

Conglomerate ;  clustered  into  a  mass. 
Conical,  21. 

Cbnjugate;  paired. 

Connate  ;  united  from  the  first,  86. 
Connate-perfoliate,  86. 

Connective,  143. 

Connlvent;  converging  together. 
Continuous  ;  the  reverse  of  jointed 
or  divided. 

Contorted,  136. 

Contracted  ;  little  spreading. 
Cdnvolute,  93,  136. 

Cordate;  heart-shaped,  67. 
Coriaceous;  of  the  consistence  of 
leather. 

Corm,  44. 


Corneous  ;  horn-like  in  texture,  215. 
Corniculate  ;  bearing  a  small  horn. 
Cornute ;  horned. 

Corolla,  130. 

Cbronate ;  crowned. 

Cbrticate  ;  furnished  with  a  harder 
rind. 

Cdrymb,  108. 

Costate  ;  ribbed. 

Cotyledons,  84. 

Creeping,  30. 

Cremocarp ;  the  seed-like  double 
fruit  of  Umbelliferae. 

Cr&nate,  63. 

Cr6nulate,  63. 

Crested ;  bearing  an  elevated  ridge, 
like  the  crest  of  a  helmet. 

Cristate  ;  crested. 

Cruciform,  138,  and  p.  30. 
Cryptbgamous  Plants,  2,  226. 
Cucullate  ;  hooded. 

Cucdlliform,  p.  642. 

Culm,  29,  53. 

Cuneiform  or  Cuneate,  66. 

Cupule  ;  the  cup  of  an  acorn. 

Cut,  64. 

Cykthiform;  cup-shaped,  top-shaped 
and  hollow. 

Cymbiform ;  boat-shaped. 

Cyme,  120. 

Cymose,  120. 

Cymule,  125. 

Decandrous,  146. 

Deciduous  ;  falling  off,  91. 

Declined ;  bent  downwards. 
Decompound,  80. 

Decumbent;  reclining  on  the  ground, 
but  ascending  towards  the  apex. 
Decurrent ;  prolonged  below  the 
insertion,  59. 

Decdssate,  89. 

Dehiscence,  189. 

Deltoid ;  triangular,  like  the  Greek  A 
Dentate  ;  toothed,  63. 

Denticulate,  63. 

Depressed ;  flattened  from  above 
downwards;  low,  and  spreading 
horizontally. 

Di,  in  composition  ;  two. 
Diadelphous,  147. 

Diandrous,  146. 

Dichlamydeous ;  having  both  calyx 
and  corolla. 

Dichbtomous ;  2-forked. 

Diclinous,  140. 

Dicotyledonous.  219. 

Djdymous  ;  double  or  twin. 
Didynamous ;  when  of  4  stamens  2 
are  shorter. 


xliv 


INTRODUCTION, 


Diffuse  ;  spreading  widely  or  loosely. 
Digitate  ;  fingered,  74. 

Digynous,  151. 

Dimerous,  157. 

Dimidiate  5  halved.  * 

Dioecious,  140. 

Dipetalous  ;  of  2  petals. 

Diphyllous  ;  of  2  leaves. 

Disci*form  5  disk-shaped,  flat  and  cir¬ 
cular. 

Discoid,  p.  184. 

Disk,  154,  p.  184. 

Dissected  ;  deeply  cut  into  fine  lobes. 
Dissepiments,  167. 

Distichous,  87. 

Distinct  5  unconnected,  135,  153. 
Divaricate  ;  widely  diverging. 
Divided,  65. 

Divisions,  65. 

Dodecandrous,  146. 

Dorsal  5  borne  on  the  back. 

Dorsal  suture,  164. 

Downy  5  clothed  with  fine  soft  hairs. 
Drupaceous  ;  drupe-like. 

Drupe,  182,  201. 

Ducts,  9. 

Dur&men,  50. 

E,  Ex,  in  composition  ;  destitute  of. 
Eared  ;  having  2  small  rounded  lobes 
at  the  base.  67. 

Ebracteate  ;  destitute  of  bracts. 
Ebracteolate  ;  destitute  of  bractlets. 
E'chinate ;  beset  with  rigid  prickles. 
Elaters,  p.  678. 

Elliptical,  66. 

Emarginate  ;  with  a  notch  at  the  apex. 
Embryo,  15,  97,  217. 

E'mersed;  rising  out  of  the  water. 
E'ndocarp,  201. 

E'ndogen,  Endogenous,  52. 
E'ndostome,  174. 

Enneandrous,  146. 

Entire,  62. 

Ephemeral ;  lasting  but  a  day. 
E'picarp;  the  outer  layer  of  a  peri¬ 
carp. 

Epidermis  ;  the  skin,  47. 

Eplgynous,  154. 

Epipetalous  :  growing  on  petals. 
E'piphytes,  24. 

E'quitant,  81. 

Erose  ;  eroded  5  minutely  toothed  as 
if  gnawed. 

Etiolated  5  blanched. 

Exalbuminous,  213. 

Excurrent,  running  out  beyond. 
E'xocarp,  201. 

E'xogens,  Exogenous,  48. 

E'xostome,  174. 


Exserted  ;  projecting  out  beyond  the 
orifice. 

Exstipulate,  95. 

Extrorse  ;  turned  outward,  144. 

Falcate ;  plane  and  curved,  with  par¬ 
allel  edges,  like  a  scythe  or  sickle. 
Family,  241,  247. 

Farinaceous  ;  mealy,  215. 

Fascicle,  122. 

Fascicled,  90. 

Fasciculated,  22. 

Fastigiate;  flat-topped,  applied  to  a 
cluster. 

Favose  ;  honeycombed. 
Feather-veined,  72. 

Fertile,  140. 

Fertilization,  179. 

Fibrous,  19. 

Filament,  142. 

Filiform;  slender  and  thread-like. 
Fimbriate  ;  fringed  on  the  margin. 
Fistulous ;  a  cylindrical  body,  hollow. 
Flab^lliform ;  fan-shaped ;  plaited 
like  si  fan 

Flag^lliform  ;  long,  slender,  and  sup¬ 
ple,  like  a  lash. 

Fleshy,  20. 

Flexuous  ;  bent  or  curved  right  and 
left  alternately. 

Floccose  ;  covered  with  loose  cot¬ 
tony  tufts. 

Floral  envelopes,  127. 

Floral  leaves,  84. 

Florets ;  the  separate  small  flowers 
of  a  cluster  or  head. 

Floriferous;  flower-bearing. 

Flower,  98,  127. 

Flower-bud,  98. 

Flowering  Plants,  2. 

Flowerless  Plants,  2,  226. 
Foliaceous;  leaf-like  in  texture. 
Foliate;  with  leaves. 

Follolate  ;  applied  to  leaflets,  as  3- 
foliolate,  &c. 

Follicle,  185. 

Foremen,  174. 

Fov£olate;  pitted. 

Free ;  not  adherent  to  any  other  or¬ 
gan. 

Free  central  placenta,  170. 

Frond ;  stem  and  leaf  confluent  to¬ 
gether,  229,  and  p.  641. 

Fruit,  181. 

Fugacious;  falling  away  very  early. 
Funiculus,  174. 

Funnel-shaped,  139. 

Furcate  ;  forked. 

Fusiform,  21. 


GLOSSARY. 


xlv 


Galea  ;  a  helmet,  the  arched  upper 
lip  of  some  forms  of  2-labiate  cor¬ 
olla. 

G&leate  ;  with  a  galea. 

Gamop6talous,  &c.,  134. 

Geminate  ;  in  pairs. 

Genera,  genus,  235. 

Generic  character,  &c.,  236. 

Germ ;  the  growing  point  of  a  bud. 

Germen,  149. 

Germination,  222. 

Glabrous,  58. 

Glands,  of  leaves,  &c.,  58. 

Glands,  of  the  flower,  are  any  pro¬ 
cesses  of  the  disk,  or  honey-bear¬ 
ing  .appendages. 

Glandular ;  gland-bearing. 

Glaucous  j  covered  with  a  whitish 
fine  powder,  or  bloom ,  that  rubs  off. 

Glochidiate  ;  beset  with  hook-pointed 
bristles. 

Glomerate  ;  densely  clustered. 

Glomerule,  122. 

Glumaceous ;  glume-bearing. 

Glume,  p.  567. 

Grain,  203. 

Gymnosp6rmous,  150. 

Gynae  cium,  148. 

Gynandrous,  155. 

Gjrnobase;  an  elevation  of  the  torus 
bearing  the  pistils  in  Rue,  &c. 

G^nophore  ;  a  special  stalk  of  the 
ovary. 

Gynous,  151. 

Habit;  the  general  appearance  of  a 
plant. 

Habitat ;  the  situation  where  a  plant 
naturally  grows. 

Hairs,  58. 

Halbert-shaped,  67. 

Hastate,  67. 

Head,  110. 

Heart-shaped,  67. 

Heart-wood,  50. 

Helmet ;  see  Galea. 

Heptandrous,  146. 

Herbaceous,  28. 

Herbs,  28. 

Heterbtropous  ;  same  as  Amphitro- 
pous. 

Hexamerous,  157. 

Hexandrous,  146. 

Hilum,  177,  212. 

Hirsute ;  hairy  with  long  and  slender 
and  tolerably  distinct  hairs. 

Hispid ;  bristly  ;  covered  with  long 
and  stiff  hairs. 

Hombgamous;  all  the  flowers  of  a 
head  alike. 


Hooded ;  arched  or  rolled  inwards, 
like  a  cowl. 

Hybrid,  234. 

Hypocrateriform,  139. 

Hypogae'ous  ;  growing  under  ground. 

Hypdgynous,  154. 

Imbricated,  or  Imbricative,  136.  Said 
generally  of  parts  which  overlie 
each  other  so  as  to  cover  the 
edges,  or  break  joints. 

Incised,  64. 

Incumbent;  lying  upon;  said  of  an 
embryo  with  the  radicle  folded 
down  upon  the  back  of  one  of  the 
cotyledons,  p.  31. 

Indefinite,  146. 

Indehiscent,  200. 

Individuals,  233. 

Induplicate  ;  folded  in,  136. 

Indusium,  p.  620. 

Inferior,  159. 

Inflorescence,  99. 

Infundibuliform,  139. 

Innate,  144. 

Innovations;  new  shoots  from  the 
apex. 

Insertion,  83. 

Internodes,  13. 

Introrse  ;  turned  inwards,  144. 

Invdlucel,  117. 

Involuc£llate  ;  with  an  involucel. 

Involucrate  ;  furnished  with  an 

I'nvolucre,  109. 

Involute ;  rolled  inwards,  93. 

Irregular,  138. 

Isomerous ;  equal  in  the  number  of 
parts. 

Jointed ;  separating  across  by  an  ar¬ 
ticulation. 

Keel,  159. 

Keeled  ;  furnished  with  a  projecting 
ridge  along  the  under  side,  like 
the  keel  of  a  boat. 

Key,  206. 

Kidney-shaped,  67. 

Labellum ;  the  lip  in  Orchideae,  p. 
464. 

Libiate,  139. 

Laciniate  ;  slashed ;  deeply  and  irreg¬ 
ularly  cut. 

Lamella;  a  thin  plate. 

Lamina,  59,  137. 

Lanate.  Lanuginous;  woolly;  clothed 
with  long,  curled  and  matted  or  in¬ 
terwoven  hairs. 

Lanceolate ;  lance-shaped,  66. 


xlvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


Lateral,  159. 

Leaf,  54. 

Leaflet,  61. 

Leaf-stalk,  60. 

L6gume,  187. 

Lenticular  ;  resembling  a  double 
convex  lens. 

Liber,  47. 

Ligulate  5  strap-shaped,  long  and  nar¬ 
row,  p.  184. 

Ligule,  p.  567. 

Limb,  59,  137. 

Line  ;  the  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 
Linear,  66. 

Linnacan  Artif.  System,  180. 

Lips  3  the  pieces  of  a  2-labiate  (2- 
lipped)  corolla. 

Lobes  and  Lobed,  65,  134. 
Loculicldal,  191. 

Lodicule,  p.  567. 

Loment,  Loraentaceous,  187. 

Lunate  j  crescent-shaped. 

Lunulate  5  a  diminutive  of  lunate. 
Lyrate ;  lyre-shaped }  pinnatifid  with 
the  upper  lobes  much  larger  than 
the  lower. 

Mammilarj  conical,  with  a  rounded 
apex. 

Marc6scent ;  withering-persistent. 
Marginal  5  relating  to  the  margin. 
Medullary  Rays,  47. 

Slieath,  47. 

Membranous,  or  Membranaceous  5 
the  texture  or  thinness  of  mem¬ 
brane. 

M6ricarp,  p.  153. 

Merous,  157. 

Micropyle,  174, 179. 

Midrib,  72. 

Mitriform  5  mitre -shaped,  p.  642. 
Monad^lphous,  147. 

Monandrous,  146. 

Moniliform  3  necklace-like  j  cylin¬ 
drical,  contracted  at  regular  inter¬ 
vals. 

Mono-,  in  composition  5  single. 
Monochlamydeous  5  having  but  one 
floral  envelope. 
Monocotyl6donous,  219. 
Monce'cious,  140. 

Mon6gynous,  151. 

Monopetalous,  134. 

Monophyllous,  134. 

Monosepalous,  134. 

Mucronate,  68. 

Multifid;  cleft  into  many  segments. 
Multiple  fruits,  207. 

Muricate  3  beset  with  hard  project¬ 
ing  points. 


Muticous;  pointless. 

Naked,  133. 

Napiform,  21. 

Natant  3  swimming. 

Natural  arrangement,  240. 
orders,  241,  247. 

Navicular  ;  shaped  like  a  little  boat. 
Nectariferous  3  honey-bearing. 
Nectary  3  a  name  formerly  applied 
to  any  honey-bearing  part  of  the 
flower,  or  any  petal  of  anomalous 
form. 

Nerved,  Nerves,  71. 

Netted-veined,  71. 

Node,  13,  27. 

Nodose,  N6dulose ;  knotty,  as  if 
jointed. 

Nomenclature,  237. 

Normal ;  the  ordinary,  or  pattern 
structure. 

Nucleus,  174,  213. 

Nucules  3  nutlets,  or  the  stones  of  a 
small  drupe. 

Nut,  205. 

Nutant;  nodding. 

Ob- ;  a  prefix  signifying  inversion. 
Obcompressed  3  flattened  before  and 
behind,  instead  of  laterally. 
Obcdrdate,  inversely  heart-shaped. 67. 
Oblique  3  unequal-sided. 

Oblong,  66. 

Obdvate,  66. 

Obtuse,  68. 

Obverse  3  same  as  ob. 

O'chrea,  96. 

Octandrous,  146. 

Offset,  36. 

Oophoridium,  pp.  639,  640. 

Opaque  ;  the  reverse  of  shining. 
Operculum  3  a  lid,  p.  642. 

Opposite  ;  placed  directly  before,  or 
on  the  opposite  side  of,  85. 
Orbicular,  66. 

Order,  239. 

Ordinal  character,  247. 

Organic  Elements,  10. 

Organs  of  Reproduction,  11,  97. 

Vegetation,  11. 
Orthotropous,  175,212. 

Oval,  66. 

Ovary,  149. 

Ovate,  66. 

Ovoid  5  a  solid  oval. 

Ovule,  149,  173. 

Ovuliferous,  150. 

Pale®  3  chaff  or  scales  3  the  inner 
bracts  of  Grasses,  p.  567. 


GLOSSARY. 


xlvii 


Paleaceous 3  chaffy. 

Palmate,  22. 

Palmately  lobed,  &c.,  73,  74. 
Palmately  veined,  72. 

Panduriform  3  fiddle-shaped. 

Panicle,  118. 

Paniculate  j  panicled. 
Papilionaceous,  138,  and  p.  90. 
Papillbse ;  covered  with  papillae,  or 
small  soft  excrescences  or  pimples. 
Pappus,  202. 

Parallel-veined,  p.  71. 

Paraphyses,  p.  642. 

Parasitic,  25. 

Parenchyma,  55. 

Parietal,'  171. 

Parted,  65,  134. 

Partitions,  167. 

Pectinate ;  pinnatifid,  with  slender 
close  segments,  like  the  teeth  of 
a  comb. 

Pedate  3  palmately  divided,  with  the 
lateral  lobes  themselves  cleft  5  like 
a  bird's  foot. 

Pedicel,  106. 

Pedicelled  ;  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle,  100. 

Peduncled,  101. 

Peltate  5  shield-like,  69. 
Pentamerous,  157. 

Pentandrous,  146. 

Pepo,  197. 

Perennial,  22. 

Perfect  flower,  140. 

Perfoliate,  59. 

Perianth,  132. 

Pericarp.  181. 

Perichseth,  Perichaetial,  p.  642. 
Perigynium,  p.  536. 

Perigynous,  154. 

P6risperm,  213. 

Peristome  3  p.  642. 

Persistent ;  remaining  adherent,  91. 
Personate,  139. 

Petaloid  3  petal-like. 

Petals,  130. 

Petiole,  60. 

Petioled,  or  Petiolate  3  on  a  petiole. 
P6tiolule,  77. 

Petiblulate,  77. 

Phanerogamous  •,  same  as 
Phaenogamous,  2. 

Phyllodium  *,  a  leaf  formed  of  a  dilat¬ 
ed  petiole. 

Phyllous  3  relating  to  leaves. 
Piliferous  3  hair-tipped. 

Pilose  ;  clothed  with  soft  hairs. 
Pinnae,  76. 

Pinnate,  74,  75. 

Pinnately  lobed.  <fcc.,  73,  74. 


Pinnately  veined,  72. 

Pinnatifid,  73. 

Pinnules,  76. 

Pistil,  148. 

Pistillate,  140. 

Pistillidia,  229. 

Pith,  47. 

Pitted  j  with  small  shallow  depres¬ 
sions. 

Placenta,  166. 

Plane  ;  flat. 

Plicate ;  plaited,  93. 

Plumose  5  feather-like  j  pluine-bear- 
ing. 

Plumule,  220. 

Pod,  182*-  188. 

Pointed,  68. 

Pollen,  142. 

Pollen-tube,  179. 

Polliniferous  ;  bearing  pollen. 

Poly-,  in  composition 3  many. 
Polyadelphous,  147. 

Polyandrous,  146. 

Polycephalous  3  many-headed. 
Polycotyledonous,  219. 

Poly  gy  nous,  151. 

Polyp^talous,  or  sepalous,  135. 

Pome 3  the  apple-fruit,  198. 
Posterior,  159. 

Praefloration,  136. 

Prapfoliation,  93. 

Praemorse  5  as  if  bitten  off. 

Prickles 3  elevations  or  sharp  pro¬ 
cesses  of  the  surface  stouter  than 
bristles. 

Prickly 5  furnished  with  prickles 5 
like  a  Rose-stem. 

Primine,  174. 

Primordial,  84. 

Prismatic  3  prism-shaped. 

Process  3  any  extension  or  projection 
of  the  surface. 

Procumbent 3  lying  along  the  ground, 
30. 

Prostrate,  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  30. 
Pruinose3  a  surface  covered  with 
mealy  grains. 

Pubescence  3  hairiness  in  general. 
Pubescent  5  hairy  with  soft  hairs. 
Pulverulent ;  powdery. 

Punctate  3  dotted. 

Pungent  j  with  a  sharp  and  rigid 
point. 

PuUmen.  201. 

Pyramidal  3  pyramid-shaped. 

Pyrena  3  the  stone  of  a  drupaceous 
fruit,  which  may  be  1  -pyrenous,  2- 
pyrenous,  &c. 

Pyriform  3  pear-shaped  3  a  solid  en¬ 
larging  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xlviii 

Pyxis,  Pyxidium,  196. 

QuaUrnate  3  growing  in  fours. 
Quinate  ;  in  fives,  79. 

Quincuncial,  87,  136. 
Quintuple-ribbed,  72. 

Riceme,  105. 

Racemose  ;  in  a  raceme,  or  like  it. 
Races,  234. 

R&chis,  74, 106. 

Radiate }  diverging  from  a  common 
centre  5  or  forming  apparent  rays 
at  a  circumference. 
Radiated-veined,  72. 

Radical,  84. 

Radicant 3  rooting. 

Radicle,  15, 179,  218. 

Rameal,  belonging  to  a  branch. 
Ramose  $  branching. 

Ramulose  ;  twiggy. 

Raphe,  177,  212. 

R&phides  5  minute  crystals  in  plants. 
Ray,  Ray-flower,  p.  1*84. 

Receptacle  (of  flower),  127, 162. 

(of  inflorescence),  114. 
Reclined 5  falling  gradually  down¬ 
ward  or  to  one  side. 

Recurved  ;  curved  backwards. 
Reflexed  3  bent  strongly  backwards. 
Refracted  3  bent  very  suddenly  and 
strongly  backwards. 

Regular,  138. 

Reniform  ;  kidney-shaped. 

Repand,  64. 

Repent}  creeping. 

Replum,  194. 

Resupinate }  appearing  as  if  invert¬ 
ed. 

Reticulated,  71. 

Retroflexed }  same  as  reflexed. 
Retrorse  }  backwards. 

Retuse  j  with  a  round  notch  at  a 
blunt  end. 

Re  volute,  rolled  backwards,  93. 
Rhizbma,  40. 

Rhomboid  3  oval,  a  little  angular  in 
the  middle }  approaching  to 
Rhombic  ;  lozenge-shaped. 

Ribs  and  Ribbed,  71. 

Rimose  5  marked  by  chinks  or  cracks. 
Ringent,  139. 

Root,  15,  18. 

Root  leaves,  84. 

Rootlets,  18. 

Rootstock,  40. 

Rosaceous  ;  with  5  regular  spreading 
petals,  like  those  of  the  rose. 
Rdstellate,  tipped  with  a  small  beak. 
Rostrate  5  beaked. 


R6sulate  or  Rosular ;  in  a  rosette. 
Rotate  j  wheel-shaped,  139. 

Round,  Rotund,  66. 

Rugose  ;  wrinkled. 

Ruminated,  215. 

Runcinate  j  lyrate,  with  sharp  lobes 
projecting  backwards. 

Runner,  35. 

Running,  30. 

Sagittate,  67. 

Salver-shaped,  139. 

Samira,  206. 

Sapwood,  50. 

Sarcocarp,  201. 

Sarmentaceous  5  bearing  runners. 
Scabrous  3  rough  to  the  touch. 
Scales,  p.  184. 

Scandent ;  climbing. 

Scape,  126. 

Scarious  5  thin,  membranous,  dry, 
and  colorless. 

Scobiform  }  like  fine  saw-dust. 
Scorpioid }  an  inflorescence  rolled 
up  (circinate)  from  the  apex,  un* 
rolling  as  the  flowers  expand. 
Scrobiculate  }  marked  by  little  de¬ 
pressions. 

Scutelliform  5  shield-like,  but  small 
and  oval. 

Secund  ;  all  turned  to  one  side. 
Secundine}  174. 

Seed,  209. 

Seed-leaves,  84. 

Segments,  65. 

Semi-,  in  composition,  half  5  as,  for 
example, 

Semilunar ;  half-moon-shaped. 
Seminal}  belonging  to  the  seed. 
Sempervirent }  evergreen. 

Sepals,  129. 

Separated  flower  }  one  with  stamens 
or  pistils  only. 

Septicldal,  190. 

Septifragal,  193. 

Septum  3  a  partition. 

Sericeous  3  silky. 

Serdtinous  j  late  in  the  season. 
Serrate,  63. 

Serrulate,  63. 

Sessile,  59,  100,  142. 

Seta}  a  bristle  or  bristle-like  body. 
Setaceous  3  bristle-form. 

Setose  j  beset  with  bristles. 

Sheath,  59. 

Sheathing,  59. 

Shield-shaped,  69. 

Shrubs  ana  Shrubby,  28. 

Silicle,  194. 

Silique,  194. 


GLOSSARY. 


xlix 


Silky  3  clothed  with  soft  and  shining 
appressed  hairs. 

Silver-grain,  47. 

Simple,  61. 

Sinuate,  64. 

Sinus,  73. 

Smooth,  58. 

Solitary,  101. 

Sorus  j  a  fruit-dot  of  Ferns. 

Spadix,  112. 

Span  (measure) 3  9  inches. 
Spathaceous  3  spathe-like. 

Spathe,  112. 

Spatulate  j  oblong,  tapering  down 
ward,  the  summit  rounded  and  di¬ 
lated,  like  a  spatula. 

Species,  232. 

Specific  character,  Sec.,  237. 

Spicate  ;  spiked. 

Spike,  104. 

Spindle  shaped,  21. 

Spine.  37. 

Spinescent  j  spine-like. 

Spinose  5  bearing  spines,  spinulose  3 
ciliate  with  minute  spines. 
Spongelets,  18. 

Sporangium  j  a  spore-case,  p.  620. 
Spores,  Sporules,  227. 

Spur  3  a  hollow  extension  of  some 
part  of  the  flower. 

Squamate  5  furnished  with  scales. 
Squamellate  5  bearing  small  narrow 
scales. 

Squamulae  5  minute  scales,  or  those 
of  the  second  rank. 

Squarrose  ;  covered  with  leaves,  &c., 
which  spread  at  right  angles  or 
more  with  the  stem. 

Stamens,  140. 

Staminate,  140. 

Staminidia.  229. 

Standard,  159. 

Stellate  5  star-shaped  3  said  of  narrow 
divisions  spreading  from  a  common 
centre. 

Stem,  13,  26. 

Stem-leaves,  84. 

Stemless,  26. 

Sterile,  140. 

Stigma,  149. 

Stigmatic,  or  Stigmatose  3  relating  to 
the  stigma. 

Stipe,  or  Stipes  3  a  stalk  of  a  Fern,  of 
a  pod,  &c. 

Stipulate,  95. 

Stipitate  5  raised  on  a  stipe  or  stalk. 
Stipulate.  95. 

Stipule,  94. 

Stolon,  33. 

Stoloniferous,  33. 


Stomata,  57. 

Stone-fruit,  182,  201. 

Striate  3  streaked  with  longitudinal 
lines. 

Strict  3  very  straight  or  upright. 
Strigose ;  covered  with  close-pressed 
rigid  hairs  or  bristles. 
Strobilaceous3  like  a 
Strobile,  208. 

Strbphiolate  3  bearing  a 
Strbphiole  5  a  tubercle  at  the  hilum 
of  some  seeds. 

Struma  5  a  cushion-like  swelling  5  a 
protuberance  at  the  base  of  the 
pod  of  some  Mosses. 

Style,  140. 

Stylopodium  j  the  thickened  base  of 
some  styles. 

Sub-,  a  qualifying  prefix,  signifying 
somewhat  3  as  sz/Arotund,  somewhat 
round;  swAcordate,  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  &c. 

Subgenera,  235. 

Submersed  ;  buried  under  water. 
Suborder,  248. 

Subtribes,  249. 

Subulate  ;  awl-shaped,  i.  e.  linear, 
very  narrow,  and  taper-pointed  from 
a  broadish  base. 

Sucker,  34. 

Suffrutescent ;  slightly  shrubby. 
Sulcate  3  errooved. 

Superior,  159. 

Supra-axillary  5  appearing  above  an 
axil. 

Sutural  3  belonging  to  a 
Suture,  164. 

Symmetrical,  156. 

Syncarpous  3  the  pistils  combined 
into  a  compound  ovary. 
Syngenesious,  147. 

Synonymes3  names  of  the  same 
meaning. 

Tail-pointed,  bearing  a  very  slender 
prolongation  at  the  apex. 

Tap-root,  21. 

Tendril,  38. 

Terete  ;  cylindrical  or  tapering,  but 
round. 

Terminal ;  proceeding  from  the  apex. 
Ternate,  79. 

Testa,  210. 

Tetradv namous  3  having  6  stamens, 
of  which  2  are  shorter,  p.  30. 
Tetramerous,  157. 

Tetmndrous,  146. 

Thalamus  ;  a  name  for  the  receptacle 
of  the  flower. 

Th&llophytes,  230. 


GLOSSARY. 


li 


and  lanceolate  :  linear-lanceolate,  between  linear  and  lanceolate  :  cylin¬ 
drical-oblong,  intermediate  between  these  two  forms  :  greenish-white,  &c. 

A  dash  (-)  between  two  words  or  figures,  as  “  Stigmas  1  -3,”  denotes 
that  the  stigmas  are  from  one  to  three  in  number,  “Cells  8 - 20-seeded 
that  the  seeds  vary  from  8  to  20  in  each  cell. 


lilliliii  1 1 


III.  A  REDUCTION  OF  THE  PLANTS  DESCRIBED 
IN  THIS  WORK  TO  THE  CLASSES  AND 
ORDERS  OF  THE  LINNiEAN  ARTIFICIAL 
SYSTEM.* 


CLASS  I.  MONANDRIA. 

Order  Monogyula.  Style  or  stigma  1. 

*  Flowers  not  glumaceous.  p 

Hippuris.  Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary ,  the  border  entire.  140 

Salicornia.  Perianth  bladdery,  free  from  the  ovary.  337 

*  *  Flowers  glumaceous  (Sedges). 

Hemicarpha,  and  species  of  Cyperus,  Eriophorum,  Fimbristy- 

lis  (Cyperaceas).  515 

Order  Digynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2. 

*  Flowers  glumaceous  (Grasses). 

Cinna.  Spikelets  1 -flowered,  herbaceous.  579 

Uniola.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  coriaceous.  601 

Andropogon.  Spikelets  l|-flowered.  Panicles  silky.  617 

*  *  Flowers  not  glumaceous. 

Callitriche.  Fruit  4-lobed,  4-celled,  naked.  402 

Blitum.  Fruit  1-celled  (achenium)  in  a  berry-like  calyx.  379 

CLASS  n.  DIANDRIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  stigma  1. 

*  Flowers  not  glumaceous  :  corolla  none. 


Fraxinus.  Fruit  a  samara  or  key.  Leaves  pinnate.  373 

«  »  Flowers  with  a  calyx  and  corolla. 

-♦-Of  separate  petals. 

Chionanthus.  Petals  4,  long  and  linear.  Stamens  very  short.  372 
Circjea.  Petals  2j  inversely  heart-shaped.  Stamens  slender.  139 

■*—*- Corolla  monopetalous,  regular. 

Ligustrum.  Corolla  4-lobed.  Fruit  a  berry.  372 

Corolla  monopetalous,  2-lipped  or  irregular. 

Labiatae.  Fruit  4  achenia  in  the  base  of  the  calyx.  313 


*  This  Synopsis  is  designed,  not  only  to  exhibit  the  Linnaean  arrangement,  but 
also  to  serve  as  an  artificial  key  to  the  genera,  which,  at  the  outset,  the  student  will 
occasionally  need.  To  render  it  sufficient  for  this  purpose,  the  genera  are  repeated 
under  different  classes  and  orders,  when  the  species  vary  in  respect  to  these  techni¬ 
cal  characters,  or  might  be  referred  with  about  equal  correctness  to  either  of  two  or 
thfee "classes,  as  Asclepias,  Lobelia,  &c.  A  Conspectus  of  the  Classes,  with  their 
characters,  is  given  on  the  opposite  page.  The  numbers  at  the  end  of  the  lines  re¬ 
fer  to  the  page  where  the  genera  stands  In  the  body  of  the  work. 

€  * 


7 


liv 


INTRODUCTION. 


Scrophulariaceje.  Nos.  JO -15.  Fruit  a  2-celled  membranous 
short  pod. 

Dianthera.  Fruit  a  short  woody  pod  :  seeds  wingless. 

Catalpa.  Fruit  a  very  long  pod  :  seeds  many,  winged. 
Lentibulacejg.  Pod  1-celled  :  placenta  central.  Anthers  1-celled. 


295 

293 

291 

285 


*  *  *  Flowers  glumaceous. 

Cyperaceje.  Nos.  1,  2,  9, 10,  13, 14.  515 

Order  Digynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2. 

*  Flowers  glumaceous. 

Graminejs.  Nos.  1, 10,  22,  28,  48,  57.  567 

*  *  Flowers  not  glumaceous. 

Blitum.  Petals  none.  Calyx  berry-like  or  fleshy.  379 

Anychia.  Petals  none.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Seed  1.  55 

Elatine.  Petals  and  sepals  2  or  3.  Seeds  several.  55 


Order  Tetragynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4. 
Ruppia.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Ovaries  4. 


454 


CLASS  III.  TRIANDRIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  sessile  stigma  1. 

*  Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary  (ovary  inferior). 
-♦-Corolla  5-lobed.  Leaves  veiny. 

Fedia.  Border  of  the  calyx  tooth-like  and  naked,  or  obsolete. 
Valeriana.  Border  of  the  calyx  unrolling  and  plumose  in  fruit. 

-♦—•-Perianth  6-parted.  Leaves  equitant,  nerved. 
Lachnanthes.  Stamens  exserted.  Perianth  regular.  Stigma  1. 
Iris.  Stamens  under  the  3  petal-like  stigmas. 

*  *  PeriaDth  free  from  the  (superior)  several-seeded  pod. 
-♦-Perianth  tubular,  petaloid. 

Heteranthera.  Stamens  dissimilar.  Leaves  kidney-shaped. 
Schollera.  Stamens  similar.  Leaves  linear. 


182 

182 


481 

482 


510 

510 


Perianth  of  more  or  less  separate  parts. 

Commelyna.  Calyx  and  corolla  separate,  irregular.  Stigmas  single.  511 
Xyris.  Calyx  and  corolla  separate,  irregular.  Stigmas  3.  5Kj 

Juncus.  Perianth  6-parted,  entirely  glumaceous,  regular.  505 


♦  *  *  Proper  perianth  none,  or  bristle-like.  Fruit  1 -seeded,  seed-like 
Bracts  glumaceous. 

Cyperaceje  generally  (and  one  or  two  Grasses). 


515 


Order  Digynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2. 

*  Flowers  inwrapped  in  glumaceous  bracts. 

G ram i neje  generally. 

*  *  Flowers  not  glumaceous. 

Anychia.  Calyx  5-parted.  Utricle  1-seeded. 

Order  Tri-Tetragynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3-4. 

StelLaria.  Pod  1-celled,  several-seeded  at  the  base. 
Mollugo.  Pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded,  free. 
Lechea.  Pod  partly  3-celled,  6-seeded,  free  from  the  calyx. 
Proserpinaca.  Nut  3-celled,  3-seeded,  adherent  to  the  calyx. 


567 


65 


61 

66 

48 

139 


LINNJEAN  ARTIFICIAL  ARRANGEMENT.  Iv 

CLASS  IV.  TETRANURIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  sessile  stigma  1. 

*  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary  :  petals  separate  or  none. 

Smilacina  §  Maianthemum.  Perianth  4-parted,  spreading.  Flow¬ 
ers  racemed.  49 1 

Orontium.  Sepals  distinct.  Flowers  spiked  on  a  scape.  448 

Ammannia.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-toothed.  Flowers  axillary.  ,  132 
Sanguisorba.  Calyx  constricted  at  the  throat,  4-lobed.  Flowers  in 

close  spikes.  118 

#  #  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  monopetalous. 

Frasera.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted,  wheel-shaped,  gland -bearing.  362 

Bartonia.  Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  not  gland-bearing.  Calyx  4-parted.  358 
Obolaria.  Corolla  4-cleft.  Calyx  of  2  leaf-like  sepals.  363 

Erythr®a.  Corolla  tubular,  salver-form.  Leaves  opposite.  357 

Plantago.  Corolla  salver-form  or  bell-shaped.  Flowers  spiked. 

Leaves  radical.  278 

*  *  *  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  or  its  base. 

-♦-Corolla  4-petalous,  or  none. 

Cornus.  Calyx-limb  minute,  4-toothed.  Drupe  2-celled,  2-seeded.  167 

Ludwigia.  Calyx  4-lobed.  Pod  4-celled,  many-seeded.  137 

h — i-Corolla  monopetalous,  5-lobed. 

Linn®  a.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Flowers  in  pairs.  Stamens  unequal.  170 

-♦ — i — H-Corolla  monopetalous,  4-lobed. 

Diodia.  Flowers  axillary.  Pod  separating  into  2  pieces,  2-seeded.  178 

Hedyolis.  Flowers  single  or  clustered.  Pod  many-seeded  (often 

partly  free).  179 

Mitchella.  Flowers  united  in  pairs.  Berry  double.  179 

Cephalanthus.  Flowers  in  a  naked  head.  Pod  2-4-seeded.  179 

Dipsacus.  Flowers  in  an  involucrate  chaffy  head.  Fruit  1-seeded.  183 

Order  Oigynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2. 

*  Corolla  polypetalous. 

Hamamelis.  Petals  4,  strap-shaped.  Pod  2-beaked,  crustaceous.  152 

*  •  Corolla  monopetalous. 

Galium.  Corolla  4-  3-parted,  wheel-shaped.  Fruit  2-lobed,  2-seeded.  176 
Cuscuta.  Corolla  bell-shaped.  Pod  2-celled,  2-4-seeded,  350 

Gentiana.  Corolla  funnel-form,  spurless.  Pod  l-cell$d,  many-seeded.  358 
Halenia.  Corolla  4-spurred  below.  *  361 

Order  Tri-Pentagynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3-5. 

*  Pistils  separate,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Ruppia.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  (Stamens  really  but  2.)  454 

Potamogeton.  Calyx  4-sepalled.  Petals  none.  Fruit  4  nutlets.  454 

Alchemilla.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Petals  none.  Styles  lateral.  118 

Till.® a.  Sepals,  petals,  and  several-seeded  pods  3-4.  146 

*  *  Pistils  combined  into  one,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Sagina.  Pod  l-celled,  several-seeded,  4 -5- valved-  63 

Ilex.  Drupe  berry-like,  4-celled,  4-seeded.  Calyx  minute.  275 

CLASS  V.  PENT  ANURIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  stigma  1. 

*  Petals  separate  or  none. 

-♦-Herbs  :  calyx  free  :  petals  none. 

Su®da.  Calyx  succulent.  Stigmas  2-5.  Utricle  l-seeded.  377 


lvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


67 


Glaux.  Calyx-lobes  petal-like.  Stigma  1.  Pod  few-seeded.  284 

Paronychia.  Sepals  dry  or  scarious,  awn-pointed.  Style  2-cleft 

Utricle  I-seeded.  65 

Herbs  :  calyx  adherent:  petals  none. 

Comandra.  Calyx-lobes  petal-like.  Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded.  397 

Herbs  :  calyx  free  :  petals  conspicuous. 

Lythrum.  Petals  on  the  cylindrical  calyx,  regular.  132 

Impatiens.  Sepals  and  petals  colored  alike,  irregular.  Stigma  sessile.  76 
Violacee.  Sepals  green  :  petals  rather  irregular.  Style  club  shaped.  43 
Claytonia.  Petals  regular,  distinct  from  the  2  sepals.  Stamens  op¬ 
posite  them.  Style  3-lobed. 

•--•-Shrubs :  stamens  opposite  the  petals,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes. 
Rhamnacee.  Calyx  conspicuous.  Upright  shrubs  :  no  tendrils.  84 
v  itacee.  Calyx  minute  and  truncate,  climbing  by  tendrils.  85 

Shrubs  :  stamens  alternate  with  the  petals. 

++  Leaves  3-foliolate. 

Ptelea.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded,  flat  and  winged  (samara). 

Leaves  simple  and  undivided  :  calyx  free  or  nearly  so. 
Celastracee.  Stamens  on  a  disk.  Seeds  few,  in  pulpy  arils. 

Itea.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded. 
Aquifoliacee.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  petals.  Drupe  4  — 6* 
seeded. 

Ledum.  Stamens  hypogynous.  Pod  5  celled,  many-seeded. 

******  Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed  :  calyx  adherent. 

Ribes.  Stamens  on  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 

*  *  Corolla  monopetalous,  superior  (calyx  adherent). 
-♦--Stamens  free  from  the  corolla  :  leaves  alternate, 
f  ampanulacee.  Corolla  5-lobed,  regular.  Pod  3  celled,  many- 
seeded. 

-•--•-Stamens  on  the  corolla:  leaves  opposite. 
Caprifoliacee.  Stipules  none.  Fruit  a  berry  or  pod. 

*  *  *  Corolla  monopetalous,  inferior  (free  from  the  ovary). 
-♦-Stamens  on  the  corolla  opposite  its  lobes. 

Primulacee.  Pod  1-celled,  several -seeded  in  the  centre.  280 

-►--•-Stamens  hygogynous,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Ericinee.  PocPseveral-celled,  many-seeded.  257 

-•--•--•-Stamens  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  the  lobes. 

-M-  Pod  or  berry  2-3  celled  j  the  cells  several -seeded. 
Spigelia.  Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.  Leaves  opposite,  entire. 
Verbascum.  Corolla  imbricated.  Leaves  alternate.  296 

Polemonium.  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  Leaves  alternate, pinnate.  343 
Diapensiacee.  Corolla  convolute.  Leaves  entire,  small.  Anthers 

opening  across.  346 

Solanacee.  Corolla  plaited  or  infolded-valvate  in  the  bud.  332 

++  ++  Pod  2  -  3-celled,  2  large  seeds  in  each  cell. 
onyolvulacee.  Corolla  bell  shaped  or  funnel-shaped,  plaited  or 

convolute.  ^  '  v  347 

--  -+  -m.  Pod  3-celled,  one  seed  in  each  cell. 

Corolla  salver-shaped  j  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud. 

-m.  ^  ^  Fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets  around  the  style. 

Boraginacee.  Corolla  5  lobed,  regular. 


78 

83 

151 

275 

271 

142 


255 


169 


Phlox. 


344 

334 


LINNJ2AN  ARTIFICIAL  ARRANGEMENT. 


lvii 


■++  'M*  ++  ++  ++  Pod  1  celled  with  2  parietal  placentae. 
Hydrophyllacea:.  Leaves  alternate,  lobed  or  compound.  Corolla 

convolute  or  imbricated.  340 

Menyanthideje.  Leaves  alternate.  Corolla  valvate-induplicate  in 

the  bud.  362 

Gentianeje.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  entire.  Corolla  convolute.  356 

Order  Digynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2  (only). 

*  Corolla  monopetalous,  free  (inferior). 

■+- Stigmas  separate  :  style  short  or  none  :  seeds  naked. 
Gentianea:.  Pod  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae.  356 

Stigma  forming  one  mass  :  but  the  styles  and  pods  (follicles)  separate  : 
seeds  with  a  silky  tuft  at  the  end. 

Apocynum.  Pollen  powdery  :  anthers  merely  converging.  364 

Asclepiadacea:.  Pollen  in  (waxy)  masses  :  anthers  united  with  the 

stigma.  365 

#  #  Corolla  polypetalous. 

-•-Calyx-tube  partly  adherent  to  the  many-seeded  2-horned  pod,  bearing 

the  petals. 

Heuchera.  Pod  1-celled.  Seeds  marginless.  149 

Sullivantia.  Pod  2-celled.  Seedswing-margined.  149 

-•--•-Calyx-tube  wholly  adherent  to  the  2-seeded  fruit,  its  minute  limb  and 
the  stamens  epigynous.  (Flowers  in  umbels.) 
Umbellifera:.  Fruit  dry,  splitting  into  seed-like  carpels.  153 

Panax.  Fruit  a  berry  like  drupe.  (Styles  often  3.)  166 

*  *  *  Corolla  none.  (Calyx  free.  Fruit  1-seeded.) 

-4-Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 

Chenopodiacea:.  Utricle  inclosed  in  the  calyx  :  stam.  at  the  base.  375 
Scleranthus.  Utricle  in  the  calyx-tube  :  stamens  on  its  throat.  65 
Polygonum.  Achenium  lenticular.  Stipules  a  tubular  sheath.  386 

Celtis.  Drupe  globular.  Leaves  rough.  400 

-•--♦-Ovary  2  celled,  an  ovule  in  each  cell. 

Ulmus.  Fruit  flat,  winged  (a  samara),  1-seeded.  Leaves  rough.  399 

Order  Trigynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3. 

*  Corolla  none.  * 

Ambrina.  Utricle  partly  inclosed  in  the  green  calyx.  379 

Polygonum.  Achenium  triangular.  Calyx  petal-like.  386 

*  *  Corolla  monopetalous.  (Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.) 
Viburnum.  Leaves  simple.  Drupe  flattish,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  174 

Sambucus.  Leaves  pinnate.  Fruit  berry-like,  3  seeded.  173 

*  *  *  Corolla  polypetalous. 

Rhus.  Drupe  dry,  hairy,  1  celled,  1  seeded.  78 

Staphylea.  Pod  3  celled,  inflated,  few  seeded.  83 

Hypericum.  Pod  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  many-seeded  placentae.  52 

Spergularia.  Pod  l-celled,  many-seeded  on  a  central  placenta  at 

the  base.  64 

Order  Tetra-Decagynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4-10. 

«  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4-  10,  on  one  compound  ovary. 

-4- Pod  1-celled,  many-seeded  :  placentae  parietal. 

Parnassia.  Stigmas  4,  sessile.  Sterile  stam.  clustered  at  the  base 

of  the  fertile.  50 


Iviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Droskra.  Styles  3  or  5,  2-parted  and  so  apparently  6  or  10.  49 

-•--♦-Pod  1  celled,  several-seeded  :  placenta?  central  at  the  base. 
Alsine®.  Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Styles  3-5.  60 

-♦--•—♦-Pod  1  celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent. 

Statice.  Calyx  funnel-form,  scarious.  Petals  long-clawed.  279 

-♦ — • — • — >-Pod  more  or  less  10-celled,  10-seeded. 

Linum.  Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5.  72 

*  *  Pistils  5  or  more,  entirely  separate. 

Zanthorhiza.  Sepals  and  petals  hypogynous,  distinct.  14 

Sibbaldia.  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  5  - 10  cleft  calyx.  119 

CLASS  VI.  HEXANDRIA. 


Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  sessile  stigma  1. 

*  Calyx  or  perianth  free  from  the  ovary  (inferior). 

-•-Ovary  1 -celled,  1  -few-ovuled  from  the  base. 
Berberidace®.  Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  20 

Nacmburgia.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Sepals  and  petals  6.  283 

Orontium.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Sepals  6:  petals  none.  448 

-•--♦-Ovary  4-6-celled,  a  4-6  seeded  drupe  in  fruit. 

Prinos.  Calyx  (minute)  and  corolla  each  mostly  6-parted.  276 

-—•--•-Ovary  2-3-celled. 

— ■  Calyx  and  corolla  different  in  color  and  texture. 

Lythrum.  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  cylindrical  calyx.  132 
Fl(ERKF.a.  Petals  and  stamens  nearly  hypogynous.  Fruit  3  achenia.  77 
Tradescantia.  Petals  and  stamens  regular,  hypogynous.  Pod 

2-3celled.  8  5  ™  87  512 

Commelyna.  Petals  and  stamens  irregular,  hypogynous.  Pod  2-3* 

celled.  511 


— *  *•*■•■  Calyx  and  corolla  forming  a  colored  petal-like  6-merous  perianth. 
—  Perianth  irregular,  funnel-form. 

Pontederia.  Fleshy  persistent  base  of  the  perianth  inclosing  the  1- 

seeded  fruit.  509 

=  =  Perianth  regular.  Flowers  on  a  lateral  spadix. 

Acorus.  Sepals  distinct,  concave.  Utricle  1 -few  seeded. 

=  ====  Perianth  regular.  Flowers  not  on  a  spadix. 
Liliace®.  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single,  not  splitting  into  3.  ^ 

H®modorace®.  Anthers  introrse.  Style  splitting  into  3  on  the  pod.  4w 
Uvula  rie®.  Anthers  extrorse.  €  490 

++++++  Calyx  and  corolla  forming  a  glumaceous  6-merous  perianth. 
Juncace®.  Anthers  introrse.  Pod  3-valved,  3 -many-seeded. 

*  *  Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary  (superior). 
Amaryllidace®.  Perianth  6-parted,  petal-like.  Pod  3-celled. 


44S 


479 


Order  Di^ynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2. 

Oxyria.  Sepals  4.  Fruit  flat,  2-winged. 

Polygonum.  Sepals  5.  Fruit  lenticular. 

Order  Trigynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3. 
*  Calyx  5-parted,  petal-like. 
Polygonum.  Achenium  triangular:  sepals  all  alike. 


391 

386 

386 


LINNJEAN  ARTIFICIAL  ARRANGEMENT. 


lix 


*  *  Calyx  or  perianth  6-parted,  all  colored  alike  or  nearly  so. 
-♦-Achenium  inclosed  by  the  3  inner  converging  veiny  sepals. 
Rumex.  Achenium  triangular.  Outer  sepals  smaller,  spreading.  391 

-» — *- Berry  naked,  1- 3-celled,  1 -few-seeded. 

Smilax.  Perianth  deciduous.  Leaves  alternate,  veiny.  485 

Medeola.  Perianth  very  deciduous.  Leaves  in  2  whorls.  488 

— •-Pod  naked,  3-6-celled,  splitting  into  as  many  1-seeded  carpels. 
Triglochin.  Perianth  deciduous,  in  2  rows.  Stigmas  sessile.  458 
-* — ' — • — *-Pod  naked,  3-celled,  often  3-horned,  or  3  separate  carpels. 
Scheuchzeria.  Perianth  persistent.  Pods  separate,  1 -2-seeded.  459 
Melanthace^e.  Pods  united  more  or  less  completely  into  one,  sev¬ 
eral-seeded.  -  495 

*  *  *  Sepals  3,  green,  and  very  different  from  the  3  petals. 
Trillium.  Berry  ovate,  3-angular,  3-celled,  many  seeded.  487 

Order  Polygynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  numerous. 

Alisma.  Sepals  3,  green  :  petals  3.  Ovaries  many,  1-seeded.  459 

CLASS  VII.  HEPTABTDRIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  sessile  stigma  1. 

^Esculus.  Petals  free  from  the  5-lobed  calyx.  Leaves  compound.  81 
Lythrum.  Petals  on  the  cylindrical  7-toothed  calyx.  Leaves  simple.  132 
Trientalis.  Corolla  and  calyx  deeply  7-parted,  spreading.  282 

Order  Di-Tetragynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2-4. 
Polygonum.  Ovary  1-celled,  forming  an  achenium  in  fruit.  386 

Ulmus.  Ovary  2-celled,  forming  a  flat  samara  in  fruit.  399 

Saururus.  Ovaries  3 -4,  separate.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  401 

Order  Polygynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  many. 
Echinodorus.  Sepals  3  :  petals  3.  Ovaries  crowded  in  a  head.  460 

CLASS  VIII.  OCTANDRIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  sessile  stigma  1. 

*  Corolla  polypetalous,  free. 

Jeffersonia.  Sepals  4  :  petals  8.  Pod  1-celled,  opening  across.  21 
Hypopitys.  Sepals  and  petals  each  4-5,  fleshy.  Pod  4  -  5-celled.  274 

*  *  Corolla  of  4  petals  on  the  summit  of  the  adherent  calyx-tube. 
Rhexia.  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pod  4-celled.  131 

Onagraceje.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pod  4-celled.  134 

*  *  *  Corolla  monopetalous,  on  the  adherent  calyx. 
Vaccinie^e.  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  chinks.  Berry  4 -5-celled.  356 
*  *  *  *  Corolla  none  :  calyx  petal-like. 

Dirca.  Calyx  obscurely  toothed,  bearing  the  long  stamens.  395 

Order  Di-Trigynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2-3. 

Acer.  Pod  a  double  samara.  Leaves  opposite.  80 

Ulmus.  Pod  a  single  1-celled  samara.  Leaves  alternate.  399 

Chrysospi.enium.  Pod  inversely  heart-shaped,  many-seeded.  “  151 

Polygonaceje.  Pod  a  1-seeded  achenium.  Leaves  alternate.  385 

Order  Tetra-Pentagynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4-5. 

Sedum.  Pods  separate,  as  many  as  the  petals.  146 


lx  INTRODUCTION. 

CLASS  IX.  ENNEANDRIA. 

Lauracee.  Anthers  opening  by  valves.  Style  1. 

Echinodorus.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Styles  and  ovaries  many. 

CLASS  X.  DECAjVDRIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  sessile  stigma  1. 

*  Corolla  polypetalous,  papilionaceous  or  irregular. 
Leguminose.  Tribes  5  and  6.  Pod  l-celled,  a  legume. 

*  *  ^Corolla  polypetalous  or  nearly  so,  regular. 
Decodon.  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Pod  3-celled. 
Ericacee.  Nos.  8,  14-19,  21,  22.  Stamens  hypogynous.  Pod  2-5- 
celled. 

*  *  *  Corolla  monopetal ous. 

Ericacee.  Pod,  or  rarely  berry,  3-  10-celled. 

Order  Digynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2. 

Silenee.  Petals  distinct  from  the  tubular  calyx,  on  long  claws. 
Saxifragacee.  Petals  on  the  short  calyx-tube.  Pod  2-horned. 
Chrysosplenium.  Petals  none.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  pod. 
Scleranthus.  Petals  none.  Calyx-tube  constricted,  inclosing  the 
free  utricle. 

Order  Tri-Deeagynla.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3- 10. 

*  Ovaries  united  into  one,  but  the  styles  separate. 

-♦-Pod  or  berry'5-  10-celled. 

Phytolacca.  Berry  depressed,  10-celled,  10-seeded.  Petals  none. 
Penthorum.  Pod  5-celled,  5-horned,  many-seeded.  Petals  none. 
Oxalis.  Pod  5-celled,  the  cells  few-seeded.  Petals  conspicuous. 

-♦—•-Pod  1-celled,  several  -  many-seeded  from  the  base  or  axis. 
Caryophyllacee.  Sepals  4-5,  free  from  the  valved  pod. 
Portulaca.  Sepals  2,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  pod,  which  opens 
by  a  lid. 

*  *  Ovaries  (carpels)  separate  and  distinct. 

Sedum.  Pods,  petals,  and  sepals  equal  in  number,  free  and  distinct. 
Spiree.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  bearing  the  petals  and  stamens. 
Zanthorhiza.  Sepals  and  petals  free  and  distinct :  pods  several. 
Isopyrum.  Petals  none.  Sepals  5,  petal-like,  free  and  distinct. 

CLASS  11.  DODECANDRIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  sessile  stigma  1. 

*  Petals  4,  irregular,  on  claws. 

Polanisia.  Sepals  4.  Pod  veiny,  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

*  *  Petals  5-9. 

Podophyllum.  Sepals  6  —  9 ;  the  petals  as  many,  deciduous.  Berry 
1-celled. 

Hudsonia.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Pod  1-celled,  3- valved,  few-seeded.  Pc* 
tals  fugacious. 

Portulaca.  Calyx  2-parted.  Pod  1-celled,  opening  by  a  lid.  Petals 
fugacious. 

Lythrum.  Calyx  6  —  7-toothed.  Petals  nearly  equal.  Pod  2-celled, 
many-seeded. 

Cuphea.  Calyx  tubular.  Petals  very  unequal.  Pod  soon  1-celled, 
few-seeded. 


393 

460 

93 

133 

257 

257 

56 

147 

151 

65 

385 

147 

75 

55 

66 

146 

116 

14 

11 

42 

21 

48 

66 

132 

133 


LINNJEAN  ARTIFICIAL  ARRANGEMENT.  lxi 

*  *  *  Corolla  7- 12  parted,  wheel-shaped. 

Sabbatia.  Calyx  7-11  parted.  Style  2-parted.  Pod  1 -celled.  356 

*  *  *  *  Corolla  none. 

Asarum.  Calyx  3-lobed,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  6-celled  ovary.  374 
Order  Di-Hexagynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2-6. 

*  Ovaries  wholly  united  into  one  pod. 

Hypericum.  Petals  5.  Styles  3.  Pod  I-celled,  many-seeded.  54 

Lechea.  Petals  3.  Stigmas  3.  Pod  partly  3-celled,  6-seeded.  43 

*  *  Ovaries  partly  united  into  a  3 -6-horned  pod. 

Reseda.  Petals  4-7,  unequal.  Stamens  turned  to  one  side.  43 

*  *  *  Ovaries  distinct,  in  the  calyx. 

Agrimonia.  Pistils  2,  forming  achenia  in  fruit.  Petals  imbricated.  117 
Gillenia.  Pistils  5,  forming  pods.  Petals  convolute  in  the  bud.  117 

CLASS  XII.  ICOSANDRIA. 

Rosacea:.  Calyx  4 -5-cleft,  or  double.  Petals  4-5.  112 

Cactacea.  Sepals  and  petals  imbricated  in  several  rows.  141 

CLASS  XIII.  POLY ANDRIA. 

Order  Monogynia.  Style  or  sessile  stigma  1. 

*  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  placenta. 

Podophyllum.  Berry  large.  Stigma  compressed.  Flower  solitary.  21 
Actaa.  Berry  many-seeded.  Stigma  depressed.  Flowers  racemed.  15 
Cimicifuga  $  Macrotys.  Pod  dry,  many-seeded.  16 

*  *  Ovary  3-several-celled,  or  with  2 -several  parietal  placentae. 
Ntmphaacee.  Petals  in  many  rows.  Berry  many-celled.  23 

Sarracenia.  Petals  &  sepals  5.  Style  umbrella-shaped.  Pod5-celled.  24 
Papaveracea.  Petals  4,  or  6  —  12.  Sepals  deciduous,  numerous. 

Pod  1-celled.  25 

Cistacea.  Petals  5,  fugacious.  Sepals  persistent.  Pod  1-celled.  47 
Hypericum.  Petals  5.  Sepals  persistent.  Pod  3-5-celled.  52 

Order  Oi-Polygynia.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2  -  many. 

*  Ovaries  and  pods  or  achenia  all  separate  and  free. 

Brasenia.  Petals  and  sepals  (3-4)  persistent.  Pods  indehiscent.  22 
Ranunculacea.  Petals  deciduous,  or  often  none,  &  calyx  petal-like.  2 
Asimina.  Sepals  6,  of  2  kinds,  and  the  3  sepals  deciduous.  Pods  pulpy.  19 

*  *  Ovaries  imbricated  and  combined  in  a  mass  on  a  long  axis. 
Magnoliacea.  Sepals  and  petals  in  3  or  more  rows  of  three.  17 

*  *  *  Ovaries  several,  separately  immersed  in  a  top-shaped  receptacle. 
Nelumbium.  Sepals  and  petals  many  in  several  rows.  23 

*  *  *  *  Ovaries  few,  combined  below  into  a  1-celled  pod. 

Reseda.  Petals  and  stamens  irregular,  the  latter  on  a  1-sided  disk.  43 

CLASS  XIV.  DIDTKAMIA. 

Order  Gymnospermia.  Achenia  (seeds,  L.)  4,  naked  within  the  calyx. 
Labiata.  Corolla  irregular  (2-lipped).  Leaves  opposite.  313 

Order  Angiospermia.  Fruit  a  proper  (1  -4  celled)  pod. 

*  Ovary  1-celled. 

Phryma.  Achenium  single,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Leaves  opposite.  312 

/ 


lxii 


INTRODUCTION. 


311 


W 


31 


Orob.anchace®.  Pod  with  2-4  many-seeded  parietal  placentae. 

Leaves  none,  or  scale-like.  28$ 

*  *  Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  or  rarely  more,  several -seeded. 

M^LIACEiE*  ^ eeds  many,  no  albumen.  Corolla  imbricated  in  bud.  290 
Acanthacea.  Seeds  few,  no  albumen.  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  29! 
bCRoPHULARiACEiE.  Seeds  with  albumen.  Corolla  imbricated.  294 

*  *  *  °vai7  and  fruit  2-4-celled,  splitting  into  2-4  one-seeded  nutlets. 
Verbenace®.  Corolla  and  calyx  irregular  or  2-lipped,  free. 

_  *  #  *  *  Ovary  3-celled,  tfoo  of  the  cells  empty. 

Linn.® a.  Calyx  adherent,  crowning  the  dry  1-seeded  fruit. 

CLASS  XV.  TETR ADYNAMIA.  (Petals  always  4.) 

Order  Siliculosa.  Pod  (silicle)  scarcely  longer  than  broad 
Crucifer®.  Nos.  11-17. 

Order  Siliqnosa.  Pod  (silique)  much  longer  than  broad. 
Crucifer®.  Nos.  1-10,  18.  3D 

CLASS  XVI.  MONADELPHIA. 

Order  Di-Triandria.  Stamens  2 -3. 

Sistr,Hchium.  Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  superior. 

ostemum.  Perianth  2  —  3  little  scales  below.  Stam.  on  one  side.  403 

Order  Pentandria.  Stamens  5. 

SepaJ8, and  Peta,s  5*  Styles  3  or  4.  Berry  1 -celled. 

LoBEri A  S  ^r  ,ife  s'  and  8,t}  les  5*  Pod  5  “  10-celled/ 

lobelia.  Corolla  monopetalous,  split  on  one  side.  Pod  2-celled.  253 

Order  Decandria.  Stamens  10. 

„  *  Flower  regular,  5-peta!ous. 

Ox  A CpriA  *  FrXh5  one-se,eded  carpels  united  to  a  long  beak.  ? 

Oxalis.  Pod  5-celled,  several-seeded.  Styles  5,  separate 

#  #  Flower  irregular,  papilionaceous. 

Leguminos®.  Tribes  3  and  4.  Fruit  a  legume.  91 

°RDER  Polyandrla.  Stamens  many. 

Malvace®.  Corolla  regular :  petals  convolute  in  the  bud.  67 

CLASS  XVn.  DIADELPHIA.  (Flowers  always  irregular.) 

Order  Hex-Octandria.  Stamens  6 -8. 

P^ToX^Pod^Jl^^lied2  Pari6Ul  pUcente'  °r  '•Seeded-  S 

Order  Decandria.  Stamens  10. 

Leouminos.®.  Pod  a  legume.  Corolla  papilionaceous. 

CLASS  XVIII.  POLYADELPHIA. 

Order  Enne-Dodecandria.  Stamens  9-12. 

Flodea.  Styles  3,  distinct.  Stamens  in  3  clusters.  54 

_  Order  Polyandria.  Stamens  numerous. 

Tilia.  Style  1.  Stamens  in  5  clusters.  74 

*—«-**•• .. 


LINNjEAN  artificial  arrangement. 


Ixiii 


CLASS  XIX.  STNGEXESIA. 

Order  Polj  gamia  iBqnalisi.  Flowers  in  a  head  (Flower  compound, 
L.),  all  perfect. 

Composite.  Nos.  1,  3-8,  19,  37,  50,  51, 56-69.  184 

Order  Poly  gamin  Snperflua.  Flowers  in  a  head  (compound),  all 
fertile,  the  marginal  pistillate  only. 

Composite.  Nos.  9  - 11, 13- 18,  20  -  24,  30, 31, 38,39,41 -49,  51,52.  184 

Order  Polygamia  Frustrnnca.  Flowers  in  a  head  (compound), 
the  marginal  neutral,  the  rest  perfect. 

Compositje.  Nos.  12,  32-37,  40,  53,  54.  184 

Order  Polygamia  IVecessaria.  Flowers  in  a  head  (compound),  the 
central  staminate,  the  marginal  pistillate  and  fertile  (or  mono  dioecious) 

Compositje,  Subtr.  Melampodine.*.  Nos.  25-29.  218 

Order  Polygamia  Segregata.  “  Flowers  each  with  their  own  invo¬ 
lucre,”  or,  more  properly,  Heads  1  -  few-flowered,  aggregated  into  a  com¬ 
pound  head. 

Composite.  No.  2.  (Elephantopus.)  190 

Order  llonogamia.  Flowers  separate  (not  compound). 

Violace.®.  Flowers  polypetalous,  irregular.  Style  club-shaped.  43 

Impatiens.  Flowers  polypetalous,  very  irregular.  Stigma  sessile.  76 
Lobelia.  Corolla  monopetalous,  irregular.  Style  1.  Pod  2-celled.  253 
Apocynum.  Corolla  monopetalous,  regular.  Pods  2  :  stigma  1.  364 

CLASS  XX.  GYNANDRIA. 

Order  Dlandria.  Stamens  (apparently)  2,  really  but  one  of  2  anther- 
cells,  except  in  Cypripedium. 

Orchidaceae.  Flower  irregular,  epigynous.  463 

Order  Pentandria.  Stamens  5. 

Asclepiadaceje.  Calyx  and  corolla  regular,  hypogynous.  Pods  2.  365 

Order  Hex-Dodecandria.  Stamens  6-12. 
Aristolochiace.e.  Calyx  epigynous  :  corolla  none.  Fruit  6-celled.  374 

CLASS  XXI.  MOXCECIA. 

Order  Monandria.  Stamen  1. 

Lemna.  Flowers  bursting  from  the  side  of  a  floating  frond.  449 

Zostera.  Flowers  on  a  leaf-sheathed  spadix.  453 

Zannichellia.  Flowers  axillary,  sessile  :  the  fertile  of  2 -5-pistils.  453 
Euphorbia.  Flowers  in  a  cup-shaped  involucre.  Ovary  3-celled.  403 

Order  Di-Triaudria.  Stamens  2-3. 

*  Stamens  aggregated  in  a  common  spike  or  head,  naked. 

Typha.  Flowers  all  in  a  spike,  intermixed  with  down.  450 

Sparganicm.  Flowers  in  heads,  naked,  the  fertile  bracted.  451 

*  *  Stamens  in  the  axils  of  bracts. 

Carex.  Achenium  lenticular  or  triangular,  inclosed  in  a  sac.  535 

Scleria.  Achenium  globular,  crustaceous  or  bony,  naked.  534 

Tripsaccm.  Grain  inclosed  in  cartilaginous  glumes,  sunk  in  the 

joints  of  the  spike.  615 

Order  Trl-Polyandria.  Stamens  3-  many,  distinct. 

*  Staminate  flowers  naked,  crowded  together  without  regular  bracts. 
Herbs  :  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  one  spike  (spadix). 

Araceae.  Spadix  surrounded  by  a  spathe.  Berry  1-celled. 


445 


lxiv 


INTRODUCTION. 


Trees:  flowers  in  separate  heads. 

Liquidambar.  Styles  2.  Pods  2-beaked,  2-celled,  several -seeded.  432 
Platanus.  Style  1.  Nutlets  club-shaped;  1-celled,  l-seeded.  433 

*  *  Staminate  flowers  in  catkins  :  calyx  none  or  scale-like. 
-♦-Fertile  flowers  in  catkins  or  spikes.  Leaves  simple. 
Betulacee.  Fruits  scale-like  or  nut-like,  2  -3  under  each  bract.  451 

Comptonia.  Nutlets  1  under  each  bract  of  the  burr-like  catkin.  420 

Carpinus.  Nutlets  single  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf-like  bract.  419 

Ostrya.  Nutlets  each  in  a  bladdery  bag,  making  a  Hop-like  catkin.  419 


Fertile  flowers  2  together,  naked,  forming  fleshy»or  dry  drupes. 

Ju gland acee.  Seed  large,  crumpled  and  lobed.  Leaves  pinnate.  410 
#  #  *  Staminate  and  fertile  flowers  both  in  glumes,  naked. 
Zizania.  Flowers  panicled.  Stamens  6.  573 


*  *  *  *  Staminate  fl.  with  a  regular  calyx  (or  involucre)  and  no  corolla. 
-♦-Nuts  1-celled,  large,  1-3  together  in  an  involucre  or  cup. 
Cupulifere.  Staminate  flowers  mostly  in  aments.  Trees.  412 

-♦—♦-Fruit  an  achenium  or  utricle:  styles  only  1  or  2. 

Stamens  5  or  fewer. 

Urticacee.  Calyx  fleshy  or  herbaceous.  Embryo  in  albumen.  433 
Chenopodiacee.  Calyx  herbaceous  or  fleshy.  Embryo  coiled.  57b 
Amaranthacee.  Calyx  dry  and  scarious.  Embryo  coiled  around 

albumen.  J  382 


++  ++  Stamens  12-24. 

Ceratophyllum.  Calyx  herbaceous.  Achenium  horned.  401 

H-"'“'4“Fruit  3-celled  or  an  achenium  :  styles  or  stigmas  3  or  more. 
Egphorbiacee.  Pod  3-lobed,  3-cell^d,  3-coccous.  ** 

*****  Flowers  furnished  with  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
-♦-Head  imbricated  with  scarious  bracts.  Stamens  4. 
Eriocaulon.  Sepals  and  petals  free.  Pod  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Stig.2.  514 
-♦—•-Flowers  spiked.  Stamens  4  or  8. 
Myriophyllum.  Sepals  and  petals  adherent  to  the  4-celled  nutlet.  1 
-^-Flowers  scattered  on  a  scape.  Stamens  numerous. 
Sagittaria.  Sepals  and  petals  3,  free.  Achenia  wing-margined, 

collected  in  a  head.  &  4WJ 

Order  Monatlelpliia.  Stamens  united  by  their  filaments. 

*  Pod  3-lobed,  3-celled,  3-seeded.  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx* 
Phyllanthus.  Stamens  3,  much  united.  Stigmas  6.  fl 

Acalypha.  Stamens  8  -  16,  united  at  the  base.  Styles  cut-fringed.  4u 

*  *  Flowers  naked,  in  the  axils  of  scales,  forming  catkins. 
Conifere.  Fruit  a  cone  or  strobile.  108 

Order  Syngenesia.  Stamens  connected  by  their  anthers. 

*  Fruit  an  achenium. 

Xanthium.  Staminate  and  fertile  flowers  in  separate  involucres,  the 

latter  a  2-celled  burr.  F  221 

Ambrosi  a.  Staminate  and  fertile  flowers  in  separate  involucres,  the 
latter  nut-like,  1-celled.  r 

Iva.  Stam.  and  fertile  flowers  in  the  same  open  cup-like  involucre- 

*  *  Fruit  a  fleshy  pod. 

Cucurbit acee.  Anthers  elongated  and  tortuous.  Calyx  and  corolls 
epigynous. 


LINNjEAN  artificial  arrangement.  lxv 

CLASS  XXII.  DICECIA. 

Order  Monandria.  Stamen  1. 

Naias.  Flowers  axillary,  sessile.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  452 

Order  Diandria.  Stamens  2. 

Salix.  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  both  in  catkins,  naked  (stam.  1-6).  424 
Order  Triandria.  Stamens  3. 

Vallisneria.  Pod  cylindrical,  1-celled,  many-seeded  (aquatic).  463 
Carex.  Achenium  in  a  sac.  535 

Empetrace®.  Drupe  3-9-celled,  3-9-seeded.  Leaves  Heath-like.  409 

Order  Tri-Pentandria.  Stamens  3 -5. 

*  Stamens  3  or  4. 

Viscum.  Anthers  sessile  on  the  calyx-lobes.  Berry  1-celled,  1 -seeded.  398 
*  *  Stamens  4  or  5. 

Negundo.  Fruit  a  double  samara.  Leaves  compound.  81 

Myrica.  Fruit  a  dry  drupe.  Flowers  in  short  aments.  420 

Urtica.  Fruit  an  achenium.  Flowers  spiked  and  panicled.  435 

*  *  *  Stamens  constantly  5. 

-♦-Calyx  adherent:  fruit  large,  drupe-like. 

Pyrularia.  Style  1.  Fruit  pear-like,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  398 

-♦--♦-Calyx  free  from  the  1-celled  and  1-seeded  dry  fruit:  corolla  none. 
Cannabine®.  Calyx  of  one  sepal,  folding  round  the  achenium.  435 
Amaranthus.  Calyx  3 -5-sepalled.  Utricle  smooth,  opening  by  a  lid.  384 
Acnida.  Calyx  3 -5-sepalled.  Achenium  crustaceous,  3- 5-ridged.  381 
-•—♦—•-Calyx  free  from  the  drupe-like  achenium  :  petals  5. 

Rhus  $  Lobadium.  Fruit  hairy.  Styles  or  stigmas  3.  79 

— •-Calyx  free  from  the  3-5  distinct  pistils. 
Zanthoxylcm.  Pods  2-valved,  short-stalked,  few-seeded.  77 

Order  Hexandria.  Stamens  6. 

Rum  ex.  Achenium  3-angular,  covered  by  the  inner  conniving  sepals.  391 
Smilax.  Berry  l-3-seeded,  free  from  the  perianth.  485 

Cham®lirium.  Pod  3-celled,  ovoid,  many-seeded.  502 

Djoscorea.  Pod  3-celled,  3-winged,  3-seeded  :  calyx  adherent.  484 

Order  Oct-Polyaiidria.  Stamens  8  -  many. 

*  Flowers  with  calyx  and  corolla. 

Gymnocladus.  Petals  5,  on  the  calyx.  Pod  1.  Ill 

Menispermum.  Sepals  and  petals  4-8,  distinct.  Drupes  1-4.  19 

*  *  Calyx  regular :  petals  none. 

Laurace®.  Calyx  petal-like,  6-parted.  Stamens  9.  Drupe  free.  394 
Shepherdia.  Calyx  4-cleft:  the  tube  becoming  berry-like  and  in¬ 
closing  the  achenium.  Stamens  8.  396 

*  ♦  *  Calyx  and  corolla  none. 

Populus.  Flowers  in  catkins.  Stamens  8 -40.  Pod  1-celled.  430 

Order  Moxxadelpliia.  Stamens  united  by  their  filaments. 

*  Flowers  in  a  kind  of  short  catkin  :  ovules  naked,  on  the  scales. 
Taxus.  Scales  empty  at  the  base  of  the  naked  cup  shaped  berry.  444 
Juniperus.  Scales  of  the  fertile  catkin  3-6,  forming  a  sort  of  drupe.  444 
*  *  Flowers  with  calyx  and  corolla. 

Nap®  a.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Styles  8.  Pod  8-celled,  8-seeded.  69 

Limnobium.  Calyx  3-parted.  Petals  3.  Berry  6-9-celled,  many- 

seeded.  ^  H  462 

/• 


Ixvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


CLASS  XXIII.  POLYGAMIA. 

»  Stamens  1  -3. 

-♦-Flowers  glumaceous.  Fruit  a  caryopsis  (grain). 
Gramineje.  Nos.  45  -  47,  53  -  59. 

-«--»-FJowers  with  a  calyx,  or  naked. 

Fraxinus.  Fruit  a  1  —  2-seeded  samara.  Leaves  pinnate. 
Empetrace.*.  Fruit  a  3-9-celled  drupe.  Leaves  Heath-like. 
Callitriche.  Fruit  nut-like,  4-lobed,  4-celled,  4-seeded. 

*  *  Stamens  3-8. 

-♦-Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

++  Petals  none. 

Chenopodiace^:.  Calyx  herbaceous,  inclosing  the  achenium. 
Iresine.  Calyx  scarious,  inclosing  the  utricle. 

Ulmus.  Samara  rounded,  broadly  winged.  Calyx  4  -  9-cleft. 
Celtis.  Drupe  free  from  the  5-6-parted  calyx.  Styles  2. 

Nyssa.  Drupe  coherent  with  the  calyx-tube.  Style  1. 

++  ++  Petals  5. 

Rhus.  Fruit  drupe-like,  rather  dry,  free.  Styles  3. 

■* — *-Pod  1-celled,  many-seeded  (a  legume). 
Gleditschia.  Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  3-5. 

Berry  or  drupe  2-8-celled,  free  or  nearly  so. 

Vitjs.  Berry  2-celled,  4-seeded.  Stamens  4 -5,  opposite  the  petals. 

Rhamnus.  Drupe  3— 4-celled,  3  —  4-seeded.  Stam.  opposite  the  petals. 
AquiFOLiACEiE.  Drupe  4-6-celled.  Stam.  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Diospyros.  Berry  4-8-celled,  4-8-seeded.  Stamens  8  and  16. 

-*--*--* — ^ Drupe  2-3-celIed,  crowned  with  the  obsolete  limb  of  the  ca 
Panax.  Stamens  5,  epigynous.  Flowers  umbelled. 

■* — 1 — '--♦--'-Pod  a  2-celled  or  double  samara,  free. 
Ptelea.  Samara  winged  all  round,  orbicular,  2-celled. 

Acer.  Samaras  2,  partly  united,  winged  on  the  back,  separating. 

H — * — «— * — >--*-Pod  3-lobed,  3-horned,  septicidal. 
MelanthacEjE.  Stamens  and  spreading  divisions  of  the  perianth  6. 

*  *  *  Stamens  9  in  the  sterile,  3  — 6  in  the  fertile  flowers. 
Udora.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae.  Flowers  axillary. 

CLASS  XXIV.  CRYPTOGAMIA. 

Order  E^uisetaceak.  ( Horsetails .) 

Order  Filices.  (Ferns.) 

Order  LYCOPODiACEiE.  (Club-Mosses.) 

Order  Hydropterides. 

Order  Musci.  (Mosses.) 

Order  Hepaticeae.  (Liverworts.) 

Order  Lichenes.  (Lichens.) 

Order  Al qje.  ( Sea -  Weeds.) 

Order  Fungi.  (Mushrooms,^.) 


571 


atsm  %  %  tsa  5  a 


IV.  ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS 
OF  THE  PLANTS  OF  THE  NORTHERN  UNITED 
STATES. 


Series  I.  PHA5NOGAMOUS  PLANTS. 


Class  I.  DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 


Page 

Subclass  I.  ANGIOSPERM aE.  Seeds  in  a  pericarp.  2 

Div.  I.  POLYPETALOUS.  Calyx  and  corolla  both  present  j  the 

petals  distinct  (separate).  2 

1.  Ovary  or  ovaries  one-celled. 

*  Calyx  free ,  or  nearly  so  {not  adherent ). 

•♦-Pistils  coherent  in  an  imbricated  mass  on  the  prolonged  receptacle. 

Magnoliacece,  17 

-♦—-^Pistils  immersed  in  the  upper  surface  of  the  top-shaped  receptacle. 

Nelumbiacea,  22 


Menispermacete,  19 


e'l 

)•  S 


Anonacea, 

Cabombacete. 


77 


Pistils  2  or  more,  distinct,  unconnected. 

Stamens  hypogynous,  numerous  or  indefinite. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Petals  6,  in  2  rows,  valvate. 

Petals  3-4,  persistent,  imbricated. 

Petals  4 -many,  often  irregular  or  stamen-like. 

Stamens  hypogynous,  5  or  10. 

Styles  recurved,  becoming  lateral  (Zanthorhiza) 

Styles  conniving,  3-5. 

Stamens  perigynous  (on  the  base  or  throat  of  the  calyx). 

Leaves  with  stipules,  seeds  destitute  of  albumen. 

Leaves  destitute  of  proper  stipules. 

Pistils  fewer  than  the  sepals  or  petals  (2).  Saxifragacea,  147 

Pistils,  petals,  and  sepals  equal  in  number  (3-5).  Crassulacea,  145 
Pistil  only  one,  simple  (of  a  single  carpel). 

Stamens  hypogynous,  early  deciduous. 

As  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them  :  anthers  ^ 

opening  by  uplifted  valves.  >  Berberidacea,  20 

More  numerous  than  the  petals.  (Podophyllum.)  ) 

Also  Actaea,  Cimicifuga,  &c.,  in  Ranunculacea ,  2 


Ranunculacea, 
Zanthoxylacea, 

Rosacea,  112 


Stamens  perigynous. 

Flower  regular.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Stamens  many.  Pomea,  112 

Flower  regular.  Fruit  an  acnenium.  Stamens  few.  Sanzoisorbeee,  113 
Flower  papilionaceous  (or  somewhat  so).  Fruit  a  pod.  Leguminosa,  90 
— i — •—  Pistil  one,  compound. 

Ovary  with  a  free  placenta  in  the  centre,  or  1  -few-ovuled  from  the  base. 
Sepals  2  :  petals  5.  Portulacacea,  66 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  as  many  as  the  petals  (4-5). 


lxviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


47 


Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Calyx  dry  and  scarious,  funnel-form,  plaited.  Plumbaginacea,  279 
Calyx  small,  5 - 7-parted.  (lNaumburgia.)  Primulacea,  283 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  twice  their  number. 

Leaves  opposite.  (Herbs.)  Caryophyllacea.  55 

Leaves  alternate.  (Shrubs  or  trees.)  Anacar diacea,  78 

Ovary  with  2  or  more  parietal  placentap. 

Stamens  (5)  monadelphous  on  the  stalk  of  the  ovary.  Passifloracea,  143 
Stamens  (5)  cohering  bv  their  anthers  (flower  irregular).  Violacea,  43 
Stamens  distinct  or  2  — 5-adelphous,  hypogynous. 

Corolla  irregular  :  stam.  10  or  more,  on  a  1  sided  disk.  Resedacea, 
Corolla  irregular:  stamens  6,  in  2  sets.  Fumariacea , 

Corolla  regular. 

Petals  withering-persistent,  5.  Droseracea , 

Petals  fugacious  or  deciduous. 

Calyx  deciduous :  sepals  as  many  as  the  petals.  Capparidacea , 
Calyx  caducous  :  sepals  fewer  than  the  petals.  Papaveracea, 
Calyx  persistent. 

Petals  not  oblique  :  style  single  or  none.  Cistacea,  **' 

Petals  oblique  :  styles  separate  or  separable.  Hypericacea,  51 
Stamens  distinct,  perigynous.  Saxifragacea,  147 

*  *  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary . 

Flowers  perfect :  stamens  distinct. 

Stamens  8  -  10.  Capsule  2-lobed  or  2  beaked.  Saxifragacea.  147 

Stamens  5.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Grossulacea .  141 

Stamens  indefinite,  as  also  the  sepals  and  petals.  Cactacea,  141 

Flowers  monoecious.  Stamens  united.  Cucurbitacea,  144 

2.  Ovary  (compound)  2  -  sever al-celled. 

*  Stamens  attached  to  the  base  of  the  petals  or  corolla. 

Corolla  epigynous  or  perigynous.  Stamens  united.  Cucurbitacea,  144 
Corolla  hypogynous. 

Stamens  monadelphous,  many.  Anthers  kidney-shaped.  Malvacea ,  67 
Stamens  distinct,  mostly  2.  Oleacea,  372 

*  *  Stamens  epigynous ,  as  many  as  the  petals ,  distinct. 

Styles  2-5.  Petals  5.  e 

Fruit  splitting  into  2  seed-like  dry  carpels.  Umbellifera,  153 

Fruit  drupe-like  or  berry-like.  Araliacia,  1$ 

Style  and  stigma  one.  Petals  4.  Drupe  2-celled.  Cornacta,  167 

*  *  *  Stamens  manifestly  perigynous,  distinct. 

Stamens  indefinite.  Fruit  a  pome,  or  drupe-like.  Pomea,  12$ 

Stamens  definite. 

Seeds  indefinite  or  numerous.  (Fruit  a  pod.) 

Anthers  opening  by  a  pore  at  the  tip.  Melastoinacca,  131 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  entire  surface  of  the  ovary.  Onagracea ,  134 

Calyx  partly  or  entirely  free. 

Inclosing  the  pod.  Style  and  stigma  one.  Lythracea,  132 

Pod  exserted,  2-beaked,  or  style  2-partible.  Saxifragacea,  147 
seeds  definite,  few  or  solitary  in  each  cell. 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  twice  their  number.  _. 

Calyx  wholly  adherent  to  the  surface  of  the  ovary.  Onagracea, 
Calyx  free,  or  nearly  so.  in  fruit.  Celastracea , 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud.  Drupe  3-5-ceIled.  Rhamnacea,  \ * 
Calyx  a  mere  ring.  Petals  valvate.  Berry  Swelled.  Vilacea,  & 

*  *  *  *  Stamens  hupoaxmous. 

Calyx  valvate  m  the  bud.  y 

Stamens  monadelphous,  numerous  :  anthers  1 -celled.  Malvacea 


67 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS.  Ixix 


Stamens  5-adelphous  or  in  5  clusters  :  anthers  2-celled.  Tiliacete , 

Stamens  distinct,  as  many  as  the  petals  and  sepals.  Limnanthacea , 
Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

Stamens  mono-diadelphous.  Flower  papilionaceous.  Polygalaceee, 
Stamens  cohering  over  the  stigma.  Flower  irregular.  Balsaminacea, 
Stamens  monadelphous  next  the  base.  Flower  regular. 

Styles  5,  cohering  with  a  long-beaked  axis.  Geraniacea, 

Styles  5,  separate.  Pod  5-  10-cel  led,  10- many -seeded. 


71 
76 

87 

76 

73 

72 
75 


Stamens  5.  Leaves  simple,  entire.  Linacece, 

Stamens  10.  Leaves  3-foliolate,  obcordate.  Oxalidacea, 

Stamens  3 -5-adelphous.  Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Y 
Stamens  distinct,  polyandrous.  >  Hypericacece,  51 

Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  entire,  dotted.  j 

Leaves  long-petioled.  Petals  indefinite.  Nymphteacea , 

Leaves  forming  hollow  pitchers.  Petals  5.  Sarraceniacete, 

Stamens  distinct,  tetradynamous.  Pod  2-celled  (silique).  Crucifera, 
Stamens  distinct,  definite  (10  or  under). 

Seeds  1  -  2  in  each  cell. 

Leaves  pellucid-dotted.  Samara  winged.  Zanthoxylacete, 

Leaves  dotless,  opposite,  compound  or  lobed. 

Samara  double,  winged  at  the  apex.  Aceracea, 

Pod  leathery,  round,  2- 3-valved.  Hippocastanacea ?, 


23 

24 
30 


77 

79 

81 


Leaves  dotless,  alternate.  Drupe  4-6-celled.  Aqnifoliacea,  275 
Seeds  many  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  capsule. 

Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2-3.  Flowers  minute.  Elatinacea,  55 
Style  1.  (Anthers  mostly  opening  by  pores.)  Ericacea,  256 

Div.  II.  MONOPETALOUS.  Petals  united  in  a  corolla  of  one  piece.  169 


1.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. 

Stamens  syngenesious. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head  (compound  flower).  Composite ,  184 

Flowers  separate,  perfect,  irregular.  Pod  many-seeded.  Lobeliaceee,  253 
Flowers  separate,  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Cucurbitacece,  144 

Stamens  distinct,  definite,  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Fruit  with  only  one  (fertile)  cell,  1-seeded. 

Stamens  3.  Flowers  cymose.  Valerianacea,  181 

Stamens  4.  Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head.  Dipsaceee,  183 

Fruit  2  - 5-celled,  2  -  many-seeded.  Leaves  opposite. 

Leaves  with  intervening  stipules,  or  whorled.  Rubiacete,  175 

Leaves  destitute  of  stipules.  Caprifoliacece,  169 

Stamens  distinct,  definite,  inserted  with  the  corolla. 

As  many  as  its  lobes.  Campanvlacete,  255 

Twice  as  many  as  its  lobes.  Vacciniea,  256 

2.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

*  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla. 
Flowers  perfect.  Style  one.  Ovary  3 -5-celled.  Ericaceee,cZ56 

Flowers  polygamous.  Styles  4.  Ovary  8-celled.  Ebenacete,  277 

*  *  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla. 

-*-And  opposite  them.  Ovary  1-celled. 

Utricle  1-seeded,  in  a  scarious  and  plaited  calyx.  Plumhaginacea,  279 
Pod  several  -  many-seeded  :  placenta  central.  P rimulace.ee ,  280 

A I  tern  ate  with  them. 

Stamens  hypogynous,  or  slightly  cohering  to  the  base  of  the  corolla. 

Pod  3-5-valved,  3 -5-celled,  many-seeded.  Ericacea,  256 

Drupe  4-  6-seeded,  berry-like.  Aquifoliacea ,  27o 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Ovary  strictly  compound,  2-5  celled,  several-ovuled  :  styles  united. 


lxx 


INTRODUCTION. 


Embryo  large,  crumpled  or  coiled  :  little  albumen.  Convolvulacea,  347 
Embryo  small,  in  copious  albumen. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  intervening  (stipules).  Rubiacea,  176 

Leaves  destitute  of  stipules. 

Stamens  4.  Pod  circumscissile.  Plantaginacea,  278 

Stamens  5. 

Corolla  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  P  olenwnxacea ,343 

Anthers  opening  transversely.  Diapensiacf.a,M6 

Corolla  plaited  or  infolded-valvate  in  the  bud.  Solanacea,  35- 
Ovary  compound,  with  parietal  placentas. 

Leaves  simple  and  entire,  opposite.  Gentianacea.Xfi 

Leaves  simple  or 3-foliolate,  alternate :  cor.valvate.  Menyanthidea ,  356 
Leaves  cut-lobed  or  pinnate,  alternate.  Hydrophyllacea,  340 

Ovaries  forming  4  achenia  around  the  style.  Boraginacea,  334 

^?®r'es  ~  (forming  pods)  connected  at  the  apex  by  a  single  stigma. 
Anthers  cohering  over  the  stigma  :  pollen  powdery.  Apocyrtacea.  364 
Anthers  fixed  on  the  stigma :  pollen  waxy.  Asctepiadacea,  363 

*  *  *  Stamens  (2)  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla.  Olearea,  371 

*  *  *  *  Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  irregular  or  unsymmtlri • 
cal  corolla ,  diandrous  or  didynamous  {the  fifth  rudimentary  or  none). 

Ovaries  forming  4  little  achenia  around  the  base  of  the  style.  Labiitta,  313 

Ovary  I  -  4  ovuled,  splitting  into  as  many  1-seeded  nutlets.  Verbenacea,  311 

Ovary  several  -  many-ovuled,  forming  a  pod  in  fruit.  ^ 

One-celled,  with  a  free  central  placenta.  Stamens  2.  Lentibulacea,  -S7 
One  celled,  with  2  -4  parietal  placentae.  Stamens  4.  Orobanchacea, 

1  wo-celled,  with  winged  exalbuminous  seeds.  Bignoniacea,-^ 

4  our  -  five-celled  (falsely)  with  wingless  exalbum,  seeds.  Sesamea. 

1  wo-celled,  with  few  wingless  exalbuminous  seeds.  Acanthacea,  * 
1  wo-celled,  with  (usually  many)  albuminous  seeds.  Scrophulariacea,  2^* 


Div.  III.  APLTALOLTS.  Corolla  (sometimes  calyx  also)  wanting.  374 
1 .  Apetalous  forms  of  Polypetalous  or  Monopetalous  Orders . 

Stamens  indefinite.  Ranunculacea,  1 

Stamens  definite  (10  or  less). 

Calyx  adherent;  the 

Stamens  (4-5)  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Rhamnncea,  84 
^tamens  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  them,  or  1.  Haloragea. 

.  tana,  double  the  calyx-lobes.  Chrysospleniuin  in  Saxifragacea ,  147 
Calyx  free  (in  Fraxinus  often  none). 

Leaves  alternate. 


Pod  4-horned,  4  celled.  Penthorum  in  Crassulacea,  143 

rods  3-5  from  separate  simple  pistils.  Zanthoxyhcea,  J* 

Achenia  1  —5,  in  the  base  of  the  calyx  ° — — imrhe/r.  113 

Leaves  opposite,  compound  or  lobed. 

Fruit  a  double  samara.  Stamens  5-8. 

Fruit  a  simple  samara.  Stamens  2-4. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  and  entire. 

Pod  3-cel  led  :  styles  3. 

Pod  I  celled. 

Styles  2  -  5,  or  2  -  5  cleft. 

Style  and  stigma  one. 


Sangnisorbea, 

Accracea.  79 
Fraxinus  in  Oleacea ,ol 


Molluginea , 


57 


Caryophyllacea, 

Glaux  in  Primulacea , 


2.  Proper  Apetalous  Orders. 

*  Fruit  many-seeded ,  2-  several -celled.  ( Flowers  perfect ,  not  in  catkins) 
Calyx  adherent  below  to  the  G-celled  fleshy  fruit.  Aristo/ochiacea. 
Calyx  none.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved.  Podoslcmacea,  403 

*  *  Fruit  with  only  one  seed  in  each  cell. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS.  lxxi 


-♦-Flowers  with  a  regular  adherent  calyx  ;  not  in  catkins  or  heads. 
Ovules  several  on  a  stalk  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Santalaceee ,  397 

Ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  top  of  the  cell. 

Polygamous  :  filaments  and  style  slender.  Nyssaceee,  396 

Mono-dioecious  :  anthers  and  stigma  sessile.  Limb  of  the  calyx  ob¬ 
solete  in  the  fertile  flowers.  Tree-parasites.  Lorani'haceee,  398 

Flowers  with  a  regular  free  calyx,  or  none;  not  in  catkins  or  heads. 


Shrubs  or  trees. 

Calyx  inch  the  achenium,  berry-like  in  fruit.  Dioecious. 
Calyx  free  and  separate. 

Fruit  a  membranaceous  winged  samara. 

Fruit  a  drupe. 

One-celled :  sessile  stigmas  2,  long. 

One-celled  :  style  and  stigma  one. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  Dioecious. 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Flower  perfect. 
Three -nine-celled  :  stigma  or  style  3-9-lobed. 


Eleagnaceee,  395 

Ulmaceee,  399 

Celtideee,  399 

Lauraceee ,  394 
Thymeleaceee,  395 
Empetraceee,  409 


Herbs. 

Ovary  2 -several-celled  or  lobed. 

Stigmas  more  than  the  cells.  Pod  dehiscent.  Euphorbiace.ee,  463 
Stigmas  and  styles  fewer  than  the  cells.  Indehiscent.  CoUlitricliaceee,  402 
Stigmas  equalling  the  cells  or  ovaries  in  number.  (FI.  perfect.) 

Calyx  none  :  ovaries  3— 5.  Flowers  spiked.  Saururaceee,  401 

Calyx  colored  :  styles  10.  Flowers  racemed.  Phytolaccaceee,  385 
Ovary  l-celled,  1-ovuled.  (Calyx  persistent,  often  inclosing  the  fruit.) 
Stipules  forming  sheaths.  Leaves  entire.  Polygonaceee,  385 

Stipules  not  sheathing.  Leaves  lobed  or  compound.  Cannabineee,  434 
Stipules  wanting. 

Bracts  and  calyx  scarious,  imbricated.  Amaranthaceee,  382 

Bracts  not  scarious  :  calyx  fleshy  or  herbaceous. 

Styles  2-5.  Embryo  coiled.  Chenopodiaceee,  375 

Style  1.  Embryo  straight.  Urticeee,43£ 

-♦ — i — i-Flowers  (monoecious  or  dioecious),  one  or  both  sorts  amentaceous. 
Fertile  flowers  only  in  a  kind  of  catkin  or  strobile.  Cannabineee,  434 

Sterile  flowers  only  in  catkins  or  heads.  (Trees  or  shrubs.) 

Fruit  a  nut,  with  a  cupule  or  involucre.  Leaves  simple.  Cupuliferee,  413 
Fruit  a  dry  drupe,  naked.  Leaves  pinnate.  Juglandaceee,  410 

Both  kinds  amentaceous  or  capitate. 

Bracts  and  calyx  fleshy,  berry-like  in  fruit.  Moreee,  433 

Bracts  scale-like. 

Fruit  drupe-like,  3-celled,  3-seeded.  Empetraceee,  409 

Fruit  nut-like,  drupe-like,  or  samara-like,  l-celled,  1-seeded. 

Ovaries  solitary  under  the  scales.  Fruit  wingless.  Myricaceee,  420 
Ovaries  2-3  under  each  scale.  Nut  often  winged.  Betu/aceee,  421 
Ovaries  irregularly  crowded  in  a  head.  Platanaceee,  433 

Fruit  several  -  many-seeded  pods. 

Pods  woody,  2-celled,  2-beaked  :  seeds  naked.  Balsamifluee,  432 
Pods  herbaceous,  l-celled  :  seeds  downy-tufted.  Salicaceee ,  424 


Subclass  11.  GYMNOSPERM^E.  Ovules  and  seeds  naked. 
Flowers  mono-dioecious  in  a  kind  of  catkin.  Coniferee,  438 


Class  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  or  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

1.  Flowers  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla ,  or  on  a  spadix  ( sometimes 
with  an  imperfect  perianth)  ;  not  glumaceous  or  Grass-like . 
Terrestrial,  mostly  wilh  a  spathe.  Fruit  berry-like.  Araceee ,  445 

Terrestrial.  Fruit  nut-like,  1-seeded,  naked  or  downy.  Typhaceee,  450 

Aquatic  (floating  or  immersed). 


asSg^Xgg; 


BOTANY 


OF  THE 

NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES. 


Series  I.  PH^GNOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING 
PLANTS. 

Vegetables  bearing  proper  flowers,  with  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds  which  contain  an 
embryo.  (Vide  Introduction ,  supra,  and  Botanical 
Text- Book,  pp.  318,  328.) 

Class I.  DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS 
PLANTS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith ;  the  wood  forming 
a  layer  between  the  other  two,  increasing,  when  the  stem 
continues  from  year  to  year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a 
new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the  bark.  Leaves  netted- 

veined.  Embryo  with  two  or  more  opposite  cotyledons. 

1 


2 


RANUNCULACEjE.  (crowfoot  family.) 

Subclass  I.  ANGIOSPER1VLE. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary,  which  contains  the 
ovules  and  forms  the  fruit.  Pollen  applied  to  a  stigma. 
Cotyledons  only  two. 

Division  I.  POLYP^TALOUS  EXdGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla; 
the  petals  separate  (occasionally  absent). 

Order  1.  RANUJVCUL.ACE^E.  (Crowfoot  Family.) 

Herbs  (or  woody  vines)  with  a  colorless  acrid  juice,  poty 
petalous ,  or  apetalous  with  the  calyx  colored  like  a  cofolm 
la ,  hypogynous  ;  the  sepals ,  petals ,  numerous  stamens ,  end 
many  or  few  ( rarely  single)  pistils  all  distinct  and  unco* 
nected.  —  Flowers  regular  or  irregular.  Sepals  5  —  3-15. 
Petals  3—15,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few- 
anthers  short.  Fruits  either  dry  pods,  or  seed-like  (ache 
nia),  or  berries,  1  -  several-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  with 
fleshy  albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  —  Stipules  none- 
Leaves  mostly  dissected,  their  stalks  dilated  at  the  base. 

Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

Tribe  1.  CLEMATIDEiE.  Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  with  d* 

edges  bent  inwards.  Petals  none,  or  small  and  stamen-like 
Achenia  numerous,  tailed  with  the  feathery  or  hairy  styles. 
Seed  solitary,  suspended.  —  Vines  :  leaves  all  opposite. 

1.  Atragene.  Petals  several,  like  sterile  stamens. 

2.  Clematis.  Petals  none. 

Tribe  2.  ANEMONE^E.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Pet^- 
none,  or  very  small  and  stamen-like.  Achenia  numerous  or 
several.  Seed  solitary,  suspended.  —  Stem-leaves  often  °PP°* 
site  or  whorled,  forming  an  involucre. 

3.  Pulsatilla.  Achenia  bearing  long  plumose  tails.  ^ 

4.  Anemone.  Achenia  merely  pointed,  numerous,  not  ribbed 

inflated.  Involucre  remote  from  the  flower,  and  like  1  e 
other  leaves. 

5.  Hepatica.  Achenia  several,  not  ribbed.  Involucre  like  a  calf*- 


RANUNCULACEJE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.)  3 

6.  Thalictrum.  Achenia  4-10,  ribbed  or  grooved,  or  inflated. 

Tribe  3.  RANUNCULEA2.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals 
conspicuous,  flat.  Achenia  numerous.  Seed  solitary. 

7.  Ranunculus.  Petals  with  a  little  scale  or  pore  at  the  base  on  the 

inside.  Seed  erect. 

Tribe  4.  HELLEBORINEAS.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  de¬ 
ciduous,  rarely  persistent,  petal-like.  Petals  ( nectaries  of  the 
earlier  botanists)  tubular,  irregular,  or  2-lipped,  often  none. 
Pods  (follicles)  few,  rarely  single,  few -several-seeded. — Leaves 
all  alternate. 

*  Flower  symmetrical.  Pods  several-seeded. 

8.  Isopyrum.  Petals  none  (in  the  American  species).  Pods  few. 

Leaves  compound. 

9.  Caltha.  Petals  none.  Pods  several.  Leaves  kidney-shaped. 

10.  Trollius.  Petals  minute,  entire.  Pods  8-15,  sessile. 

11.  Coptis.  Petals  small,  hollowed  at  the  apex,  entire.  Pods  3-7, 

stalked.  Sepals  deciduous. 

12.  Helleborus.  Petals  8- 10,  small,  tubular,  2-Iipped.  Pods  sev¬ 

eral,  sessile.  Sepals  5,  persistent,  turning  green  with  age. 

13.  Aquilegia.  Petals  5,  longer  than  the  5  deciduous  sepals,  spur¬ 

shaped,  tubular,  symmetrical.  Pods  5,  tipped  with  long 
styles. 

*  *  Flower  unsymmetrical.  Pods  several -seeded. 

14.  Delphinium.  Upper  sepal  spurred.  Petals  4,  of  2  forms. 

15.  Aconitum.  Upper  sepal  hooded,  receiving  the  2  long-clawed 

petals. 

*  *  *  Flower  symmetrical.  Pods  ripening  only  one  seed. 

16.  Zanthorhiza.  Petals  5,  small,  2-lobed,  with  claws.  Stamens 

few.  Flowers  in  drooping  compound  racemes,  polygamous. 
Stems  shrubby ! 

Tribe  5.  CIMICIFUGEiE.  Sepals  imbricated,  falling  off  as  the 
flower  opens.  Petals  small  and  flat,  or  none.  Pistils  1 -sev¬ 
eral.  Fruit  a  2 -several-seeded  pod  or  berry.  Leaves  all  al¬ 
ternate. 

17.  Hydrastis.  Flower  solitary.  Pistils  several  in  a  head,  becom¬ 

ing  berries  in  fruit,  2-seeded.  Leaves  simple,  lobed.  Petals 
none. 

18.  Act^a.  Flowers  in  a  single  short  raceme.  Pistil  single,  form¬ 

ing  a  many-seeded  berry.  Leaves  2-3-ternately  compound. 
Petals  manifest. 

19.  Cimicifuga.  Flowers  in  long  spiked  racemes.  Pistils  1-8, 

in  fruit  forming  dry  several-seeded  pods.  Leaves  2  -  3-ter- 
nately  compound. 


4  RANUNCULACEiE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  I.  CLEMATiDE^E.  The  Virgin’s-^bower  Tribe. 

1.  ATRAfiENE,  L.  Atragene. 

Sepals  4,  colored  ;  their  valvate  margins  slightly  turned  inwards 
in  the  bud.  Petals  several,  slender,  like  sterile  stamens.  Anthers 
linear.  Achenia  numerous  in  a  head,  bearing  the  persistent  styles 
in  the  form  of  long  plumose  tails.  —  Perennial  vines,  climbing  by 
the  leafstalks ;  stems  a  little  woody.  Leaves  opposite,  compound. 
Peduncles  1-flowered.  (Derivation  obscure  :  the  name  was  ghen 
to  a  climbing  plant  by  Theophrastus.) 

1.  A.  Americana,  Sims.  (American  Atragene.)  Leaflets 
stalked,  ovate,  pointed,  entire  or  a  little  toothed,  sometimes  slightly 
heart-shaped.  —  Shady  rocky  hills,  Maine  and  western  N.  England  to 
Michigan.  April,  May.  —  From  each  of  the  opposite  buds  in  spring 
there  arise  two  ternate  leaves  with  long-stalked  leaflets,  and  a  pe* 
duncle  which  bears  a  bluish-purple  flower,  2-3  inches  across. 

2.  CLEMATIS,  L.  Virgin’s-bower. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  the  valvate  margins  more  or  less  bent  inward? 
in  the  bud.  Petals  none.  Anthers  linear.  Achenia  numerous 
in  a  head,  bearing  the  persistent  styles  mostly  as  hairy  or  plu¬ 
mose  tails.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  vines,  a  little  woody,  and  climb¬ 
ing  by  the  twisting  of  the  leafstalks.  Leaves  opposite. 
a  name  applied  by  Dioscorides  to  a  climbing  plant  with  long  ^ 
lithe  branches.) 

*  Peduncles  bearing  single  large  flowers :  calyx  thickish  or  leathery 

1.  C.  ochrolcuca,  Ait.  (Pale  Virgin’s-bower.)  ^ 
simple,  erect;  leaves  simple,  ovate,  entire,  clothed  with  soft,  ^ 
hairs. —  Copses  near  Brooklyn,  New  York.  May.  —  A  f°ot  1 
leaves  3  inches  long,  reticulated  and  soon  smooth  above.  Ca  • 
silky  outside,  yellowish  within.  Tails  of  the  fruit  finely  plumose. 

2.  C.  Vionia,  L.  (Leather-flower).  Smooth;  stem 
ing  ;  leaves  bearing  3-7  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  2  —  3  lobed 

or  on  the  flower  branches  simple;  calyx  bell-shaped,  the  (purpn- 
sepals  very  thick  and  leathery,  with  the  points  narrow  and  recUIT! 
tails  of  the  fruit  very  plumose.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn,  and  Ohio.  *  a* 
-Aug. 

*  *  Flmcers  in  panicled  clusters.  ■ 

3.  C*  Virginia na,  L.  (Common  Virgin’s-bower.)  ®Bl00  n(j 
leaves  bearing  3  ovate  acute  leaflets,  which  are  cut  or  lobed,  u 
somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose.— 


5 


RANUNCULACEJE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

er-banks,  &c.,  conynon  ;  climbing  over  shrubs;  flowering  in  July  and 
August.  The  axillary  peduncles  bear  clusters  of  numerous  white 
flowers  (sepals  obovate,  spreading),  which  are  polygamous  or  dioe¬ 
cious  ;  the  fertile  are  succeeded  in  autumn  by  the  conspicuous  feath¬ 
ery  tails  of  the  fruit. 

Tribe  II.  ANEMONEiE.  The  Anemone  Tribe. 

3*  PULSATILLA,  Tourn.  Pasque-flower. 

Sepals  4-6,  colored.  Petals  none,  or  like  abortive  gland-like 
stamens.  Achenia  with  long  feathery  tails.  Otherwise  as 
Anemone.  (Derivation  obscure.  The  popular  name  was  given 
because  the  plant  is  in  blossom  at  Easter. ) 

1.  I*.  p:\teilS,  Mill.  Silky  with  long  soft  hairs,  dwarf;  radi¬ 
cal  leaves  3-parted ;  the  divisions  wedge-shaped,  3-cleft  and  cut, 
their  lobes  linear-lanceolate ;  involucre  cut  to  the  base  into  many 
narrow  equal  divisions ;  flower  erect,  dull  purple.  —  Prairies,  Wiscon¬ 
sin,  Lapham.  March,  April ;  flowering  before  the  leaves  appear. 
Sepals  V  or  more  long.  Tails  of  the  fruit  2 1  long. 

4.  ANEMONE,  L.  Anemone.  Wind-flower. 

Sepals  5-15,  petal -like.  Petals  none.  Achenia  without  tails.  — 
Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves ;  those  of  the  stem  2  -  3  to¬ 
gether,  and  forming  an  involucre  at  the  base  of  the  flower-stalks. 
(Deriv.  from  avcpos,  the  wind ,  because  the  flower  was  thought  to 
open  only  when  the  wind  blows.  Plin.  Nat.  Hist.,  21,  §  94.) 

^  *  Stem-haves  ( involucre )  stalked. 

1.  A.  ncmorosa,  L.  (Wind-flower.  Wood  Anemone.) 
Low,  smooth ;  stem  perfectly  simple ;  flower  single  on  a  naked  pe¬ 
duncle  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3,  long-petioled,  3-divided,  toothed 
and  cut ;  the  lateral  ones  often  (var.  quinquefolia)  2-parted  ;  sepals 
4  -  6,  oval,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple  outside ;  carpels 
few.  —  Margin  of  woods,  April,  May.  —  A  delicate  and  pretty  vernal 
species,  the  spreading  flower  1'  broad.  Carpels  only  15  or  20,  ob¬ 
long,  with  a  hooked  beak. 

2.  A.  cylindrica,  Gray.  (Long-fruited  Anemone.)  Slen¬ 
der,  clothed  with  silky  hairs;  flowers  2-6  on  very  long  and  upright 
naked  peduncles  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  thrice  or  twice  as  many  as 
the  flower-stalks,  3-divided ;  their  divisions  wedge-shaped,  the  lateral 
2-parted,  the  middle  one  3-cleft;  lobes  cut  and  toothed  at  the  apex; 
sepals  5,  obtuse ,  silky  outside,  gTeenish-white ;  head  of  fruit  cylin¬ 
drical. —  Sandy  or  dry  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan.  May. 
—  Plant  l°-2°  high.  Peduncles  7'- 12'  long,  all  appearing  together 

1* 


6  RANUNCULACEiE.  (crowfoot  family.) 

from  the  same  involucre,  and  naked  throughout,  or  sometimes  part  of 
them  with  involucels,  as  in  No.  3.  Head  of  fruit  dense,  1'  long: 
achenia  very  woolly,  as  also  in  the  two  succeeding  species. 

3*  A.  Tirgiiiiaua,  L.  (Tall  Anemone.)  Hairy;  principal 
involucre  3-leaved ;  the  leaves  long,  petioled,  3-parted ;  the  divis¬ 
ions  ovate-lanceolate ,  pointed,  cut-serrate,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the 
middle  3-cleft ;  peduncles  elongated,  the  earliest  naked,  the  others 
with  a  2-leaved  involucel  at  the  middle  ;  sepals  5,  acute ,  greenish  (in 
one  variety  white  and  obtuse),  silky  beneath ;  head  of  fruit  oral  or 
oblong.  —  Woods  and  meadows,  common.  June -August.  — 
2°-3°  high  ;  the  upright  peduncles  6'- 12'  long.  In  this  and  the  two 
following  species  the  first  flower-stalk  is  leafless  ;  but  from  the  same 
involucre  soon  proceed  one  or  two  lateral  ones,  which  are  2-leaved 
at  the  middle ;  these  partial  involucres  in  turn  giving  rise  to  similar 
peduncles,  thus  producing  a  succession  of  flowers  through  the  w  hole 
summer. 

4.  A.  multifiria,  DC.  (Many-cleft  Anemone.)  Low* 
silky-hairy;  principal  involucre  2- 3-leaved,  bearing  one  naked  and 
one  or  two  2-leaved  peduncles;  leaves  of  the  involucres  on  short  peti¬ 
oles,  similar  to  the  root-leaves,  twice  or  thrice  3-parted  and  cleft, 
their  divisions  linear ;  sepals  5-8,  obtuse,  red,  sometimes  greenish- 
yellow;  head  of  fruit  spherical  or  oval.  —  Rocks,  Vermont  and  N. 
New  York,  L.  Superior,  &c.,  rare.  June.  — Plant  6'- 12'  high;  se¬ 
pals  long. 

*  *  Leaves  of  the  stem  and  branches  (involucre  and  involucels)  sessile 

5.  A.  Pennsylvanica,  L.  (Pennsylvanian  Anemone) 
Principal  involucre  3-leaved,  bearing  a  naked  peduncle,  and  soon  a 
pair  of  branches  or  peduncles  with  a  2-leaved  involucre  at  the  middle, 
which  branch  similarly  in  turn  ;  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3-oleft* 
cut  and  toothed ;  root-leaves  5-7-parted  or  cleft ;  sepals  oborate ,  white) 
head  of  fruit  spherical ;  the  carpels  flat,  hairy.  —  W.  New  Engl-  to 
Ohio  and  Wisconsin.  June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  rather  hairy,  &  high 
w  hen  it  begins  to  blossom,  but  continuing  to  produce  branches,  eaC 
terminated  by  a  naked  peduncle,  through  the  summer;  flowers  U 
broad,  handsome. 

HEPATICA,  Dill.  Liver-leaf.  Hepatica. 

Involucre  simple  and  3-leaved,  very  close  to  the  flower,  so  as  » 
resemble  a  calyx ;  otherwise  as  in  Anemone.  —  Leaves  all  radical* 
heart-shaped  and  3-lobed,  thickish  and  persistent  through  the  year* 
the  new  ones  appearing  later  than  the  flowers.  Flowers  single,  on 
hairy  scapes.  (Name  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  leases 
in  shape  to  the  liver.) 


RANUNCULACEjE.  (crowfoot  family.)  7 

1.  H*  triloba,  Chaix.  (Round-lobed  Hepatica.)  Leaves 
with  3  ovate  obtuse  or  rounded  lobes ;  those  of  the  involucre  also 
obtuse.  —  Woods,  common,  especially  in  New  Engl. ;  flowering  al¬ 
most  as  soon  as  the  snow  leaves  the  ground  in  spring.  Sepals  7-9, 
blue,  purplish,  or  nearly  white.  Achenia  several,  in  a  small  loose 
head,  ovate,  pointed,  hairy.  Lobes  of  the  leaves  usually  very  obtuse, 
or  rounded. 

2.  H.  acutiloba,  DC.  (Sharp-lobed  Hepatica  )  Leaves 
with  3  ovate  and  pointed  lobes,  or  sometimes  5-lobed ;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  acute  or  acutish.  —  Woods,  Vermont  and  New  York  to 
Michigan.  Flowers  pale  purple. 

6.  TIIALICTR1JM,  L.  Meadow  Rue. 

Sepals  4  or  more,  petal-like  or  greenish.  Petals  none.  Ache¬ 
nia  4  -  15,  tipped  by  the  stigma  or  short  style,  grooved  or  ribbed, 
or  else  inflated.  Seed  suspended. — Perennials,  with  2-3-ter- 
nately  compound  leaves,  the  divisions  and  the  leaflets  stalked. 
Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles,  often  polygamous.  (Derivation 
of  the  name  obscure.) 

*  Stem-leaves  forming  an  involucre  at  the  summit ,  like  Anemone :  root  a 

cluster  of  small  tubers:  flowers  perfect :  fruits  sessile ,  grooved. 

1.  X.  aueillOliOldes,  Michx.  (Roe-Anemone.)  Low  ;  root- 
leaves  twice  or  thrice  3-divided;  the  leaflets  and  the  long-stalked 
leaflets  of  the  involucre  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  apex ;  flowers  few 
in  a  simple  umbel,  white.  (Anemone  thalictroides,  L.,  Bigel.)  — 
Woods.  April,  May.  —  A  pretty  plant,  more  like  Anemone  than 
Thalictrum  in  aspect.  The  stem  bears  2  or  3  leaves  at  the  very 
summit  like  those  from  the  root,  but  without  the  common  petiole, 
so  that  they  appear  like  a  whorl  of  long-stalked  simple  leaves. 
Sepals  7-10,  half  an  inch  long,  not  falling  off  before  the  stamens. 
Pistils  several  in  a  little  head,  tipped  with  a  flat  stigma. 

*  *  Stem-leaves  scattered,  3-4  times  compound  :  root  fibrous  .*  flowers 

dioecious  or  polygamous  :  sepals  4-5,  falling  early  :  fruits  sessile, 

tipped  with  long  stigmas ,  grooved. 

2.  X.  dioicum,  L.  (Early  Meadow  Rue.)  Leaves  all  with 
general  petioles;  leaflets  rounded  and  5-7-lobed;  flowers  in  com¬ 
pound  panicles,  greenish.  —  Rocky  woods  and  hill-sides.  April, 
May.  —  A  foot  or  so  high,  with  very  pale  and  delicate  foliage,  and 
slender  yellowish  anthers  on  capillary  filaments. 

3.  X.  Comuti,  L.  (Meadow  Rue.)  Stem-leaves  icithout 
general  petioles  ;  leaflets  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  acutish ;  flow¬ 
ers  in  very  compound  large  panicles,  white.  —  Meadows  and  along 
streams.  June,  July.  —  Stem  3°  -  4°  high,  furrowed.  Leaves  whit- 


8 


RANUNCULACEJE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

ish  or  downy  beneath.  Filaments  slightly  club-shaped  ;  anthers 
oblong. 

Tribe  III.  RANUNCULfejE.  The  Crowfoot  Tribe. 


€ULUS,  L.  Crowfoot.  Buttercup. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  larger  than  the  calyx,  with  a  little  pit  or 
scale  at  the  base  inside.  Achenia  numerous  in  a  head,  flattened, 
pointed  ,  the  seed  erect.  —  Annuals  or  perennials  :  stem-leaves 
alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed,  yellow,  rare¬ 
ly  white.  (Sepals  and  petals  rarely  only  3,  the  latter  often  more 
than  5.  Stamens  occasionally  few  in  number.)  —  (Name  from 
Rana,  a  frog,  the  aquatic  species  growing  where  those  animals 
abound.) 


§  1.  Petals  white ,  the  claw  yellow ,  with  a  little  cavity  or  pore :  fruits 
transversely  wrinkled .  Aquatics ,  the  immersed  leaves  many  tints 
divided  into  capillary  lobes. 

1.  R.  aqiuitilis,  L.  (White  Water-Crowfoot.)  Stem 
floating  ;  the  leaves  all  immersed  and  filiformly  dissected,  or  some¬ 
times  with  the  uppermost  emersed  and  3-parted,  the  divisions  cut  and 
toothed;  petals  oblong-obovate.  —  Ponds  and  flowing  waters.  June, 
Aug.  —  The  most  common  form  is  the  Var.  fluviatilis,  with  all  the 
leaves  immersed  and  capillary  ;  the  state  with  emersed  leaves  is  rare¬ 
ly  met  with  in  the  United  States. 


§  2.  Petals  yellow ,  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base  :  fruits  not  wrinkled  or 
roughened.  (All  but  No.  2  terrestrial.) 

*  Aquatic,  perennial :  immersed  leaves  filiformly  dissected. 

R.  Purshli,  Richards.  (Yellow  Wtater-Crowfoot.) 
Stem  floating,  with  the  leaves  all  dissected  into  several  times  forked 
nliform  divisions;  or  sometimes  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  the  emerged 
eaves  kidney-shaped  or  round  and  variously  lobed  or  cleft  ;  petals  5 
-8,  much  larger  than  the  calyx;  carpels  in  a  spherical  head,  pointed 
with  a  straight  beak.  (R.  multifidus,  Pursh ,  Bi*el.  R.  lacustn* 
Beck.)  —  Stagnant  water,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan.  May-  July- - 
Stems  2° -4  long,  round  and  tubular.  Petals  bright  yellow,  mostly 
as  large  as  in  the  common  Buttercup,  No.  16. 

.  *  *  Leaves  all  undivided  :  perennial \  glabrous. 

*  *  “romula,  L.  (Spearwort.)  Stem  reclining,  root* 

mg  at  the  lower  joints ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obscurely  toothed  or  entire, 
acute,  the  lower  ones  petioled;  carpels  in  a  spherical  head,  T™** 
Kith  a  slender  beak.  —  Ditches,  &c.,  common,  probably  indigenous- 
June  -  Aug.  Stems  l°-2°  long.  Flower  4'  broad. 


9 


RANUNCULACEiE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

5.  R,  l’i* plans,  L.  (Creeping  Spearwort.)  Stem  slender, 
prostrate ,  rooting  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate ,  rather  ob¬ 
tuse,  entire,  tapering  into  petioles,  often  clustered  at  the  joints ;  car- 
pels  few  in  a  small  spherical  head,  tipped  with  a  minute  blunt  point. 
(The  most  common  slender  form  is  R.  filiformis,  Michx.)  Gravelly 
or  muddy  banks  of  ponds  and  rivers,  common.  June  -  Aug.  —  A 
very  delicate  creeping  species  :  stems  4*  -61  long,  sometimes  ascend¬ 
ing.  Petals  5  or  more,  deep  yellow,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 

6.  R.  pusillus,  Poir.  (Little  Spearwort.)  Stem  slender, 
ascending  or  erect ;  root-leaves  ovate  or  roundish ,  obtuse,  entire,  often 
rather  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles  ;  the  lower  stem-leaves  similar ; 
the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate,  obscurely  toothed,  scarcely  petioled ; 
carpels  in  a  spherical  head,  scarcely  pointed;  stamens  few.  —  Wet 
places,  S.  New  York  and  New  Jersey.  July.  —  Stems  &  - 12'  high, 
branched.  Petals  1  to  5,  often  3,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  pale 
yellow.  Stamens  5  - 10. 

7.  R.  Cymbalaria,  Pursh.  (Sea-side  Crowfoot  )  Stem 
sending  off  long  runners  from  the  base  which  are  rooting  and  leafy  at 
the  joints;  leaves  all  roundish ,  heart-shaped  at  the  base ,  coarsely  crenate- 
toothed,  on  long  petioles;  flower-stalks  ( scapes )  leafless ,  1  — 5-flower- 
ed  ;  carpels  in  oblong  heads ,  very  numerous,  beaked.  —  Seashore, 
Maine  to  New  Jersey.  Salt  springs,  Salina,  New  York.  June- Aug. 
—  11  ?  Runners  often  1°  long.  Leaves  rather  fleshy.  Scapes  3* -6' 
high.  Petals  5-8,  bright  yellow,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

*  *  *  Lower  leaves  undivided  or  merely  cleft :  perennial. 

8.  R.  l’lionibofdeus,  Goldie.  Dwarf,  hairy;  root-leaves 
rhombic-ovate ,  toothed  or  crenate ;  lowest  stem-leaves  often  similar  ; 
the  upper  3-5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes  linear  ;  carpels  orbic¬ 
ular  with  a  minute  beak,  in  a  spherical  head  ;  petals  large ,  exceeding 
the  calyx.  (Also  R.  brevicaulis,  Hook.?) — Prairies,  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin.  Apr.  -  May. —  Stems  3> -6'  high,  sometimes  not  longer 
than  the  root-leaves.  Flower  deep  yellow,  as  large  as  in  No.  13. 

9.  R.  abortivus,  L.  (Small-flowered  Crowfoot.)  Gla¬ 
brous  and  very  smooth ;  primary  root-leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kid¬ 
ney-form,  barely  crenate,  the  succeeding  ones  often  3-lobed  or  3-part- 
ed;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches  3-5-parted  or  divided,  subsessile; 
their  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  mostly  toothed  ;  car¬ 
pels  in  a  globular  head,  tipped  with  a  very  short  recurved  beak  ;  petals 
shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx.  —  Shady  hill-sides,  common.  Apr.  - 

June. _ Stem  erect,  l°-2°  high,  at  length  branched  above,  the  pale 

yellow  flowers  very  small  in  proportion. 

10.  R.  recurvatus,  Poir.  (Hooked  Crowfoot.)  Hirsute ; 
leaves  of  the  root  and  stem  nearly  alike ,  long -petioled ,  deeply  deleft ; 
the  lobes  broadly  wedge-shaped,  2  -  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed  towards 
the  apex ;  carpels  in  a  globular  head,  conspicuously  beaked  by  the  re- 


10 


RANUNCULACEJE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 


curved  hooked  styles  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx.  —  Woods, 
common.  June.  —  Stem  1°  —  2°  high.  Leaves  ample.  Petals  ob¬ 
long,  pale  yellow,  quite  inconspicuous. 

*  *  *  *  Lower  leaves  merely  cleft :  annual. 

11.  II*  sceleratus,  L.  (Cursed  Crowfoot.)  Smooth  and 
glabrous  ;  stem  thick  ;  root-leaves  3-lobed,  rounded,  the  lower  stem- 
leaves  3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut  and  toothed,  the  uppermost 
almost  sessile  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  nearly  entire ;  carpels 
pointless ,  very  small  and  numerous,  in  cylindrical  heads;  petals  scarce¬ 
ly  exceeding  the  reflexed  calyx.  —  Wet  ditches,  introduced  from  Eu¬ 
rope  ?  June,  July. —  A  foot  high.  Stem  hollow.  Leaves  thickish ; 
the  juice  very  acrid  and  blistering.  Petals  light  yellow. 

*  *  *  *  *  Leaves  all  ternately  divided :  perennial. 

Head  of  carpels  oblong  or  cylindrical. 
f  12.  R,  Pennsylv&lliCllS,  L.  (Bristly  Crowfoot.)  Hir¬ 
sute  with  rough  spreading  bristly  hairs;  stem  stout,  erect;  divisions 
ot  the  leaves  stalked,  somewhat  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft,  sharply  cut 
and  toothed,  acute  ;  carpels  pointed  with  a  short  straight  beak;  petals 
rather  shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx.  —  Wet  places,  common.  June 
-  Aug.  —  A  coarse  plant,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  inconspicuous  pale  flowers. 

Head  of  carpels  globular :  petals  much  larger  than  the  calyx. 

X  13-  R*  fascicillaris,  Muhl.  (Early  Crowfoot.)  How, 
pubescent  with  close-pressed  silky  hairs ;  root  a  cluster  oj  thickest 
fleshy  fibres ;  radical  leaves  appearing  pinnate ,  the  long-stalked  ter 
minal  division  remote  from  the  sessile  lateral  ones,  itself  3-5-divi 
or  parted  and  3 -5-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  linear;  stems  ascending) 
petals  spatulate-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  spreading  calyx ,  caT 
pels  scarcely  margined ,  tipped  with  a  slender  rather  curved  beak- 
Rocky  hills,  April,  May.— Plant  5'-9'  high;  the  bright  yell°* 
flower  V  broad;  petals  rather  distant,  the  base  scarcely  broader  t  *** 
the  scale. 

14.  R.  repens,  L.  (Creeping  Crowfoot.)  Low,  hair) 
nearly  glabrous  ;  stems  ascending ,  and  some  of  them  forming  IwS  rU* 
ners ;  leaves  3-divided ;  the  divisions  all  stalked  (or  at  least  t  t 
terminal  one),  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  ovate,  unequally  3-c*ett 
parted  and  variously  cut ;  peduncles  furrowed ;  petals  obovate,  ,7Uj^ 
larger  than  the  spreading  calyx  ;  carpels  strongly  margined ,  P011* 
by  a  stout  straightish  beak.  —  Moist  or  shady  places,  meadows,  c  c 
May  -  Aug.  —  Very  variable  in  size  and  foliage,  commencing  to  °' 
er  by  upright  stems  in  spring  before  the  long  runners  are  fornu 
Flowers  as  large  as,  or  often  larger  than,  in  No.  13.  Fibres  of  the  r0° 
sometimes  thickened. 

15.  R.  bulbosus,  L.  (Bulbous  Crowfoot,  Butti bcC^ 
Hairy  ;  stem  erect  from  a  solid  bulb  ;  radical  leaves  3-divided  ;  the 


RANUNCULACEJE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.)  11 

eral  divisions  sessile,  the  terminal  stalked  and  3-parted,  all  wedge- 
shaped,  cleft  and  toothed  ;  peduncles  furrowed ;  petals  round,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  reflexed  calyx ;  carpels  tip¬ 
ped  with  a  very  short  beak. — Meadows  and  pastures,  introduced 
from  Europe,  very  abundant  in  E.  New  England.  May -July.  —  A 
foot  high.  Leaves  appearing  as  if  pinnate.  Petals  often  6  or  7,  deep 
glossy  yellow,  the  corolla  more  than  an  inch  broad. 

16.  R.  acris,  L.  (Tall  Crowfoot,  Buttercups.)  Hairy; 
stem  erect;  leaves  3-divided;  the  divisions  all  sessile  and  3-cleft  or 
parted,  their  segments  cut  into  lanceolate  or  linear  crowded  lobes ; 
peduncles  not  furrowed;  petals  obovate,  much  longer  than  the 
spreading  calyx.  —  Meadows  and  fields,  everywhere ;  introduced 
from  Europe.  June -Aug.  —  Plant  twice  the  height  of  No.  15,  the 
flower  nearly  as  large  but  not  so  bright  and  deep  yellow.  —  The 
Buttercups  are  avoided  by  cattle,  on  account  of  their  very  acrid 
juice,  which,  however,  being  volatile,  is  dissipated  in  drying,  when 
these  plants  are  cut  with  hay. 

Tribe  IV.  HELLEBORlNEiE.  The  Hellebore  Tribe. 

8.  ISOPI  BUM,  L.  (Enemion,  Raf.) 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  minute,  wanting  in 
the  American  species.  Stamens  10-40.  Pistils  3 -6  or  more, 
pointed  with  short  styles.  Pods  ovate  or  oblong,  2 -several- 
seeded.  —  Slender  smooth  herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately  compound 
leaves  ;  the  leaflets  2  -  3-lobed.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
white.  (Name  from  icros,  equal ,  and  irvpos,  wheat ,  which  has  no 
obvious  meaning  as  applied  to  these  plants.) 

1.  I.  Intern  at  urn,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Petals  none;  pistils  3-6 
(commonly  4),  divaricate  in  fruit,  2-3-seeded;  seeds  even.  —  Moist 
shady  places,  Ohio  and  Indiana.  May.  —  Fibres  of  the  root  thicken¬ 
ed  here  and  there  into  little  tubers.  Foliage  and  size  of  the  plant 
much  like  Thalictrum  anemonoides. 

9.  CiLTHA,  L.  Marsh  Marigold. 

Sepals  6 -9,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Pistils  5-10,  with  no 
styles.  Pods  (follicles)  compressed,  spreading,  many-seeded. 
Glabrous  perennials,  with  round  and  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form 
large  undivided  leaves.  (Name  from  KakaOos ,  a  goblet ,  in  allu¬ 
sion  to  the  golden  flower-cup  or  calyx.) 

1*  C.  palustris,  L.  (Marsh  Marigold.)  Stem  hollow,  fur- 


12  RANUNCUXACEiE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

rowed ;  leaves  round  or  kidney-shaped,  either  crenate  or  nearly  en¬ 
tire ;  sepals  about  6,  broadly  oval  (bright  yellow).  —  Swamps  and 
wet  meadows,  April -May. — This  well-known  plant  is  used  a*  a 
pot-herb  in  spring,  when  coming  into  flower,  under  the  name  of  Cow¬ 
slips  ,  but  the  Cowslip  is  a  totally  different  plant,  namely,  a  specie? 
of  Primrose.  The  Caltha  should  bear  with  us,  as  in  England,  the 
popular  name  of  Marsh  Marigold. 

TROLLIES,  L.  Globe-flo\ver. 

Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals  numerous,  small,  1-lipped,  the 
concavity  near  the  base.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Pods  9 
^  or  more,  sessile,  many-seeded.  —  Smooth  perennials  with  pah 
mately  parted  and  cut  leaves,  like  Ranunculus,  and  large  solitary 
terminal  flowers.  (Name  thought  to  be  derived  from  the  old  Ger¬ 
man  word  troll ,  a  globe,  or  something  round.) 

^  1st xus,  Salisb.  (Spreading  Globe-flower.)  Sepal* 

o  —  6,  spreading;  petals  15—25,  inconspicuous,  much  shorter  than  th® 
stamens.  — Deep  swamps,  New  Hampshire  to  Penn,  and  Michigan. 
May*  Flowers  twice  the  size  of  the  common  Buttercup ;  the  se¬ 
pals  spreading,  so  that  the  name  is  not  appropriate,  as  it  is  to  the  Eu** 
pean  Globe-flower  of  the  gardens,  nor  is  it  showy,  the  color  being  * 
pale  greenish  yellow. 

11.  COPTIS,  Salisb.  Gold-thread. 

Sepals  5-7,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5  -  7,  small,  club- 
shaped,  tubular  at  the  apex.  Stamens  15  -  25.  Pistils  3  -  00 

slender  stalks.  Pods  divergent,  membranaceous,  pointed  with  the 
style,  4  -  8-seeded.  —  Low  smooth  perennials,  with  ternately  di¬ 
vided  root-leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  on  scapes.  (Name  fro® 
KOTrra,  to  cut ,  alluding  to  the  divided  leaves.) 

L  C,  trifolia,  Salisb.  (Three-leaved  Goldthread  ) 
lets  3,  obovate  -  wedge-form,  sharply  toothed,  obscurely  3-lobeL 
scape  1-flowered.  —  Bogs,  abundant  northward.  May.  —  R°ot  ° 
long,  bright  yellow,  bitter  fibres.  Leaves  evergreen,  shining-  Sc*P® 
naked,  slender,  3>  -  5'  high. 

12.  HELLEBORES,  L.  Hellebore- 

Sepals  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  persistent.  Petals  8  -  1^?  reI^ 
small,  tubular,  2-lipped.  Pistils  3  - 10,  sessile,  forming  coriace¬ 
ous  many-seeded  pods.  —  Perennial  herbs  of  the  Old  World,  "ith 
ample  palmate  or  pedate  leaves,  and  large  solitary  nodding  flowers- 


KANUNCULACE.<£.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.)  13 

(Name  from  Afar,  to  injure ,  and  j Qopd,food,  from  their  well-known 
poisonous  properties.)  —  One  species  has  been  introduced,  viz. 

1.  II.  viridis,  L.  (Green  Hellebore.)  Root-leaves  gla¬ 
brous,  pedate ;  those  of  the  stem  nearly  sessile  at  the  ramifications  ; 
calyx  spreading,  greenish.  —  Near  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica,  Long 
Island,  in  old  fields,  naturalized.  April. 

13.  AQl  ILEGIAy  L.  Columbine. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  5,  with  a  short 

spreading  lip,  produced  backwards  into  long  tubular  spurs,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles.  Pods 
erect,  many-seeded.  -  Perennials,  with  2 -  3-ternately  compound 
leaves,  the  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  terminating 
the  branches.  (Name  from  aquila,  an  eagle,  from  some  fancied 
resemblance  of  the  spurs  to  talons.) 

Ca,,a,1«asis*  L  (Wild  Columbine.)  Spurs  nearly 
rnm8ht  ’  s'am*nsland  8t>'les  longer  than  the  ovate  sepals.  —  Rocks, 
ed  root'’  1  h"  ~  T  A  f°0t  lllgh’  *ro,n  a  Perpendicular  thicken- 
Lar  et  vetow0113^  ^  S'aUC°US  benea‘h'  Flowers  2'  long, 

14.  DELPHINIUM,  L.  Larkspur. 

^  Sepals  5,  irregular,  the  upper  one  produced  into  a  spur  at  the 
lone's  6  l  ’. lrregU,ar’ the  uPPer  Pair  Produced  backwards  into 

5?  rr  z,r ss  r  “r  •  - -* 

no,. -  l-„ 

r: 

n°‘  tk*  d-W  figure.  ,f  ,h,  fiolphT.’.)  " 

Cultivated  in  gardens.  GFS  PurPlJsh-bIue,  downy. 

Iy  ^-Parted/ their  divistol^'uneqlint^  L_'K*8Pl,R)  Leaves  deep- 
“  ;  Tatemefae-jUneered,  W  ;  sjur 


14 


RANTXNCULACE2E.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 


strongly  diverging.  —  W.  Penn.,  Ohio.  April,  May.  —  Root  a  tuber¬ 
ous  cluster.  Stem  simple,  6'  - 12'  high.  Flowers  bright  blue. 

3.  I>.  UZ  tiro  11  III,  Michx.  (Azure  Larkspur.)  Leare? 
deeply  3-5-parted,  the  divisions  2-3  times  cleft  ;  the  lobes  all  nar¬ 
rowly  linear;  raceme  straight;  spur  ascending,  usually  curved  up¬ 
wards  ;  pods  erect.  —  Ohio  ?  Wisconsin.  May,  June.  —  Stem  1°-* 
high,  slender,  often  softly  pubescent.  Flowers  pale  sky-blue,  whitish- 

D.  Consolida,  L.,  the  common  annual  Garden  Larkspur,  be 
longing  to  a  section  of  the  genus  which  has  the  4  petals  all  united 
into  one,  and  a  single  pistil,  has  escaped  from  the  gardens  into  the 
road-sides  in  some  places.  —  Two  or  three  other  species  are  familiar 
in  cultivation. 


15*  ACOIHITUM,  L.  Monk’s-hood  or  Wolf  s-ba>£- 

Sepals  5,  very  irregular ;  the  upper  one  hooded  or  helmet- 
shaped,  larger  than  the  others.  Petals  2  (the  3  lower  wanting 
entirely,  or  very  minute  rudiments  among  the  stamens),  consisting 
of  small  spur-shaped  bodies  raised  on  long  claws  and  conceals 
under  the  helmet.  Pistils  3-5.  Pods  several-seeded.  Seed- 
coat  usually  wrinkled  or  scaly.  —  Perennials,  with  palmately  deft 
or  dissected  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles- 
(Name,  it  is  said,  from  Acone ,  in  Bithynia.) 

1.  A.  u  lie  ill  a  turn,  L.  (Wild  Monk’s-hood)  Stem:-11 
der,  weak,  and  disposed  to  climb,  with  diverging  branches;  lea'| 
deeply  3-5-lobed,  petioled;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  coarse, 
toothed;  helmet  obtusely  conical,  compressed,  slightly  P°*n* 
beaked  in  front.  — Rich  shady  soil  along  streams,  Penn,  to  M  *si°n 
sin,  rare.  Aug.  Stems  supporting  themselves  upon  adjacent  bus 
&c  ,  often  5°-6°  high.  Flowers  deep  blue. 

A.  reclinAtcm,  Gray,  a  white-flowered  species  like  A-  hyc< 
tonum  of  Europe,  will  doubtless  be  detected  in  the  mountain* 
Pennsylvania.— A.  Napellus,  the  officinal  Wolf’s-bane,  and  #v* 
eral  other  species,  represent  the  genus  in  gardens. 


16.  ZANTHORHIZA,  Marshall.  Yellow-R°°t- 
Sepals  5,  regular,  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  much  srna*‘ 
er  than  the  sepals,  concave  and  2-lobed,  raised  on  a  clawr. 
mens  5  or  10.  Pistils  5  —  15,  bearing  2  or  3  pendulous  o'uk 
Pods  1 -seeded,  oblong,  the  short  style  becoming  lateral  in 
growth.  —  A  low  plant,  with  shrubby  shoots,  the  bark  . 

long  roots  deep  yellow  and  bitter.  Flowers  polygamous,  ^ 
purple,  in  compound  drooping  racemes,  appearing,  along  with  1 


RANUNCULACEiE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 


15 


1  -  2-pinnate  leaves,  from  large  terminal  buds  in  early  spring. 
(Name  from  £cuft6st  yellow,  and  piCa,  root.) 

1.  Z.  apiffolia,  L’Her.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  in  the 
mountains  of  Penn,  and  southward.  Sherburne,  New  York,  Dr.  Dou¬ 
glass.  Sterns  clustered,  1°- 2°  high.  Leaflets  cleft  and  toothed. — 
The  roots  of  this,  and  also  of  the  next  plant,  were  used  as  a  yellow 
dye  by  the  aborigines. 


Tribe  5.  CIMICIFUGE^E.  The  Bugbane  Tribe. 

Hi  DRASTIS)  L.  Orange-root.  Yellow-puccoon. 

Sepals  3,  petal-like,  falling  away  when  the  flower  opens.  Pe¬ 
tals  none.  Pistils  12  or  more  in  a  head,  2-ovuled :  stigma  flat, 
2-lipped.  Ovaries  becoming  a  head  of  crimson  1-2-seeded  ber¬ 
ries  in  fruit.  A  low  perennial  herb,  sending  up  in  early  spring, 
from  a  thick  and  knotted  yellow  rootstock,  a  single  radical  leaf, 
and  a  simple  hairy  stem  which  is  2-leaved  near  the  summit,  and 
terminated  by  a  single  greenish-white  flower.  (Name  probably 
from  uSa ,p,  icater ,  and  Spdo,  to  act,  alluding  to  the  active  proper¬ 
ties  of  the  juice.) 


Jei®l?**ad4,*S*S’  L  -Rich  woods,  New  York  to  Wis- 
donhlv  ?  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  5-7-lobed, 
5  serrate»  veiny,  when  full  grown  in  summer  4' -9'  wide. 


IS.  ACT JEA,  L.  Baneberry.  Cohosh. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  when  the  flower  expands.  Petals  4  - 
10,  small,  flat,  spatulate.  Stamens  numerous,  with  slender  white 

“if/1"  “ie“ 

f  raw-seeded  berry.  Seeds  smooth,  flattened  and  packed 
horizontally  in  2  row,  perennialS)  ^  2  _  3.^ yP™ 

9  .  ...  *°ng,  the  slender  pedicels  an  inch  long 

>°ng;  Raceme  ob- 

eTen  as  large  as  the  comr  !'  ’  Pedicels  of  the  fruit  thickened, 

ge  as  the  common  peduncle;  berries  milk-white— Woods^ 


16  RANUNCULACEJE.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

May,  later  than  No.  1,  and  generally  a  larger  plant.  Berries  some* 
times  tipped  with  purple.  —  From  Mr.  Oakes  we  have  a  variety  with 
quite  slender  fructiferous  pedicels.  On  the  other  hand,  we  learn  that 
Or.  Knieskern  has  found  in  W.  New  York  a  red-fruited  plant  with 
thick  pedicels ;  so  that  the  most  obvious  characteristics  of  the  two 
species  are  not  entirely  constant. 

19.  CIMICIFUGA,  L.  Bugbane. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  soon  after  the  flower  expands.  Petals, 
or  rather  transformed  stamens,  1-8,  small,  on  claws,  2-horned  at 
the  apex.  Stamens  as  in  Actaea.  Pistils  1-8,  forming  dry  pods 
in  fruit.  —  Perennials,  with  2  —  3-ternately  divided  leaves,  the 
leaflets  cut-serrate,  and  white  fetid  flowers  in  elongated  wand¬ 
like  racemes.  (Name  from  cimex ,  a  bug,  and  fugo,  to  drive 
away  ;  the  Siberian  species  being  used  as  a  bugbane.) 

§  1.  Macrotys,  Raf.  —  Pistil  1,  or  sometimes  2  :  seeds  smooth, 
tened  and  packed  horizontally  in  the  pod  in  two  rows ,  as  in  Actffa : 
stigma  fiat. 

1.  C.  racemosa,  Ell.  (Black  Snake-root.)  Racemes  very 
long;  pods  ovoid,  sessile.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to 
Michigan.  July.— -Plant  3? -8°  high,  from  a  thick  knotted  root- 
stock  :  the  racemes  in  fruit  becoming  1°  — 2°  long.  Stamens  '  ery 
numerous,  white. 

§  2.  Cimicifoga,  L.  —  Pistils  3  -  8 :  seeds  flattened  laterally,  covered 
with  chaffy  scales ,  and  occupying  one  row  in  the  membranai  unu 
pods :  stigma  pointed. 

2.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  (American  Bugbane.)  Pa 
cemes  slender,  panicled ;  pods  mostly  5,  stalked,  flattened,  veiny, 
6-  8-seeded.  —  High  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  souths  ar 
Aug  —  Plant  2°-3P  high,  more  slender  than  No.  1 ;  the  flowers  also 
smaller. 


Adonis  autumnAlis,  L.,  the  Pheasants’  Eye  of  Europe,  has  been 
found  growing  spontaneously  in  Western  New  York. 

Nigella  Damascena,  L.,  the  Fennel-flower,  which  offers 
remarkable  exception,  in  having  the  pistils  partly  united  into  at 0111 
pound  ovary,  so  as  to  form  a  several-celled  pod,  grows  nearly  spont2 
neously  around  gardens. 

P-*5nia,  the  PiEONY,  of  which  some  species  are  familiar  in  garden-, 
forms  a  sixth  tribe  of  this  order,  distinguished  by  a  leafy  persi&ten 
calyx,  and  an  hypogynous  fleshy  disk  surrounding  the  base  of  the  1° 
licular  pistils. 


MAG  NOLI  ACE  JE.  (MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.) 


17 


Order  2.  MAGNOLIACEiE.  (Magnolia  Family.) 


Trees  or  shrubs ,  with  the  leaf-buds  sheathed  by  mem¬ 
branous  stipules ,  polypetalous ,  hypogynous ,  polyandrous , 
polygynous  ;  the  calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike ,  in  three  or 
more  rotes  of  three,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Sepals  and 
petals  deciduous.  Stamens  in  several  rows  at  the  base  of 
the  receptacle  :  anthers  adnate.  Pistils  many,  mostly  pack¬ 
ed  together  and  covering  the  prolonged  receptacle,  coher¬ 
ing  with  each  other,  and  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  fleshy  or 
dry  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  anatropous  :  albu¬ 
men  fleshy  :  embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  alternate,  not  tooth¬ 
ed,  marked  with  minute  transparent  dots,  feather-veined. 
Bark  aromatic  and  bitter.  Flowers  single,  large. 


1.  MAGNOLIA,  L.  Magnolia. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6-9.  Stamens  with  veiy  short  filaments 
and  long  anthers  opening  inwards.  Pistils  aggregated  and  cohe¬ 
rent  in  a  mass,  together  forming  a  fleshy  and  rather  woody  cone- 
'-e  fruit;  each  carpel  opening  on  the  back  at  maturity,  from 

"  1J>I  2  berry'like  866,18  ha"g  by  an  extensile  stalk  com¬ 

posed  of  a  fine  web  of  unrolled  spiral  vessels.  Inner  seed-coat 
bony  -Buds  conical,  formed  of  the  successive  pairs  of  stipules 
rolled  up  each  pair  enveloping  the  leaf  next  above,  which  is  fold! 
ed  lengthwise  and  applied  straight  against  the  side  of  the  next 

Ann,  and  New  York  mZSjS 3wamps’  fr°m  near  CaP* 

fenn.,  Ohio.  May,  June.  -  Tree  M  9^  f  ?,°^  W  NeW  York- 
^-10' long.  Flower  Dale  errn  •  1  90  feet  Leaves  thin, 

3'  long,  whSen  yoZ  sllt.v^ese^  '°W’  *  ~  *'  br°ad'  Frui‘  *  ~ 
J  resembling  a  small  cucumber. 


18 


MAGNOLIACEJE.  (MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.) 

3.  III.  XJml>i'ella,  Lam.  (Umbrella-tree.)  Leaves  obowlc- 
lanceolate ,  pointed  at  both  ends,  soon  smooth,  crowded  in  a  circle  at  tlu 
apex  of  the  flowering  branches ;  petals  obovate  —  oblong  ;  cone  of  fruit 
large,  conical-oblong.  — Mountains  of  Penn,  (and  W.  New  York?). 
May.  — A  small  tree.  Leaves  l°-2?  long.  Flowers  white,  7'-8' 
broad.  Fruit  rose-color,  4'- 5'  long.  —  Possibly  M.  Fraseri  (the 
Long-leaved  Cucumber-tree)  grows  in  the  mountains  of  Pennsyl* 
vania.  It  is  hardy  in  cultivation  as  far  north  as  Boston.  M.  macro* 
phylla  (the  Large-leaved  Magnolia)  scarcely  is  so. 

2.  LIRIODFNDRON,  L.  Tulip-tree. 

Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  6,  in  2  rows,  making  a  bell-shaped 
corolla.  Anthers  linear,  opening  outwards.  Pistils  flat  and  scale* 
form,  long  and  narrow,  imbricated  and  cohering  together  in  anob* 
long  cone,  dry,  separating  from  each  other  and  from  the  prolonged 
slender  axis  in  the  fruit,  and  falling  away  whole,  like  a  samara  01 
key,  indehiscent,  I— 2-seeded  in  the  small  cavity  at  the  base. 
Buds  flatfish,  sheathed  by  the  successive  pairs  of  flat  stipules  join* 
ed  at  their  edges,  the  folded  leaves  bent  down  on  the  petiole  so 
that  their  apex  points  to  the  base  of  the  bud.  (Name  from 
lily  or  tulip ,  and  devdpov,  tree.) 

1.  Li.  Tulipifera,  L.— Rich  soil.  May,  June.— A  »ost 
beautiful  tree,  sometimes  140°  high  and  8° -9°  in  diameter  in  the 
YV  estern  States,  where  it  is  called  Poplar.  Leaves  very  smooth, 
with  2  lateral  lobes  near  the  base,  and  2  at  the  apex,  which  app*3^ 
as  if  cut  oflf  abruptly  by  a  broad  shallow  notch.  Corolla  2'  broad, 
greenish-yellow  marked  with  orange. 

Order  3.  ANOJVACEiE.  (Custard-apple  Family-) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds  and  no  stipules ,  a  caty* 
of  3  sepals,  a  corolla  of  6  petals  in  2  rows,  valvate  (ot 
nearly  so)  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  polyandrous.  Albumet 
ruminated.  —  Petals  thickish.  Anthers  adnate,  opening  out¬ 
wards  ;  filaments  very  short.  Pistils  several  or  many,  sep¬ 
arate  or  cohering  in  a  mass,  fleshy  or  pulpy  in  fruit.  See* 
anatropous,  large,  with  a  crustaceous  seed-coat,  and  a  a1** 
nute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  ruminated  albumen. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axilla1?’ 
solitary.  Bark,  &c.,  acrid-aromatic  or  fetid. 


ANONACEiE.  (CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY.) 


19 


1.  ASIMIHfA,  Adans.  North  American  Papaw. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  in  two  sets,  their  margins  in  each  set  slight¬ 
ly  overlapping  in  the  bud  ;  the  outer  set  larger.  Stamens  numer¬ 
ous  in  a  globular  mass.  Pistils  few,  forming  large  and  oblong 
pulpy  several-seeded  fruits.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  un¬ 
pleasant  odor  when  bruised  ;  the  dull-colored  flowers  axillary  and 
solitary.  (Name  from  Asiminier,  of  the  French  colonists.) 

1.  A.  trllolm,  Dunal.  (Common  Papaw.)  Leaves  thin,  obo- 
vate-lanceolate,  pointed ;  petals  dull-purple,  veiny,  round-ovate,  the 
outer  ones  3-4  times  as  long  as  the. calyx.  (Uvaria,  Alph.  DC .,  Torr. 

Gray,)—  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  soil,  W.  New  York  and  Penn, 
to  Ohio  and  southward.  April,  May.  — Tree  KP-20°  high;  the 
young  shoots  and  expanding  leaves  clothed  with  a  rusty  down,' soon 
glabrous.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  1 wide,  each  ripening 
1-3  pulpy  pods  which  are  2'- 3'  long,  yellowish,  sweet  and  edible  in 

autumn 


Order  4.  MEXISPERMACEiE.  (Moonseed  Family.) 

Woody  climbers,  with  palmate  or  peltate  alternate  leaves, 
without  stipules  ;  the  sepals  and  petals  similar  in  3  or  more 
rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  hypogynous,  polygamo-di* - 
cious  3-6-gynous:  fruit  a  1  -seeded  drupe,  with  a  large 
curved  embryo.  —  Stamens  several.  Ovaries  nearly  straight 

T*  ,  S.“gima  at  ,he  aPex>  but  incurved  in  fruiting,  so  Thai 
e  seed  is  bent  into  a  crescent,  or  ring.  Embryo  curved 
ike  the  seed.  Albumen  sparing. 

1.  MEJHSriEMrM)  L.  Moonseed. 

raised  on  a  short  stalk  nnp  •  ln  fertlle  flowers, 

stone  coiled  into  a  ring’  (NamJ ^  ^  the 

1  n  ,  °m  m00n’  and  owippa,  seed.) 

tate  ££“ ^ed3nrCaWtd  T ^  P* 

of streams.  May. -Flowers „”nUh  I  ?  3  Bank, 

“pals :  imperfect  stamens  sometimes  in  the  fertT'1 5flSh°rter  than  the 
Wack  with  a  bloom,  looking  like  fi-  .  h  &  ®  flovvere-  Drupes 

""kw . i,;  ES.  £ 


20 


BERBERIDACEJS.  (BARBERRY  FAMILY.) 


Order  5.  BERBERIDACEAE.  (Barberry  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs ,  with  the  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricat¬ 
ed  the  bud  in  2  or  more  rows  of  2  —  4  each ;  the  hypo- 
gynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  then- 
anthers  opening  by  2  valves  or  lids,  (Podophyllum  is  an 
exception.)  Pistil  sbigle.  —  Petals  situated  opposite  the 
sepals  taken  as  a  whole.  Filaments  short.  Fruit  a  berry 
or  a  pod.  Seeds  few  or  several,  anatropous,  with  albumen. 
Leaves  alternate. 


flat 


^  y  uopsiSf 

Tribe  I.  BERBERIDEAJ.  Shrubs.  Embryo  large  :  cotyledon! 

1.  Berberis.  Petals  6,  each  2-gIandular  at  the  base. 

Tribe  II.  NANDINEAL.  Herbs.  Embryo  short  or  minute. 

2.  Leontice.  Petals  6,  small  and  gland-like,  hooded -kidney-forn> 

3.  Jeffersonia.  Petals  8,  oblong,  not  glandular.  Pod  opening  ty 

a  lid.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  opening  by  lids. 

4.  Podophyllum.  Petals  6-9.  Stamens  12  -  18 :  anthers  not  dis¬ 

tinctly  opening  by  lids.  Fruit  pulpy. 

BERBERIS,  L.  Barberry. 

Sepals  6,  roundish,  with  2  or  3  bractlets  outside.  Petals  6,  ob* 
ovate,  with  2  glandular  spots  inside  above  the  short  claw.  ^t3 
mens  6.  Stigma  circular,  depressed.  Fruit  a  1- few-seeded 
berry.  Seeds  erect,  with  a  crustaceous  integument.  —  Shrub®- 
with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  yellow  flowers  in  drooping 
racemes,  and  sour  berries  and  leaves.  Stamens  irritable.  (D* 
rived  from  Berbirys ,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit.) 

1*  B;  vulgaris,  L.  (Common  Barberry.)  Leaves  scattered 
on  the  fresh  shoots  of  the  season,  mostly  small  and  with  sharp-lobe 
margins,  or  reduced  to  sharp  triple  or  branched  spines;  from  whic* 
the  next  season  proceed  rosettes  or  fascicles  of  obovate-oblong  bristly- 
toothed  leaves,  and  drooping  many-flowered  racemes ;  petals  entire . 
berries  oblong,  scarlet.  —  Introduced  from  Europe;  thoroughly  n®** 
ralized  in  E.  New  England.  May,  June. 

B.  Canadensis,  Pursh,  the  American  Barberry,  which  grow* 
abundantly  in  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  is  to  be  sought  in  those  of 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  a  low  bush,  with  scarcely  bristle-toothed  leaves* 
notched  petals,  and  oval  berries.  — The  Mahonias,  of  which  2  or 
species  of  Western  America  are  cultivated,  are  Barberries  with  PlD* 
nate  leaves. 


BERBERlDACEiE.  (BARBERRY  FAMILY.) 


21 


2.  LEONTICE,  L.  (Caulophyllum,  Michx.)  Cohosh. 

Sepals  6,  with  2-3  or  more  fugacious  bractlets  at  the  base, 
ovate-oblong.  Petals  6  gland-like  somewhat  kidney-shaped  or 
hooded  bodies  with  short  claws,  much  smaller  than  the  sepals,  one 
at  the  base  of  each  of  them.  Stamens  6,  opposite  the  petals: 
anthers  oblong ;  the  face  of  each  cell  opening  (as  in  the  family) 
like  a  lid  or  valve,  hinged  at  the  top.  Pistil  gibbous  :  style  short : 
stigma  minute  :  ovary  bursting  at  an  early  stage  by  the  pressure 
of  the  2  erect  enlarging  seeds,  soon  withering  away  ;  the  spheri¬ 
cal  seeds  naked  on  their  thick  seed-stalks,  looking  like  drupes  ; 
the  fleshy  integument  blue  ;  the  solid  albumen  horny.  (Name 
abbreviated  by  Linnaeus  from  Leontopetalum  of  Tournefort.  The 
name  Caulophyllum  was  given  because  the  leafstalks  appear  like 
a  continuation  of  the  stem.) 


1.  L*.  thalictroldes,  L.  (Blue  Cohosh,  or  Pappoose-root.) 
Glaucous;  stems  simple  from  knotted  and  matted  rootstocks;  leaves 
ample,  3-ternate  ;  the  stem-leaf  with  a  short  common  petiole  or  none  ; 
a  smaller  2-ternate  one  at  the  base  of  the  raceme-like  panicle ;  leaflets 
vate-wedge-form,  3-lobed.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  and  Rhode  Isl¬ 
and  to  Wisconsin.  May.  Flowers  small,  yellowish-green.  Seeds 
the  size  of  large  peas. 


3.  JEFFEBSONIA,  Barton.  Tw,n-leaf. 
Sepals  4,  fugacious.  Petals  8,  oblong,  flat.  Stamens  8  :  an¬ 
thers  oblong-linear,  on  slender  filaments.  Ovary  ovoid,  soon  gib¬ 
bous,  pomted  :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  rather  pear-shaped,  opening 

lair3!  r°“n,  TDta“y  "  lid‘  Seeds  ma"y  on  the 

ral  placenta,  with  a  fleshy  lacerate  aril  on  one  side.  —  Peren¬ 
nial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  fibrous  roots,  long-petioled  root- 

Sr 

scapes.  (Earned  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson  ) 

'  I'-  Y"'k- 

•'MM.rtUra.t  May-apple.  Manbeake. 

.'’"sLm'r'r’l 'it  C“'y  <fecid”“- 
"" * wep. .p»«ea oU’-Si :e.» Z; 


oo 

bebberidace^:.  (barberry  family.) 

^  1^  Seeds  covering  the  thick  lateral  placenta,  inclosed  in 
P }  is,  all  forming  a  mass  which  fills  the  cavity  of  the  fruit 
enmal,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  thick  fibrous  roots. 
Stems  2-leaved,  l-flowered.  (Name  from  «  foot,  and 

.  °Vla  eaf’  ^rom  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  5  -  7-parted  leaf 
to  the  foot  of  some  web-footed  animal.) 

lobes  Thl™eU*tllm’  L  Stamens  12  - 18 ;  leaves  5  -  9-parted ;  the 
the  aocT  er  wedge-shaped,  somewhat  lobed  and  toothed  it 

min  ‘.V  woods,  common.  May.  —  Flowerless  stems  ter- 

an  umhrplT  ^  t?P’  rount^»  ^  ~  9-lobed  leaf,  peltate  in  the  middle,  lit* 
stalk  fi  W  3'  F1°,WeriDg  Stems  beari"S  2  one-sided  leaves,  with  tbe 
fork  npnrl  "om  * 16 ,^nner  ec,ge5  the  nodding  white  flower  from  the 

•4  =«.  *■  *  **** 

Oedek  6.  CABOMBACEiE.  (Water  -SHIELD  FaMILT.) 

Aquatics,  like  Water-Lilies ;  but.  the  sepals,  petals,  si * 
,  and  pistils  much  fewer  ( definite )  in  number,  all  dis¬ 
tinct  and  separate.  (The  principal  technical  characters  as 
m  the  genus  below.) 

BRASE^IA,  Schreber.  Water-shield. 

neSr18.3  ?  *’  Persistent-  Pl>^Ple  inside.  Petals  3-4, 
Pistils?-  lfi  ,amenS  12-36  :  filaments  filiform  :  anthers  innate- 
1  ~  2  in  *  °rmjng  dub-shaped  indehiscent  pods. 
small  inoln  ’  ,a  tached  to  the  dorsal  suture  !  Embryo  pendulous. 
Z  mZ  Z  pm  a  PeCUliar  bag>  a‘  ‘he  end  of  the  alien  ne, 
petioled  central?"?  herb’  “  ponds-  Leaves  alternate,  long- 

“iUary,’  dXpu^.^a^/  °"  the  Water'  **** 

2  F  l-wame  of  uncertain  origin.) 

coated  witfi  cl!??!]?111?'  < Irydr°peltis,  Michx.)—la\j.  —  Stalk? 

jetty.  Leaves  entire,  2' -3'  across. 

Order  7.  AEEUMBIACEJE.  (Nelumbo  Familt.) 
formZlaqacoriCS\Iike  Wate,"Lilies>  hut  the  pistils  distinct , 
cavities  of  the  Ifhft  Z'*'  ^  seParatelH  imbedded  «» 
itary  filled  win  th  °i  top's,taPed  receptacle.  Seeds  sol- 
fi  h  the  larSe  highly  developed  embryo : 


. 


23 


NELUMBIACEJE.  (NELUMBO  FAMILY.) 


men  none.  —  Sepals  and  petals  colored  alike,  in  several 
rows,  hypogynous,  as  well  as  the  numerous  stamens,  decid¬ 
uous.  Leaves  orbicular,  centrally  peltate  and  cup-shaped. 


!•  NKH  JIBIUlfl,  Juss.  Nelumbo.  Sacred  Bean. 

Character  same  as  of  the  order.  (Name  Latinized  from  Nelum - 
boy  the  Ceylonese  name  of  the  E.  Indian  species.) 

1.  N.  I  il ten  in,  Willd.  (Yellow  Nelumbo,  or  Water  Chiw- 
qtEPi*.)  Corolla  pale  yellow:  anthers  tipped  with  an  appendage. 

Waters  of  the  Western  States  ;  rare  in  the  Middle  States  :  intro¬ 
duced  into  the  Delaware  below  Philadelphia.  Also  Big  Sodus  Bay, 
L.  Ontario,  and  in  the  Connecticut  near  Lyme,  probably  introduced’ 
by  the  aborigines.  June,  July.  —  Leaves  l°-2°  broad.  Flower  5'- 
&  in  diameter.  Tubers  farinaceous.  Seeds  also  eatable.  Embryo 
like  that  of  Nymphara  on  a  large  scale.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy, 
inclosing  a  plumule  of  1  or  2  well-formed  young  leaves. 


Order  8.  NTMPHJElciLE.  (Water-Lily  Family.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  round  or  peltate  floating  leaves,  and 
solitary  showy  flowers  from  a  prostrate  rootstock;  the  part¬ 
ly  colored  sepals  and  numerous  petals  and  stamens  imbricat¬ 
ed  in  several  rows ;  the  numerous  pistils  combined  into  a 
many- celled  compound  ovary.  —  Sepals  and  petals  persistent 
and  decay, ng  on  or  around  the  fruit.  Slamens  with  slender 
adnatc  anthers  opening  inwards.  Fruit  a  pod-like  berry 
npemng  under  water,  crowned  with  the  radiate  stigmas,  14- 

„  jk T  ;,h[  many  anatr°P°us  see<k  attached  to  the  sides 
and  back  of  the  cells.  Embryo  small,  inclosed  in  a  little 
g  at  the  end  of  the  albumen,  next  the  hilum,with  a  distinct 
plumule,  inclosed  by  the  2  cotyledons. 

1  •  K  V  JI  PII.*;  A,  Town.  W ater-N ymph.  Water-Lily 
Sepals  4,  green  outside.  Petals  numerous  in  many  rows 

and  «1“h“ny  P-hg  into  stamens,  Lerted  all 
-er  the  receptacle  which  incloses  the  base  of  the  ™ 

res  t**? — «■*. -  outers  £ 

ular.  covered  with  ,h  l*  ’"T'  seParate-  Fruit  depressed-glob- 
^  with  the  bases  of  the  decayed  petals.  Seeds  inclos- 


24 


NYMPHJEACEJ2.  (water-lily  family.) 

ed  in  a  sac-like  aril.  —  Flowers  white  (rose-color  or  blue),  very 
showy.  (Dedicated  by  the  Greeks  to  the  Water-Nymphs.) 

1.  odorata,  Ait.  (Sweet-scented  Water-Lily.)  Leaves 
orbicular,  sometimes  almost  kidney-shaped,  cordate-cleft  at  the  bas 
to  the  petiole,  the  margin  entire ;  stigmas  16  -  30,  incurved :  flow* 
white,  fragrant.  —  Varies  with  the  flowers  rose-color.  —  Ponds,  coo* 
mon  in  deep  water;  the  trunks  imbedded  in  the  mud  at  the  bottom 
often  as  large  as  a  man’s  arm.  July  -  Sept. 

2,  1VUPHAR,  Smith.  Yellow  Pond-Lily. 

Sepals  5  or  6,  partly  colored,  roundish.  Petals  numerous, 
small  and  stamen-like,  compactly  inserted  with  the  stamens  into  an 
enlargement  of  the  receptacle  at  the  base  of  the  ovary ,  shorter 
than  the  circular  flat-topped  and  radiate  sessile  compound  stigtna- 
Fruit  ovoid,  naked.  Aril  none.  —  Flowers  yellow.  (Name 
Neufar,  the  Arabic  name  for  the  Pond-Lily.) 

1-  NT*  ad  vena.  Ait.  Leaves  erect  or  floating  on  half-cyLnur 
cal  petioles,  heart-shaped  at  base,  oblong  or  rounded  ;  sepals  6; 
furrowed.  Ponds  and  ditches,  mostly  in  shallow  water;  flowed 
all  summer.  Also  called  Spatter-dock. 

tea,  Smith.  Leaves  floating,  on  triangular  or  roun'  ' 

petioles;  sepals  5;  fruit  not  furrowed  ;  stigma  16  -  20-rayed.  -  '*r 
Kalmiana  is  smaller  in  all  its  parts;  stigma  8-14-rayed.  — 
common  northward. 


Order  9.  SARRACEKIACEJ3.  (Pitcher-pi^5, 
Bog-plants  t cilh  hollow  pitcher-form  or  trutnpet-sW^ 
radical  leaves,  and  an  umbrella-shaped  petal-like  *4“ 
characters  those  of  the  typical  genus. 


**  SARKACfetfIA,  Tourn.  Sidesaddle-flows** 

als  5  P“w  5’  WUh  \  braCt'etS  at  the  base>  sloped,  persistent.  P* 

m,„  \°  °n"  or  obova,e>  incurved,  deciduous.  Stamens  numen 
with  ay^n°US;  °VWy  comP°und>  5-celled,  globose,  crowns 
ant 1* S’  Which  b  at  the  summit  into  a  very 

5  delicate  ravs  ^  5'aDgled  5'rayed  umbrella-shaped  body ;  *be 

Lt'ntZ.  T” ,h*  % 

the  persisJTstyJe  T~Ld  surface-  *****?! 

y  >  lied,  with  many-seeded  placentas  in  ^ 


SARRACENIACEJE.  (AMERICAN  PITCHER-PLANTS.)  25 

txi8y  5-valved.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  at  the 
base  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennials,  yellowish-green  and  pur- 
,  the  hollow  leaves  having  a  wing  on  one  side,  and  a  rounded 
iirching  hood  at  the  apex.  (Named  by  Tournefort  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Sorraztn  of  Quebec,  who  first  sent  our  Northern  species,  and  a 
botanical  account  of  it,  to  Europe.) 

I  N.  pm  piirvit,  L.  (Sides addle-flower.  Huntsman's 
ttr)  Leaves  pitcher-shaped,  ascending,  curved,  broadly  winged, 
lhc  h,*Hl  erect*  °Pcn»  -  heart-shaped  ;  flower  deep  purple ;  the 
jK  tnU  arched  over  the  (greenish-yellow)  style,  fiddle-shaped.  —  Var. 
hiterophtlla  :  flower  all  greenish-yellow  —  Peat- bogs,  common 
northward  :  the  pale  variety  at  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  and  W. 
oik,  rare.  June.  — The  curious  leaves  are  usually  half  filled 

'VTwand,  dr°'Vned  inSCCt3 :  thc  inner  face  of  lhe  clothed 
™  J*?1!"!"8  downward.  Flower  globose,  nodding  on 

i  hP  *  j  Mgh  :  U  18  d,fficuIt  to  ^anny  any  resemblance  between 
'**  shlP*  and  a  -dcsaddle,  but  i,  is  no,  very  unlike  a  pillion. 

Order  10.  PVPAVErAce*:.  (Poppp  Family.) 
Herb.,  irith  m.%  or  colored  juice,  regular  Jtowers,  fuga- 
,.  'P'"  *'  P°  l‘”'dr,"‘^l‘'jpogyoooe,  having  a  l-celled  pod 

f  '  8  hen  the  flower  expands.  Petals  4-12  spreading 

.tr  “•  iccidrs'  s““» 

,„J  o,1y  ,|w'  '  “  oni1"-™  »'  'be  bn*,  of  fle.hy 

civ  albumen.  -  Jute,  „o,c„tic  ot  acrid  ^  ’ 

wnhout  PeJunc,es  mostly , .„raer;;s 

Synopsis. 

_  Pool  ,*  Pe,aIs  morc  or  le8s  crumpled  in  the  bud 

1-  PapaTcr  '  *he  Pr°JCCting  PUcente.  not  valved. 

_  ‘  S"gma  um,ed  “  a  rad'ate  crown  :  style  none. 

fdges  from  tbe^thread-like  placenta! "  wh^  r'™  “Para,i"g  their 

2-  Argemose.  Stirmas  (l ' ’  ,  ,  Temam  “  3  framework. 

,  .  'caves  pri^ir  ^  P'aCente  d-6.  Pod  and 

SrrcopHoRm.  Stigmas  and  placents  3-4  St  l  a-  ■ 

“Dinar.  PCMJ  bristly.  *  4  St.vle  distinct,  col- 

3 


26 


papaverace.®.  (poppy  family.) 

4.  Cheltdonidm.  Stigmas  and  placenta;  2.  Pod  linear,  smooss 

Petals  4.  Stamens  rather  few. 

cr  a  *  *  Pelnls  not  crumpled  in  the  bud. 

5.  bANGuiKARiA.  Petals  8  - 12.  Pod  oblong,  turgid,  2-valved 

*•  PAPAVER,  L.  Poppy. 

Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  4.  Stigmas  united  in  a  flat4-^1 
late  crown  resting  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary  and  capsule;  t- 
er  short  and  turgid,  with  4-20  many-seeded  placenta?  proj^v 
n^  ike  imperfect  partitions,  opening  by  as  many  pores  or  chink 
er  the  edge  of  the  stigma.  —  Herbs  with  a  white  juice;  ^ 
flower-buds  nodding.  (Derivation  obscure.)  -  Two  species  of  the 
orld  are  scarcely  naturalized  in  this  country,  viz. 

1.  P.  somniferum,  L.  (Common  Poppy.)  (l)  Smooth,#* 

cons;  leaves  clasping,  wavy,  incised  and  toothed;  pod  globose- ' 
cape  rom  gardens.  Corolla  mostly  white  or  purple, 
mfif  m*  L.  (Smooth-fruited  Corn-Poppy.)  (5  * 

corolla  Muscarfet1116  1° t"S  bristly  ;  pods  club-shaped,  smood 

b  scarlet.  —  Introduced  around  Westchester,  Penn. 

2.  ABOEMONE,  L.  Prickly  Popp?. 
epals  _  or  3.  Petals  4 -6.  Style  almost  none:  stigniasJ 
6,  radiate.  Pod  oblong,  prickly,  opening  by  3-6  valves  at  * 
top.  Herbs  with  prickly  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Seeds  crest- 
L  ,,  aVe?  sessile’  sinuate-lobed,  and  with  prickly  teeth,  blotch 
from  ‘  W  te-  F,0Wer-buds  erect,  short-peduncled.  <»- 

S;‘  of  ,h*  ™  • ,,r 

Flowet"^^  L  Pric  KLY  POPPV*)  de 

ces,  escaped  from  gardLl  juTy  -  olt J  ****  Prick1^-  ?  ' 

3*  STYL*>HOBVB,  Nutt.  Celandine  P°pp' 
3-4^obed  PetaIs  4*  Style  distinct,  columnar: 

conspicuously  ^  1  p  3-4-valved  to  the  base  SJ* 

nately  divided  leaves  like  c'ekT  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

tending  one  -  several  =t  j  ,andlne>  ‘he  uppermost  in  pair>,  - 

pods  noddina  t  ■  en  er  l-flowered  peduncles,  the  buds 

pods  nodding.  JUICe  ye]Iow  c  P  (Name  from 

.  «*.  »d».,  ^ ;  one 


PAPAVERACEJS.  (POPPY  FAMILY.) 


27 


1.  S.  dipli'Ilum.  Nutt.  (Meconopsis  diphylla,  DC.,  Torr. 
Gr.)  —  Wood*,  W.  Penn,  to  Wisconsin.  May  -  Aug.  —  Divisions  of 
the  leaves  5-7,  sinuatc-lobed.  Flower  2f  broad.  —  S.  petiolatum, 
•Viitf is  the  same  plant. 

4.  CIlELIDdNIVIH,  L.  Celandine. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  16-24.  Style  nearly  none: 
stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  linear,  slender,  smooth,  2-valved,  the  valves 
opening  from  the  bottom.  Seeds  crested.  —  Perennial,  with  brit¬ 
tle  st*  ms,  saffron-colored  acrid  juice,  pinnately  divided  or  2-pinna- 
tifid  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters.  (Name 
from  xfXtiwv,  the  Sicalfow,  because,  according  to  Dioscorides,  it 
begins  to  flower  at  the  time  the  swallows  appear.) 

1  4  •  III.  i  jus,  L.  (Celandine.)  Common  peduncles  many- 

fit*  wered  ;  leaflets  5-7,  bluntly  lobed  and  toothed,  the  uppermost 
coafluent.  —  Waste  places.  May  -  Aug. 


5.  SANG  l  IN  ARIA,  Dill.  Blood-root. 
Sepals  2.  Petals  8  -  12,  spatulate-oblonff.  the  inner  narrnwpr 


1  S.  Canadensis  L.  -  Open  woods,  common. 


s,  common.  April,  May. 


Order  11.  FUMARIACIL®. 


'•  (Fumitory  Family. \ 


28  FUMARIACEJE.  (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 

Corolla  flattened,  closed;  the  4  petals  in  two  pairs;  the 
outer  with  spreading  tips,  and  one  or  both  spurred  or  gib¬ 
bous  at  the  base  ;  the  inner  pair  narrower  and  with  their 
callous  crested  tips  united  over  the  stigma.  Stamens  in  2 
sets  of  3  each,  placed  opposite  the  larger  petals,  hypogy- 
nous ;  their  filaments  more  or  less  united ;  the  middle  an¬ 
ther  of  each  set  2-celled,  the  lateral  ones  1 -celled.  Stigma 
flattened  at  right  angles  with  the  ovary.  Pod  1 -celled, 
either  1-seeded  and  indehiscent,  or  several-seeded  with  2 
placentae.  —  Leaves  alternate. 

Synopsis, 

*  Pod  slender:  the  2  valves  separating  from  the  filiform  placent®. 

1.  Adlumia.  Corolla  heart-shaped,  persistent.  Seeds  crestless. 

2.  Dicentra.  Corolla  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  Seeds  creste 

3.  Cory dalis.  Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base.  Seeds  crested. 

*  *  Pod  fleshy,  indehiscent,  globular,  1-seeded. 

4.  Fumaria.  Corolla  1-spurred.  Seed  crestless. 

1.  ADL.lJ]fIIA,  Raf.  Climbing  Corydalis. 

Petals  all  permanently  united  in  an  ovate  corolla,  2-gibbous  at 

1  J  -11  few- 

the  base,  becoming  dry  and  persistent,  inclosing  the  small 

seeded  pod.  Seeds  not  crested.  Stigma  2-crested.  —  A  climbmn 

biennial  vine,  with  3-pinnate  leaves,  cut-lobed  delicate  leaflets, 

and  ample  panicles  of  drooping  flowers.  (Dedicated  by 

nesque  to  Major  Adlum.) 

1.  A,  cirrltosst,  Raf.  (Corydalis  fungosa,  Vent)  —  Wet  " 
Maine  to  W.  States.  July -Oct.  —  A  handsome  vine  with  de 
foliage  and  pale  flesh-colored  blossoms,  climbing  by  the  tendri  1  ^ 
young  leafstalks  over  high  bushes,  cultivated  for  festoons  and  boW^ 
in  shaded  places.  Petals  all  firmly  united  with  each  other  and  "  ^ 
the  sheath  of  filaments;  the  cross-section  displaying  3  large  an 
small  cavities. 


2.  DICENTRA,  Bork.  (wrongly  Diclytra  or  B^ra)- 
Petals  conniving,  but  scarcely  united,  deciduous  or  withering^ 
the  2  outer  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base.  Stigma  2-crested 
sometimes  2-horned.  Filaments  slightly  united.  Pod  10  7 
seeded.  Seeds  with  a  lateral  crest.  —  Low,  stemless  pcrennia 


FUMARIACEJE.  (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 


29 


with  ternately  compound  and  dissected  leaves  and  simple  scapes, 
bearing  racemose  nodding  flowers.  Pedicels  2-bracted.  (Name 
from  twice ,  and  Ktvrpov ,  a  spur.) 


1.  I>.  (  iH'iillftria,  DC.  (Dutchman’s  Breeches.)  Gran¬ 
ulate-bulbous  ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  linear  ;  raceme  simple ,  few-flower¬ 
ed;  corolla  with  2  divergent  spurs  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  crest  of  the 
inner  petals  minute.  —  Rich  woods,  especially  westward.  April, 
May.  — A  very  delicate  plant,  sending  up  in  early  spring,  from  the 
cluster  of  little  grain-like  tubers  inclosed  in  a  scaly  sheath  like  a 
bulb,  the  finely  cut  long-stalked  leaves  and  slender  scape,  the  latter 
bearing  4-10  pretty,  but  odd-shaped,  white  flowers  tipped  with 
cream-color. 


■2*  I).  C'&nsMlensiS,  DC.  (Squirrel-corn.)  Subterranean 
shoots  luberiferous ;  leaves  and  raceme  as  in  No.  1. ;  corolla  mere¬ 
ly  heart-shaped ,  the  spurs  very  short,  rounded  ;  crest  of  the  inner 
petals  conspicuous ,  projecting.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin, 
especially  northward.  May.  — TubeTs  scattered,  round,  flattened,  as 
large  as  peas  or  grains  of  Indian  corn,  yellow.  Calyx  minute.  Flow¬ 
ers  greenish-white  tinged  with  red,  with  the  fragrance  of  Hyacinths. 

f  I>.  eximia,  DC.  Divisions  and  lobes  of  the  leaves  broadly 
£  ° ng;  Tactme  compound,  clustered  ;  corolla  oblong,  2- gibbous  at  the 
ase  ;  crest  °f  the  inner  petals  projecting.  —  Rocks,  W.  New  York, 

rare,  Thomas ,  Sarttcell ;  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. _ A 

nrger  plant  than  the  others,  blossoming  all  summer,  often  cultivated. 
Mowers  reddish-purple.  -  D.  Formosa,  from  Oregon,  also  cultivated, 
“  a  similar  but  still  larger  species. 


3.  CORVDALIS,  L.  Corydalis. 

Cor<) „a  1 -spumed  at  the  base  (on  the  upper  side),  deciduous. 
%lc  persistent.  Pod  many-seeded.  Seeds  crested.  Flowers 
racemes  (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Fumitory.)  Our 
species  are  biennial. 

I  <  .  aurca,  Willd.  (Golden  Corydalis.)  Stems  low  spread 

-alioHcl-Re;kPUhr  inc"rved;  ^  pendent ;  seeds’ with  a 
gan.  April  Vulv  cf  ^  etrtnms-  Vermont  to  Penn,  and  Michi- 

ornalerwi  I  “i  aUCOUS:  fl°Wer8  g«'den-yellow  and  showy 
or  paler  and  .ess  handsome.  Pods  hardly  V  long/ uneven.  "  ’ 

-July.  Corolla  whiti-h  t  ,1  R  k'’  P'ace8i  common.  May 

corolla  whuish  shaded  with  yellow  and  flesh  color. 


30 


FUMARIACEA2.  (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 

4.  FUiUARIA,  L.  Fumitory. 

Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  inde- 
hiscent,  small,  globular,  1-seeded.  Seeds  crestless. — Branched 
annuals,  with  finely  dissected  compound  leaves  and  dense  racemes 
or  spikes.  (Name  from  fumus ,  smoke.) 

1.  F.  officinalis,  L.  (Common  Fumitory.)  Sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  toothed,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  cor 
olla;  fruit  slightly  notched.  —  Waste  places,  about  dwellings;  intro 
duced.  —  Flowers  small,  flesh-color  tipped  with  crimson. 

Order  12.  CRUCIFER^E.  (Mustard  Family.) 

Herbs  with  a  pungent  watery  juice  and  cruciform  tetra 
dynamous  flowers  :  fruit  a  silique  or  silicle.  —  Sepals  > 
deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  regular,  placed  opposite 
each  other  in  pairs,  their  spreading  limbs  forming  a  cross. 
Stamens  6,  2  of  them  inserted  lower  down  and  shorter.  0 
2-celled  by  a  thin  partition  stretched  between  the  2  mar 
ginal  placentae,  from  which  when  ripe  the  valves  separate, 
either  much  longer  than  broad  ( silique ),  or  short  {sffid* 
or  pouch ),  sometimes  indehiscent  and  nut-like  (nucumerta 
ceous)  or  separating  across  into  1-seeded  joints  [lom^a 
ceous).  Seeds  campylotropous,  without  albumen,  filled  b) 
the  large  embryo,  which  is  curved  or  folded  in  various 
ways.  —  Leaves  alternate,  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal 
racemes  or  corymbs  :  pedicels  not  bracted.  —  A  very  natu¬ 
ral,  homogeneous  family. 

Synopsis. 

I.  Siliquosje.  Pod  a  silique ,  opening  by  valves. 

Tribe  1.  ARABIDEiE.  Pod  elongated  (except  Nasturtium) 
Cotyledons  accumbent ;  that  is,  with  their  edges  applied  to  tne 
radicle.  Seeds  flattened.  , 

1.  Nasturtium.  Pod  oblong,  turgid,  or  barely  linear  and  curve 

upwards.  Seeds  irregularly  in  two  rows  in  each  cell- 

2.  Iodanthus.  Pod  linear,  elongated,  terete.  Seeds  in  a  single  r°'v 

Petals  violet-purple. 

3.  Cardamise.  Pod  linear,  flattened ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds 

in  a  single  row  in  each  cell.  Stems  leafy.  Flowers  white 

or  purple. 


CRUCIFERJE.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.)  31 

4.  Dent  aria.  Pod  lanceolate,  flat,  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in 

a  single  row  in  each  cell.  Stem  few-leaved  in  the  middle, 
from  a  toothed  or  jointed  rootstock.  Flowers  white-purple. 

5.  Akabis.  Pod  linear,  flat  or  flattish;  valves  1 -nerved  in  the  mid¬ 

dle.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell.  Flowers  white  or 
rose -color. 

6.  IT  rritis.  Pod,  &e.,  as  in  Arabis,  but  the  seeds  in  2  rows  in 

each  cell. 

'•  Bakbarea.  Pod  linear,  4-sided.  Flow’ers  yellow. 

Tribe  2.  SISYMBRIEiE.  Pod  elongated.  Cotyledons  plane,  in¬ 
cumbent,  that  is,  the  back  of  one  of  them  applied  to  the  radicle. 
Seeds  thickish  or  oblong. 

8.  Erysimum.  Pod  4-sided,  linear.  Flowers  yellow. 

9.  Sisymbrium.  Pods  terete  or  flattish,  linear  or  awl-shaped. 

Tnbe3.  BRASSICEAi.  Pod  elongated.  Cotyledons  incumbent, 
“"duplicate  and  folded  round  the  radicle.  Seeds  globose. 
•.isapis.  Pod  terete:  valves  3- 5-nerved.  Calyx  spreading. 

II.  Siuculosje.  —  Pod  short,  a  silicle,  opening  by  valves 

Tribec  t,  aALYSS,NE^'  Pod  0val  or  oblong:  partition  broad. 

«ium  woTdte'ZS  for(S.)h°rt'POdded  8PeCieS  °f  ^aStUr' 

!i  Cochleabla^  Podoevd,,tTyTded'  F,OWerS  White  or  yellow. 
chlearia.  Pod  ovoid,  turg,d,  several-seeded.  Flowers  white. 


Pod  ovoid  or  oblong  :  partition  broad. 


Tribe  5.  CAMELINE^E. 

Cotyledons  incumbent 

14  P“<i1Obovoid>  ‘orgid.  Style  slender 

Svidlaria.  Pod  oral,  turgid.  Style  none. 

5  LrpIdiim.  Pod  roundish,  2-seeded. 

/7  "  A  P°d  ,nVerSC‘y  heart  sbaped'tr‘angular,  many-seeded. 

~  P°d  Separati^  —  into  joints. 

1"  Cakile.  Pod^^mrffjoin^T'^h"8  Pla”e’  accumbent- 

Short,  2-jomted,  w«h  one  seed  in  eaeh  joint 

1  =  F*  ^ 


32 


CRUC1FERJE.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  I.  ARABIDEiE.  The  Cress  Tribe. 


1.  NASTURTIUM,  R.  Br.  Cress. 

Pod  nearly  terete,  linear-oblong  and  curved  upwards,  or  short 
like  a  silicle.  Seeds  small,  irregularly  2-rowed  in  each  cell,  mar- 
ginless.  —  Aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  yellow  or  white  flowers, 
and  pinnate  or  pinnatilid  leaves.  (Name  from  Nasvs  tortus ,  a 
convulsed  nose,  alluding  to  the  effect  of  its  pungent  qualities.) 

*  Introduced  :  pod  linear  :  flower  white. 

1.  NT.  officinale,  R.  Br.  (Water  Cress.)  Stems  rooting, 
smooth;  leaves  pinnate,  with  3-5  rounded  leaflets;  petals  conspicu¬ 
ous,  longer  than  the  calyx.  .  - —  Brooks  and  ditches,  escaped  from 
cultivation.  Finely  naturalized  at  Niagara  Falls  on  the  Canada  side. 

*  *  Indigenous  :  pods  oblong  or  ovoid  :  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish . 

2.  NT.  palustre,  DC.  (Marsh  Cress.)  Stem  upright,  smoot  i 
or  hairy  ;  leaves  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  the  lower  lyre-shaped  ,  Pet 
als  (yellowish)  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  pods  ovoid-oblong  varying 
ovoid,  obtuse,  turgid,  tipped  icith  a  very  short  style ,  equalling  or  ra  a 
shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels.  1J. .  —  Wet  banks  of  streams,  com 
mon.  June  -  Sept.  —  Plant  coarse,  P  —  2°  high,  with  very  small  flow 
ers.  —  The  plant  of  the  Northern  States  is  often  hairy,  and  has  shorte r 
pods  than  the  European,  nor  does  it  agree  with  N.  amphibium,  0 
which  it  has  been  taken. 

3.  NT.  Itispidum,  DC.  (Hairy  Cress.)  Upright,  rough 
hairy ;  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifld  and  toothed  ;  petals  (yellow  u 
hardly  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  pods  ( minute )  ovoid,  scarcely  half  as 

as  the  somewhat  spreading  pedicels ,  tipped  with  a  very  short  style .  jT 
—  Wet  places,  Middletown,  Connecticut,  and  Hudson  River  near  tlC 
Highlands.  Barratt. — Apparently  connected  by  intermediate  vane 
ties  with  the  foregoing. 

4.  NT.  nutans  DC.  (Floating  Cress.)  Aquatic,  smooth; 
immersed  leaves  pinnate ,  with  numerous  and  crowded  capillary  d*'13 
ions  ;  emersed  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  serrate,  sometimes  pinnatih  » 
petals  (white)  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pods  globose-obovatc ,  tipped 

a  slender  style.  1J. .  —  In  ponds  and  rivers,  Oneida  Lake  and  fet.  La' 
rence  River,  New  York.  Ohio  and  Michigan.  July.  .g 

N.  sylvestre  of  Europe,  with  linear  pods  and  yellow  blossoms, 
said  to  be  naturalized  on  the  Delaware  near  Philadelphia. 

2.  IODANTHIJS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  False  Rocket- 

Pod  linear,  elongated,  terete.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each 
cell,  margined.  Style  thick  :  stigma  capitate.  Claws  of  the  vio- 


33 


CRUCIFERJE.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY". ) 


let-purple  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  A  smooth  perennial, 
with  ovate-oblong  pointed  toothed  leaves,  the  lowest  sometimes 
lyrate-pinnatifid,  and  showy  flowers  in  panicled  racemes.  (Name 
from  Mrfgj  violet-colored ,  and  auOos,  flower.) 

1-  I.  lu*S|M>ridoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Hesperis  pinnatifida, 
Michx.)  Banks  of  rivers,  W.  Penn.,  Ohio,  &c.  May,  June.— 
Steml°-3P  high.  Petals  5"  long,  spatulate.  Pods  V  to  nearly  2' 
long,  somewhat  curved  upwards,  much  longer  than  the  stout  spread¬ 
ing  pedicels,  knotty,  rather  fleshy :  the  valves  obscurely  1-nerved. 

3.  CABDAM1NE,  L.  Bitter  Cress. 

Pod  linear,  flattened,  usually  opening  elastically  ;  the  valves 
nerveless.  Seeds  in  single  rows  in  each  cell ;  their  stalks  slender. 
—  r  lowers  white  or  purple.  (From  KdpSa/xov,  an  ancient  Greek 
name  for  Cress.) 


*  Biennial :  leaves  pinnate  :  flowers  small. 

in  the  L  (C°MMOnBitter  Cress.)  Mostly  smooth 

leaflet*  L  ,  d  ’  somet,mes  hairy;  leaves  pinnate  with  5- 13 

‘Cnafl.C'f’  °r  b-.c-p.nna.ifid;  leaflets  of  the  lower  leaves  rounded 
^ed;  toothed  of  he  uppcr  oblong  or  ,inear)  often  en.rer°"’ 

2.  r  «  *.PrrC?mal,:  leaTC*  Pinnate  :  flowers  shoicy. 

Stem  a^dincH^to  7  if  E,r°W  f^”,’  CocKO°-FLOW“0 
and  stalked ;  of  Ihe  uppt  obwVorT  '  ‘°Wer  ^  ™nded 

x  dSr^Tf h)  *ht;  r 

northward,  rare.  May.  et  Places  and  bogs,  Vermont  to  Michigan 

3-  c.  beiHaifh,;r,L 'm™ s>mpU  or 

(2*- 3*  hifthWnO  rt  1  ’  aisy-leaved  Bitter  Cress.)  Dwarf 

from  the  “short  ^‘ose 

J  t ;  ,sr •  a*** 

^  w*™  <w, 

fbrons ;  leaves  all  much  alike  "to  ’  CTeePmZ  ™nncrs ;  root 

heart-shaped  at  the  base  oetioled  tl  S°mewhat  angled,  often 

3  leaflets ;  pods  linear  awl  ^  °WeS*  fre1uently  3-lobed  or  of 

“inu«e;  Jds  oval-oblon*  S  j  P°*nted  with  the  style;  stigma 
v-oblong.  (S Ul.  Journal,  42,  p.  30.)  _  Cool,  shaded 


34  CRUCIFERS.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.) 

springs,  Penn.,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.  May,  June.  — 
Leaves  with  just  the  taste  of  the  English  Water  Cress.  Runners  in 
summer  1°-  3?  long.  Flowers  white,  smaller  than  in  No.  5. 

5.  C.  rtiomboidcsi,  DC.  (Spring  Cress.)  Upright ,  tuber * 
iferous ;  stems  simple ;  ropt-leaves  round  and  rather  heart-shaped , 
lower  stem-leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-oblong,  somewhat  petioled,  the 
upper  almost  lanceolate,  all  somewhat  angled  or  sparingly  toothed, 
pods  linear-lanceolate,  pointed  with  a  slender  style  tipped  with  a 
conspicuous  stigma ;  seeds  round-aval.  —  Wet  meadows  and  springs, 
common.  Flowers  large,  white.  —  Var.  purpurea,  W.  New  "i°rk 
and  northward,  is  lower,  a  little  pubescent,  with  the  blossoms  rose 
color  or  purple.  At  the  base  of  the  stem  is  a  cluster  of  little  tubers. 
April,  May.  —  Approaches  Dentaria. 

C.  teres,  Michaux,  is  said  to  grow  in  New  England  in  his  Flofy 
and  his  specimens  at  Paris  are  ticketed  “Lake  Champlain,  Vermont. 
But  the  plant  appears  clearly  to  be  Nasturtium  tanacetifolium,  or  * 
ly  rat  urn ,  of  the  Southern  States  (cotyledons  accumbent!),  which  ea  3 
me  to  suspect  a  mistake  in  the  record  of  the  locality. 

4.  DENTARIA,  L.  Tooth  wort.  Pepper-root. 

Pod  lanceolate,  flat,  as  in  Cardamine,  but  broader.  Seed-stalks 
flat.  —  Perennials  with  long  horizontal  and  fleshy  toothed  root 
stocks  of  a  pleasant  pungent  taste,  sometimes  interrupted ,  ^ 
low  simple  stems  bearing  2-3  petioled  compound  leaves  about 
middle,  often  in  a  whorl,  and  a  single  raceme  of  large  white 
purple  flowers.  (Name  from  dens,  a  tooth.) 

1.  I>.  diptiylla,  L.  (Common  Tooth  wort  or  P  xppER-R°j^ 

Rootstock  long  and  continuous,  toothed  ;  stem-leaves  2,  like  the  ?a _ 

ones,  close  together,  of  3  rhombic -ovate  coarsely  toothed  lea 
Rich  woods,  Maine  and  W.  Massachusetts  westward.  May. 
stocks  5'  -10'  long,  crisp,  tasting  like  Water  Cress.  Flowers  w  n  ^ 

2.  I>.  maxima,  Nutt.  (Great  Toothwort.)  Ro0tS^t^- 
string  of  strongly  toothed  tubers  ;  stem-leaves  (2-7)  mostly  3  <in  "  ^ 
nate  ;  leaflets  3  ovate ,  obtuse,  coarsely  toothed  and  incised,  often 
cleft.  (D.  laciniata,  var.  d.,  Torr.  Gr.,  FI.)  —  W.  New  ^or 
Penn.,  Nuttull !  Watertown,  New  York,  Dr.  Crawe!  May ^ 
10' -2P  (Nutt.)  high  :  raceme  elongated.  Flowers  larger  than  ±  ^ 
purple.  Joints  of  the  rootstock  V -2*  long,  £'  thick,  stare  y^  ^ 
Crawe’s  specimens  of  this  rare  species  are  not  so  large  as 

scribes.  The  leaves  are  intermediate  between  No.  1  and  No.  * 

3.  D.  laciniata,  Muhl.  (Cut-leaved  Toothwort.) 
stock  necklace-form ,  consisting  of  a  chain  of  3  or  4  nearly  toot  i  esS^  ^ 
long  tubers :  stem-leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  3-parted  ;  the  leaflets  hnea 


35 


CRUC1FERJE.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.) 


lanceolate,  obtuse,  irregularly  cut  or  cleft  into  narrow  teeth,  the  lateral 
ones  deeply  2-lobed. —  Rich  soil  along  streams,  W.  New  Engl,  to 
1  enn.  and  Ohio.  May.  —  A  span  high  :  raceme  scarcely  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Flowers  pale  purple.  Root-leaves  much  dissected. 

4.  D.  heteropliylla,  Nutt.  (Dwarf  Tooth  wort.)  Root- 
stock  necklace-form ,  obscurely  toothed  ;  stem-leaves  2  or  3,  small,  alter¬ 
nate,  3-parted,  the  leaflets  lanceolate  and  nearly  entire  ;  root-leaves 

of  3  round-ovate  obtuse  somewhat  toothed  and  lobed  leaflets. _ W. 

Pennsylvania  and  southward.  May.  — A  span  high  :  stem-leaves  V 
long  Flowers  few,  purple. 


ArABIS,  L.  Rock  Cress. 

Pod  long  and  linear,  flattened,  the  valves  1-nerved  in  the  mid¬ 
dle.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  usually  margined  or  wing- 
e<*#  Flowers  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from  the  country  Ara¬ 
bia.  Linn.,  PJal.  Bot.,  §  235.) 

*  Seeds  narrowly  margined  or  marginless. 

*•“  Root  perennial. 

Lam.  (Alpine  Rock  Cress.)  Stem  nearly 
upr.ght,  sometimes  branched,  glabrous,  root-leaves  petioled,  pinnati- 
.those  °f  the  stem  oblong-linear,  entire;  pods  spreading,  straight; 

*eds  with  a  narrow  margin.  _  Shore  of  L.  Superior  and  northward 
Low,  with  the  aspect  of  No.  2.  wara. 

**“  ***  Root  bie™ial  or  sometimes  annual. 

.  A*  L  (American  Rock  Cress.)  Diffusely  branch¬ 

ed,  low,  glabrous  except  the  lyrate-pinnatifid  radical  leaves-  stem 
leaves  spatulat,  or  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  the  upper  entire- 
petals  (white)  twice  the  length  of  the  cilw  •  ;  *  ure» 

pointed  , cM  a  short  style;  seeds  marginless -Rocks "^readmg. 
Stems  4t- 10'  high.  Radicle  often  oblique  AP»‘-June. 

<*-.> 

equally  and  sharply  toothed  ;  those  of  the  stem  °btU*?’ 

valves  very  obscurely  nerved.  S’  Pods  V  >ong: 

4  -A,  patens,  Sulliv.  (Open  Hairy  Rnnr  r*  v  ^ 

*  g’  f°dSSpTeaUlnS<‘nd  earring  upwards,  tipped  with 


36  CRUC1FRRJE.  (MUSTARD  OB  RADISH  FAMILY.) 

•  distinct  style  —  Rocky  l>ank»  of  the  Scioto,  Ohio,  Smllitant.  May. 

—  Plant  P-2P  high.  Flower*  thrice  a*  Urge  aa  in  No.  5,  showy. 

5.  A.  hirsute,  Scop.  (Strait  II%irt  Roce  Crem.)  Rough- 
hairy,  sometimes  ainoothiah,  atrait ;  stem-leave*  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
entire  or  toothed,  partly  claaping  by  a  aocnew  hat  anow-ahaped  or 
heart-ahaped  baae;  petal*  (green  i*h  white)  email  but  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  pedicels  and  pods  strut! y  upright ;  style  scarcely  any.  —  Rocks, 
Vermont  to  Penn.  and  Ohio.  May,  June.  —  Stem  I°-2°  high,  «im- 
ple  or  branched  from  the  baae.  Root- 1  crave*  apatu  late-oblong,  sessile 
or  nearly  ao  Pod*  numerous  and  appreaaed,  narrow.  Flowers  small. 

•  •  Seeds  winged.  ( Petals  narrow,  whitish,  seed-stalks  adherent  to 

the  partition.) 

6.  A.  I;«*  viKUtu.  DC.  (Smooth  Rock  Cr*»»  )  Smooth  and 
glaucous,  upright;  stem-leases  partly  clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped 
baae,  lanceolate  or  linear,  sparingly  eut-toothed  or  entire;  P®1®*8 
•carcely  longer  than  the  calyi ;  pods  long  and  narrow ,  recurred-spread- 
eng. —  Rocky  places,  from  Vermont  westward.  May.  —  St**® 
high.  Pod*  IV  long,  on  short  merely  spreading  pedicels. 

T.  A.  «  HiiimIciisis,  L.  (Sickle-sod)  Stem  upright,  smooth 
above ;  stem-leases  pubescent ,  pointed  at  hath  ends ,  oblong-lanceolate, 
aeaaale,  the  lower  toothed  ;  petal*  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  ob¬ 
long-linear  ;  pods  drooping ,  fiat,  scythe-shaped.  —  Wood*.  June  -  Aug. 

—  Stem  ft  -  3P  high.  Pod*  S'  long  and  2"  broad,  veiny,  hanging  on 
rough-hairy  pedicels,  curved  like  a  scymitar.  (A.  falcata,  Mieht.) 

t  Obscure  species. 

8.  A.  h«t<*ropli>  lla,  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth ;  root- leaves  *pa^ 
uUte,  toothed;  tipper  one*  linear,  sessile,  entire;  pods  l°n£  an 
spreading  (3*  long) ;  petals  linear-oblong,  exceeding  the  calyx.  k  aris, 
Maine,  or  near  the  White  Mountains.  <g)  .Vuttall. 

6.  TFRRiTIS,  Dill.  Tower  Mustard. 

Po<I  and  flowers,  Ac.,  as  in  Arabia ;  but  the  seeds  occupying  “ 
rows  in  each  cell.  —  Biennials  or  rarely  annuals.  Flowers  white 
or  rose-color.  (Name  from  turris ,  a  tower,  in  allusion  to  the  tall 
and  narrow  form  of  the  plants.) 

1.  T.  glabra,  L.  (.Smooth  Tower  Mustard.)  Stem-leaves 
oblong  or  orate -lanceolate,  smooth  and  glaucous,  entire,  lialf-cla»P,n6 
by  the  arrow-shaped  base;  petals  Utile  longer  than  the  calyx; 

and  the  long  and  narrow  pods  strictly  erect.  —  W.  New  York  an 
Ohio.  June.  Plant  2°  high.  Root-leaves  rough-hairy,  toothe  . 
petioled.  Flower*  yellowish-white.  Pods  3'  long,  very  narrow, 
straight. 

2.  T.Mricta,  Graham.  (Straight  Tower  Mustard.)  Smooth; 


CRUCIFERS.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.)  37 

stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear ,  half-clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base, 
entire  or  nearly  so;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pedicels  erect 

in  flower  and  fruit;  the  linear  elongated  pods  upright  or  spreading. _ 

Jefferson  and  Chenango  counties,  New  York,  and  L.  Superior.  May. 
~~  A  foot  high.  Root-leaves  small.  Petals  white,  tinged  with  purple. 
Uipo  pods  3'  long,  broader  and  flatter  than  in  No.  1,  and  not  always 
strictly  upright.  J 

V-  '*>•»<■  liyc.lrpa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Short-podded  Tow- 
er  Mustard.)  Smooth  and  glaucous;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
acu  arrow-shaped  ;  pedicels  of  the  flowers  nodding ,  of  the  short  and 
nroadish  pods  spreadmg  or  ascending.  -  Fort  Gratiot,  &c.,  Michigan. 
Root-leaves  hairy.  Pod  1' long.  Flowers  pale  purple. 

11.4HB.1BEA,  R.  Br.  Winter  Cress. 

b/,1  !inear’  S°mrVhat  4'8ided’ thC  Val¥6S  ^  strongly  keeled 
ip  '"T'6’  ®6eds  ln  a  slnSle  row  in  each  cell,  marginless. 

— 

'2*2?  |  Crew.  Yeli.ow 

X- a.”" 

into  the  NortherrVtate^anaitahMdl  ”  sParing'y  introduced 

short  style.  Il  ha*  lon8er  fla«ened  pods  and  a  very 

Tribe  n.  SISYMBmtL*.  T„  He,.,  T„„ 

«•  '  HVS.  VC  V,  L.  Teeeoee 
Pod  linear,  4-stded,  the  valves  keeled  So  A  ■ 
m  each  cell,  oblong  maroinle*  , ' ,  S  ds  ln  a  Slng'e  row 

enmbent.  Calyx  erect  —Chi  fl  ed°nS  °ften  oblicluely  in- 

s»  te"e.  „  . . ,nJ1  L  “  ’  !""'™  ««"«-  : 

a?  T“r 

■  -  -  J 


as 


CRUCIFERS.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.) 


4 -elded,  pointed  with  a  short  taper  style ;  stigma  2-lobed.  —  Central 
Ohio,  on  limestone  cliffs,  SuUivant.  (Illinois,  Geyer ,  Dr.  Meade.) 
June,  July. — Plant  stout,  l°-2°  high,  with  a  crowded  raceme  of 
showy  bright  orange-yellow  flowers  as  large  as  the  Wall-flower.  Pods 
SP  -  4'  long,  straight. 


9.  SISYMBRIUM,  L.  Hedge  Mustard. 

Pod  terete  or  rather  4  -  6-sided  ;  the  valves  1  -  3-nerved.  Seeds 
in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Calyx  open.— 
Flowers  small,  white  or  yellow.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for 
some  plant  of  this  family.) 

1.  S.  officinale.  Scop.  (Hedge  Mustard.)  Leaves  runci 
note  ;  flowers  very  small,  pale  yellow  ;  pods  close  pressed  to  the  stem, 
awl-shaped ,  scarcely  stalked,  d)—  Waste  places,  introduced.  May' 
Sept.  —  An  unsightly  branched  weed,  2°  high. 

2.  S.  Thalia  nil  m.  Gaud.  (Mouse-ear  Cress.)  Leaves  o- 
ovate  or  oblong ,  entire  or  barely  toothed ;  flowers  white  ;  pods  inear’ 
somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than  the  slender  spreading  pedicels. 

Old  fields  and  rocks,  Wew  York  and  Penn.  Probably  introduce  • 
May.  —  A  span  high,  slender,  branched,  hairy  at  the  base. 

3.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.  (Hoary  Hedge  Mustard.)  Leaves 
2-pinnatiJid,  the  divisions  small  and  toothed;  flowers  whitish;  P° 
in  long  racemes,  oblong  or  rather  club-shaped,  not  longer  than, 
spreading  pedicels.  (l)  — Ohio  and  westward.  —  Slender,  1  'o  ’ 
often  hoary  pubescent.  Flowers  very  small. 

Tribe  III.  BRASSIciLE.  The  Cabbage  Tribe- 


lO.  SIXAPIS,  Toum.  Mustard. 

Pod  nearly  terete,  with  a  short  beak  ;  the  valves  3  -  5-(rarely  1') 
nerved.  Seeds  globose,  one-rowed.  Cotyledons  folded  aroun 
the  radicle.  Calyx  open.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  yell°^ 
flowers.  Lower  leaves  lyrate,  incised,  or  pinnatifid.  (Gree' 
name  2*Wi,  which  is  said  to  come  from  the  Celtic  nap ,  a  turnip-) 

1-  S.  alfm,  L.  (White  Mustard.)  Pods  bristly ,  turgid,  01 
spreading  pedicels,  shorter  than  the  si. cord-shaped  beak  ;  leaves  all  pm* 
natifid.  —  Cultivated  ;  sometimes  spontaneous  in  old  fields. 

2.  arvensis,  L.  (Field  Mustard.  Charlock.)  f 0 
smooth ,  knotty,  about  thrice  the  length  of  the  conical  2-edged  beak  ;UP' 
per  leaves  merely  toothed. —  A  noxious  weed  in  fields,  W. 
York,  thoroughly  naturalized. 

3.  S.  nigra,  L.  (Black  Mustard.)  Pods  smooth,  i-cornerd 
{the  vahes  1  -nerved  only )  oppressed  to  the  stem,  tipped  with  a  slender 


CRUCIFERS.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.) 


39 


*tv!e ;  leaves  lyrate  or  lobed.  —  Fields  and  waste  places,  partly  natu¬ 
ralized.  The  seeds  furnish  the  mustard  of  our  tables. 

I  ribe  IV.  ALYSSfNETE.  The  Alyssum  Tribe. 

11.  DRABA,  L.  Whitlow  Grass. 

Pouch  oval  or  oblong,  flattened  ;  the  valves  flat  or  slightly  con¬ 
vex.  Seeds  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Calyx 
equal.  Filaments  not  toothed.  Low  herbs,  with  entire  or  tooth¬ 
ed  leave*.  Flowers  white  or  yellow.  (Name  from  bpdprj,  acrid, 
m  allusion  to  the  pungency  or  acridity  of  the  leaves.) 

§  1-  DrA.ba,  DC.  —  Petals  undivided. 

1  D.  artWsans,  Michx.  (Rock-cress  Whitlow  Grass) 
ranched  at  the  base,  tufted,  leafy  ;  root-leaves  oblanceolate,  cluster- 

er.’wtr  enT8|  °nS’  i  ®harP'y  t00thcd  towards  the  apex;  flow- 
with  a  ?  '  h  ^  crowded  raceme  J  Pods  lanceolate-oblong,  tipped 
"  f  n  ol7  u  ££  pedicels,  smooth,  often  twisted 

KK’k  I68’  Verm°nt’  N‘  Ncw  York- 

,,  _  -  nt  8  hlShi  w*th  conspicuous  flowers. 

O'-^U^rS’  ^  (GboteWh,tlow  Grass.)  Low 
dUpti^lTL L*  \  CaTCS  °Val  °r  lanceol^e,  toothed  ;  pods 

flower,  yellow  or  whHUh  ,  ! !l  FortG^t'”  “  l™S.raCeme  ! 

fl'-wer,  while,  rather  conspicuous  ®  _  SanH  fi  u  c  Ped'Cels  5 
Mand  southward.  April  -  J„ne.  _  Pfan,  from  Rhode 

4  D  v<*o  §. 2'  E*6r‘n,Li-  Petals  2-cleft. 
clustered  at  Jt*.  L”™  Dwarf;  .eaves 

*tcnw  Mveral,  leafless  •  pods  nr„l  ,  ’  sllShUy  toothed,  hairy ; 

*».  COCHLBiB,.,  Town. 

“l  •!■».  of  ,Z 
,  escaped  from  gardens,  scarcely  nat- 


40  CRUCIFERS.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.) 

uralized.  —  Roots  large  and  deep,  well  known  for  their  pungent  prop* 
erties.  (C.  officinalis,  the  English  Scurvy-grass,  is  sometimes 
found  around  gardens.) 

Tribe  V.  CAMELtNELE.  The  False  Flax  Tribe. 


IS.  CAMELkjfA,  Crantz.  False  Flax. 
Pouch  obovoid  or  pear-shaped,  pointed,  turgid  ;  partition  broad. 
Seeds  numerous,  oblong.  Style  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow. 
(Deriv.  Xa fuii,  dwarf,  and  \lvov,  flax. 

1.  C.  sativa,  Crantz.  Leaves  lanceolate,  arrow-shaped;  H* 
margined,  large.  ®  _  Flax-fields,  &e.,  imported.  It  has  been  M- 
cied  to  be  a  sort  of  degenerate  flax.  (Thlaspi  arvense,  of  Notts 
Genera,  is  the  same  plant.) 


14.  SUBULAriA,  L.  Awlwobt. 

Pouch  oval,  turgid,  with  a  broad  partition.  Seeds  seTerab 
Cotyledons  long  and  slender,  the  cleft  extending  to  the  radical 
side  of  the  curvature.  Style  none.  —  A  dwarf  stemless  pere™* 
aquatic  ;  rite  tufted  leaves  awl-shaped  (whence  the  name).  Sc*?6 
naked,  few-flowered.  Flowers  minute,  white. 

1.  S.  aquatic  a,  L.  _  Margin  of  lakes  in  Maine,  Xuttall,  T** 
erman ,  &c.  June.  Scape  1'-  3'  high. 

Tribe  VI.  LEPIDJNEE.  The  Pepperwort  Tribe- 


15.  LEPiDUJM,  L.  Pepperwort.  Pepps*611*83' 
Pouch  roundish,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition, 

^ly  notched  at  the  apex;  the  valves  boat-shaped  and  keM 
Seeds  l  a  each  cell :  cotyledons  incumbent  or  accumbent !  Flo* 
ers  smallwhue.  Stamens  often  only  two  !  (Name  from  W 
*7*  !  lMt  aIludin^  the  small  flat  pods.) 

L-  (NAIUtOW-LXAT.nPEPP.KWORT.) 

linear,  emire’17/**’  ”°tched  ;  ^‘V^ons  incumbent;  stem-1 
northward  ***  '“’***>  *»">«»*  2-  ®  -Micb.ga»  •» 

3.  I-eampestre,  R.Br.  (F.elu  Pepperwort.)  P^**' 


CRUCIFERS.  (MUSTARD  OR  RADISH  FAMILY.)  41 

tctngrd,  notched,  rough  with  minute  scales;  leaves  arrow-shaped, 
toothed,  downy.  —  S.  New  York,  sparingly  introduced. 

16.  ('APSELLA,  Vent.  Shepherd’s  Purse. 

Pouch  ,nveT8e,y  heart-shaped-triangular,  flattened  contrary  to 
th,  narrow  partition  ;  the  valves  boat-shaped,  wingless.  Seeds 

R,‘nv’rou,:  coly>edons  incumbent.  Annuals:  flowers  small, 
white.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  capsula ,  a  pod.) 

VvR*r  '  Mcench.  (Common  Shepherd’s 

I"  ;  clustered,  pinnatifid  or  toothed;  stem-leaves 

TT’iT  ’  r'1"  -  Was,e  Places-  ,he  commonest  of  weed.  T 
t^ueed  from  Europe.  ApriUSept.  (Thlasp:  Bursa-paetons  L.) 

Tribe  VII.  CAKILtNE^E.  The  Sea-Rocket  Tr,be. 

1  7*  tAKILE,  Tourn.  Sea-Rocket. 

at*rt’i0in!ed’  aDgU‘ar’  fleShy’  the  Upper  j°int  fla«ened 

^  theTP  8  M  maturity  !  each  indehiscent,  X-eelled 
i  sealed,  the  lower  sometimes  seedier  a  •  \  ’ 

suspended  in  the  lower  joint  Cot^d  ^  T' “  theupper. 
cumbent.  _  Sea-side  k  n  Coty,edons  mher  obliquely  ac- 

Pliah.  (An  old  Arabic  name!)8’  flCShy  Flowers  Por- 

obovate,  sinuate !SrftoLTbed  “bw.  JobTof  ®E*‘Roc,ckt)  Loaves 
g’n,1«;  the  upper  ovate,  flattish  at  it.  *K  Pru,t  °bovoid,  emar- 

— Coest  of  the  Northern  S,1  Tr  L(Bunias  Anuria,  Bige. 
S  P-  -  Join,.  He.,,,  evened  Te  h  -  ^  ^  J4~ 

»PP’  4  moreTcahed^whenT  ^  UPPe'  one 

B,J  distinct  from  ,he  EuroneT  ^  -Our  plant  is  cer- 

Uke  '*•  occur»  ''n  'he  Southern  States!’  Wi"Ch’  h°Weyer»  or  °ne 

'■^VW.  RAPHaNEAS.  T«  T„„. 

I8‘  R^PHANITS,  l.  Radish 

J  .t.«ofWnT“dL0aidn:taSkeg  Z* 2'j°inted  i  Wer 

'*  notion  between  the  seeds  with  *  6  Upper  necklace-form  by  con- 

p  .  R-  Rhaphanistn.m  r  7.  P  d  £ennination.) 

UTi" c  > 

4  7  shaped,  rough ;  petals 


42 


CAPPARIDACEJE.  (CAPER  FAMILY.) 

yellow  turning  whitish  or  purplish,  veiny.  —  Waste  places  and  culti¬ 
vated  fields,  too  thoroughly  naturalized  in  New  England,  where  it  is 
a  most  troublesome  weed. 

The  most  familiar  representatives  of  this  order  in  cultivation,  not 
already  mentioned,  are  of  the  Cress  Tribe ,  the  Wall-flower  {Cha- 
rdnthus  Chciri ),  various  sorts  of  Stock  ( Malth  'tola  annua,  &c.); 
Hedge  Mustard  Tribe ,  the  Rocket  (Hdsperis  nuilrondlis) ;  of  the 
Cabbage  Tribe ,  the  Cabbage,  Cauliflower,  Rutabaga,  and  Tur¬ 
nip  (species  of  Brdssica)  ;  of  the  Alyssum  Tribe ,  the  Sweet  Alyssum 
(.4.  mar'itimum),  Moon  wort  or  Honesty  ( Lunar  ia  rtdiviva))  °^t  e 
Penny-Cress  Tribe ,  the  Candy-tuft  (fb&ris  umbelldta,  &*•)>  e 
Radish.  Tribe ,  the  Garden  Radish  itself  (Rdphanus  saliva)  •  ^  ® 
Wo  ad  ( Isiuis  tinctdria )  the  type  of  a  tribe  with  indchiscent  winge 
or  nut-like  fruit. 

Order  13.  CAPPARIDACEiE.  (Caper  Family-) 

Herbs  (when  in  northern  regions),  with  cruciform fovsers, 
but  6  or  more  not  tetradynamous  stamens,  a  1  -celled  p°d 
with  2  parietal  placenta,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds.— ^ 
as  in  Crucifer®,  but  with  no  partition,  often  stalked:  seeds 
similar,  but  the  embryo  coiled.  —  Properties  acrid,  and  also 
bitter  and  nauseous.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound- 

I.  POLANISIA,  Raf. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  rather  unequal,  with  claws.  Stamens  8 
32,  unequal.  Receptacle  not  elongated.  Pod  stalkless  or  neai  y 
so  above  the  stamens,  linear  or  oblong,  veiny,  turgid,  ma.n\'see 
ed.  —  Fetid  annuals  with  glandular  or  clammy  hairs.  Leaves  digi¬ 
tate.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes.  (Name  from  iro\vs,  man y, an 
«vMror,  unequal,  points  in  which  the  genus  differs  in  its  stamens 
from  Cleome.) 

1.  P.  grraveolens,  Raf.  Leaves  with  3  oblong  leaflets;  ®^' 
mens  about  11,  scarcely  exceeding  the  petals;  style  short.  —  Gr*'eJ. 
banks  of  lakes  from  L.  Champlain  westward.  June  -Aug*  -y" 
ers  small :  calyx  and  filaments  purplish :  petals  yellowish-white* 

Order  14.  RESEDACE^E.  (Mignonette  Family-) 
Herbs,  with  asymmetrical  4-7 -merous  small  flowers, 
a  fleshy  one-sided  hypogynous  disk  between  the  petals  an 
the  (3-40)  stamens,  bearing  the  latter.  Calyx  not  dost 


43 


RESEDACEJE.  (MIGNONETTE  FAMILY.) 


m  the  bud .  Pod  3-6-lobed ,  3 -6-horned,  l-celled  ivith 
3-6  parietal  placenta ,  opening  at  the  top  long  before  the 
nedt  (which  are  as  in  Order  13)  are  full  grown .  — Leaves 
alternate.  Flowers  crowded  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes. 
—  An  European  family  represented  by  the  Mignonette 
[Rest  da  odor  ala)  and  the  Dyer’s  Weed. 


1  •  HEm;  DA,  L.  Mignonette.  Dyer’s  Rocket. 
Petals  4-7,  often  cleft,  unequal.  Stamens  10-40,  turned  to 

01)0  Slde’  <Deriv-  from  reseda,  to  calm  or  assuage,  in  allusion  to 
supposed  sedative  properties.) 


oli.  ^  a  (  Kf  8  WEED  or  Wel°  )  Leaves  lance- 

r,»uVrjUl^l!,'arl;  PC,,a'S  4  !  ,He  UpPer  one  3 -5-deft, 

o  lain,!  3-cleft,  the  lower  one  I, near  and  entire;  pods  depress- 

-  P  Z  7u!iTt,  gardenB  ‘°  ,he  Asides  in  W.  New  York. 
,  ‘l  ot  S  greenish-yellow,  spiked—  Used  for  dye- 


Oider  15.  VIOLACE.E.  (Violet  Family.) 

H'rbs  Kith  a  somev;hal  .rregu]ar  l  spwred  coroHa  5 

l  ““  j0ined  'y  their  iadnate  in. 

P^ell  £  7  d  *'tahed  P°d  3  parietal 

in  1  '7^  ’  PCrS1Stent-  Petala  t'visted-imbricate 

.  :tnfrnS  fh  Sh°rt  8nd  br03d  fi,ameDts,  * 

!•  SOLEa,  Ginn  DP  n 
Sepals  not  eared  ,  Green  V»oli2t. 

cud  .  ared  nor  prolonged  at  the  base  pPtn, 

1  *  larger  one  merplv  “ctals  very  une- 


44 


VIOLACEJE.  (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

nearly  alike.  Two  of  the  anthers  slightly  appendaged  behind. 
Style  hooked  at  the  summit.  Pod  large. —  A  homely  perennial 
herb,  with  rather  tall  stems,  leafy  to  the  top,  and  1-3  small 
greenish- white  flowers  in  the  axils,  on  short  recurved  pedicels. 
(Named  in  honor  of  W.  Sole ,  author  of  an  essay  on  Mentha.) 

1.  S.  cdlicolor,  Ging.  (Viola  concolor,  Pursh,  &c.) — Woods, 
New  York  to  Ohio.  June.  —  Plant  l°-2?  high.  Leaves  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  entire.  Pod  V  long  :  after  opening,  each  valve 
in  dry  weather  folds  together  forcibly  and  firmly,  projecting  the  large 
round  seeds  to  a  considerable  distance.  The  same  thing  occurs,  less 
strikingly,  in  many  violets. 

2.  VIOLA,  L.  Violet.  Heart’s-ease. 
Sepals  extended  or  eared  at  the  base.  Petals  somewhat  une¬ 
qual,  the  larger  one  spurred  at  the  base.  Two  of  the  stamens 
spurred.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

*  Stemless :  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  subterranean  rootstocks :  f*' 
ennial .  (Often  producing  concealed  apetalous  fruitful  flowers 
ing  the  whole  summer.) 

—  Flowers  light  yellow.  <1 

1.  V.  rotundifolia,  Michx.  (Round-leaved  VioleT'' 
Leaves  round-ovate,  heart-shaped,  slightly  crenate,  appressed  to 
ground ;  lateral  petals  bearded  and  marked  with  brown  lines;  SP 
very  short.  —  Cold  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan.  April,  May 
Smoothish  :  leaves  1/  broad  at  flowering,  increasing  to  or  4*  in  sU 
mer,  close  pressed  to  the  ground,  shining  above. 

Floictrs  white  ;  the  lower  petals  veined  with  lilo>Ce 
lanceolata,  L.  (Lance-leaved  Violet.)  Sm°ot  ’ 
leaves  lanceolate ,  erect ,  blunt,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole ,  almost  en 
tire;  petals  beardless.  —  Damp  soil,  Maine  to  Penn,  towards  tn 
coast.  May. 

3.  V.  primula? folia,  L.  (Primrose-leaved  Viol*t-> 
Smooth  or  a  little  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate ,  abrupt  or  sots e 
what  heart-shaped  at  the  base;  lateral  petals  often  sparingly  bearde  ' 
(V.  acuta,  Bigelow.)  —  Damp  soil,  Maine  to  Penn.  May  — In,crB> 
diate  between  No.  2  and  No.  4. 

Linda,  Willd.  (Sweet  White  Violet.)  ^eaT i 

round-heart-shaped  or  kidney-form ,  minutely  pubescent  ;  petals  bear 
less.  —  Damp  woods  and  hill-sides.  April,  May.  —  Flowers  sm*  » 
fragrant. 

Flowers  violet  or  blue.  _pS 

5.  V.  p»l list ris,  L.  (Marsh  Violet.)  Smooth;  l*aV 
round-heart-shaped  and  kidney-form,  slightly  crenate ;  flowers  (s®w  ' 


VIOLACEX.  (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  45 

^■Is  Ulme  with  purple  streaks,  nearly  beardless ;  spur  very  short  and 
obtura.  -  Summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  Hampshire. 

V'lkirkii,  Goldie.  (Great-spurred  Violet.)  Leaves 
with  a  deep  narrowed  sinus,  hairy  above ;  spur 
mj  long  as  the  beardless  petals ,  thickened  at  the  end;  anther- 
•  ;  very  long.-Hhadad  hill-sides,  W.  Massachusetts  and  New 
1  rh  northward.  May.  —  A  delicate  species,  2'  high,  with  the  flow- 
w»  large  in  proportion. 

<  %. 'HKiU&ta,  Ait.  (Arrow-leaved  Violet.)  Smooth- 
°r  ....y  ;  (««,  oblong  or  lanceolate-ovate,  toothed  towards  the 

- .  >  contracted  ...to  the  petiole,  often  halbert-form  or  arrow- 

r"  !”!  ’  vtTy  thick  “nd  sac-like.-\ ar. 

Om>  nL*  l*^  'V"?  e  th*  m°re  1,a,ry  state.  in  drier  soil  — 
.  ■  '  n""'1  P  «e»  and  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Penn.  May— 

<*s»  T“I  e  :  the  flowers  large  and  numerous,  deep-colored 

-iuvpu* Ait  Violet.)  Smooth  or 

Urn,  rotted  „  Z  ik  ZI  to  W  *”*■**«  OT  triangular-kidney- 

•*;  Unu  (moaily  ,Vl0LET-)  IIairy  or  smooth- 

•“^the  -MdUlSr£^t.  l^tI,ne)/«y  5-7 -cleft  and 
common .  huj  L  tearde<i  »  8Pur  short— 

“‘"Hy  heart-duped  and  undivided  Uk* ,Tanable  ’  the  earliest 
**£“*■«  ‘No-  Towers  as  n0 f  ^  °f  No-8:  «*« 

r!L3?tr *"**  smo°tb  i 

W*.  toothed  .« lhe  a'  eI  '‘"T"  na™wly  oblong 
-^ndy0r  dry  ^  N.  P*  beardless;  spur  very 

M.y.  Juno.  _  n0Wvn  ve|y  8  ,owardg  ,he 

coast. 

•*  Plotters  matt  puml  a^$U”l7nedy  perennial. 

«W*»  ‘eaves 

::;;':5h  ,n9ide-  *•  »pA  petals 

**''*  *o  .M,a,i’gaTTh^!  SWf  Stigma  beakleM—R^hath’ 

’  y  northward-  ^-Aug-StTo0:^ 


lugh. 


li  y  -  —“6  —  riant  lo_20 


46 


VIOLACEjE.  (violet  family.) 


stipules  lanceolate,  fringe-toothed,  large;  spur  slender,  longer  than  th 
polo  violet  beardless  petals;  stigma  slender,  beakless.  —  Shaded  hill¬ 
sides,  Maine  and  VV.  Massachusetts  to  Ohio,  rare.  June  —  Plant  4'- 
6  high  :  the  flowers  large  in  proportion  :  spur  k'  long.  Anther-spurs 
very  long. 

13.  \  .  Iff  l!liIcntH'‘rgrii,  Torr.  (Spreading  Violet.)  Stems 
ascending,  at  length  with  creeping  branches ;  leaves  round-heart¬ 
shaped,  or  the  lowest  kidney-form,  crenate,  the  uppermost  slightly 
pointed  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  fringe-toothed  ;  spur  tapering,  about  half 
the  length  of  the  pale  violet  petals ,  the  lateral  slightly  bearded;  stigma 
beaked.  (V.  debilis,  Pursh ,  Bigelow.)  —  Shaded  wet  places,  com¬ 
mon.  May,  June.  —  Stems  4'  -  7'  long.  Flowers  middle-sized. 

14-  striata,  Ait.  (Pale  Violet.)  Stems  angular,  spread¬ 

ing  and  branching;  leaves  heart-shaped,  finely  serrate,  often  acute; 
stipules  oblong-lanceolate,  large,  strongly  fringe-toothed;  spur  thick- 
ishy  much  shorter  than  the  cream-colored,  petals y  the  lateral  bearded, 
the  lower  striped  with  purplish  lines;  stigma  recurved.  —  Rhode 
Island,  Mr.  Hunt ,  W.  New  York  to  Ohio,  May,  June.  —  Leaves, 
much  as  in  No.  13;  the  flowers  larger,  perhaps  sulphur-color,  but  not 


_  ""  Mowers  yellow.  (Stem  leafy  only  at  the  top.) 

v.  pubescens,  Ait.  (Downy  Yellow  Violet.)  Softly 
pubescent;  leaves  very  broadly  heart-shaped ,  toothed,  somewhat 
pointed;  stipules  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  large;  spur  extremely 

short ;  lower  petals  veined  with  purple. _ Var.  1.  eriocarpa  is  l^gf5 

villous-pubescent,  the  large  pods  woolly.  Var.  2.  scabriuscula  is 
smaller,  slightly  pubescent,  and  brighter  green,  the  pods  smooth  or 
woo  y  Rich  woods,  common.  June,  July. — Plant  6*-l 07  ^*5  ’ 
!6;  V.  Hastata,  Michx.  (Halbert-leaved  Violet.)  Ne* 

J-  f  i  r°U8’  Slmp,C  ’’  leaves  halb*rtshaped,  slightly  serrate,  acute, 

southw  T16;  Sma“;  8pUr  Ver>'  short  - Mountains  of  Pen^/*1 

ere  snvtH  d"  ,hJUne'  T  8lender>  ^  -  10'  high.  Leaves  variable.  Fl»« 
ers  smaller  than  in  No.  15.  6 


*  *  * 


17  v  a  /  Leafy- stemmed,  annual  or  biennial. 

round!  .h  t™0,0r’  L  V^-  arvensis.  (Field  Pansy.)  U* 
lar  1  *  °l  G  UPPer  ova^  entire  or  obscurely  crenate ;  stipnles  vel 
freau’pmirate  p,nnat,fid  5  p€ta,s  variegated  (yellowish  blue  and  p«rP^ 
ces  of  th  ^  V  »r^  8ma^  or  wanting  ;  spur  not  longer  than  the  appe® 
donhH  yX  -“Dry  hi,,S  and  fie,ds>  Island  and  New  J*? 

Pansy  or  Henrl’i^e  UCed’  ^  3  dePauPerate  variety  of  ,he  ***  * 

the^merl^n  ’  tho.Sw."ET  of  Europe,  which  far  excels  « 

around  houses.  SpeC‘eS  ln  fragTance-  sometimes  grows  spontaneous 


CISTACEJE.  (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 


47 


Order  16.  CIST  ACE  JE.  (Rock-rose  Family.) 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs ,  with  regular  flowers ,  distinct  hypo - 
gynous  stamens,  a  \-celled  3  -  5 -valued  pod  with  as  many 
parietal  placenta  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  valves ,  and 
orthotropous  albuminous  seeds.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent ;  the 
2  external  small  like  bracts,  sometimes  wanting;  the  3 
others  a  little  twisted  in  the  bud.  Petals  3  or  5,  usually  fu¬ 
gacious,  convolute  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  calyx 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  few  or  many.  Style  single  or  none. 
Ovules  few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  with  the  orifice  at 
the  apex.  Embryo  slender,  straightish  or  curved,  in  mealy 
albumen.  —  Leaves  simple  and  mostly  entire,  the  lower 
usually  opposite,  and  the  upper  alternate.  Root  perennial. 


Synopsis, 

1.  Helianthemcm.  Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious.  Sta- 

'"™“od  ovules  numerous  in  the  conspicuous  petal-bearing 

2.  Hcdsosia.  Petals  5,  fugacious.  Stamens  9-20.  Style  slender. 

Pod  strictly  1-celled,  about  3-seeded. 

.  ec  he  a.  Petals  3,  rather  persistent.  Stamens  3-12.  Style 

iS-’* imperfect  partitions 


1.  HELlilKTHEMtM,  Toum.  Rock-rose. 

sticma  3  M?"  bU<1’  fuSacious‘  Style  short  or  none : 

IT, ter  ?  naPSU  StnCtly  1-C6l,ed-  Embry°  curved  like 

ZJ Z  m  most  N- American  sPecies  two 

sorts,  uz.,  1.  the  primary,  or  earliest  ones,  with  large  petals 
numerous  stamens,  and  many-seeded  pods  :  2.  secondary,  or  later 

(or  noneW  7  SInaller  and  in  clusters,  with  small  petals 

Se  ven! 7  StameDS’and  much  smaller  3 -few-seeded  pods. 
p!  yellow  flowers  open  m  sunshine,  and  cast  their  petals  by  the 

1  wT  Name  fr°m  ’X‘°S’  the  *“*»  a"d  Mspov,  flower.) 

whX'  a  (FROS—)  PetaUearin, 
leaves,  neariy^sSe C1L‘ **  the 
the  small  hoary  liketh*  '?  ar^e  flowers  hairy-pubescent;  of 

leayes.  r  'OWer  side  of  the  lanceolate-ob.ong 

A  variety  is  more  hoary,  and  with  a  stronger  tendency 


48 


CISTACEJJ.  (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 

to  multiply  the  minute  clustered  flowers.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  dry  [ 
soil  (rarer  westward).  June -Aug.  —  Stem  at  first  simple.  Corolla  j 
of  the  large  flowers  1'  wide,  producing  pods  3"  long:  pods  of  the 
smaller  flowers  not  larger  than  a  pin’s  head.  —  Late  in  autumn  crys-  ; 
tals  of  ice  shoot  from  the  cracked  bark  at  the  root,  whence  the  popu*  j 
lar  name.  k 

2  ,f-  ^orymbosiim,  Michx.  Flowers  all  clustered  at  tk  f 
summit  of  the  stem  or  branches,  the  petal-bearing  ones  at  length0® 
slender  stalks;  calyx  woolly.  — Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  (?)  1 

southward. —  Primary  flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 


2.  HUDSOXIA,  L.  Hudsonia. 

Petals  5,  fugacious  (lasting  but  a  day),  much  larger  than  the 
calyx.  Stamens  9  -  30.  Style  long  and  slender  :  stigma  min"*®- 
Pod  oblong,  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  strictly  1-celled,  with  2- 
seeds  attached  near  the  base  of  the  valves  by  slender  upright  se 
stalks.  Embryo  spirally  coiled.  —  Bushy  heath-like  little  shruhs 
(seldom  a  foot  high),  covered  all  over  with  the  small  aw  1-shape 
or  scale-like  persistent  downy  leaves,  producing  numerous  (sm® 
but  showy)  bright  yellow  flowers  crowded  along  the  upper  part 
the  branches.  (Named  in  honor  of  Hudson ,  an  English  botanis 
contemporary  with  Linnaeus.) 

ericoides,  L.  (Heath-like  Hudsonia.) 
greenish  ;  leaves  awl-shaped,  loose  ;  flowers  on  slender  naked  »*a 
—  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  New  Jersey  to  Plymouth  and  M 
(near  Columbia,  Miss  Hamlin).  May.  .  . 

2.  II  tomcntosa,  Nutt.  (Dowsr  Hcdsosia  )  Hoary «' 
C«Ve8| ova*  or  °blong,  close-pressed  and  imbricated;  «**£ 
from  ?  y  COa8*’  NeW  Jers®y  t»  Maine,  and  on  the  Great  ^ 

June  £!P  am  ^  Superior.  Also  in  the  interior  at  Conway,  »Ia 
June.  —  r  lowers  5"  broad. 


-  L.  PlNWEED. 

Petals  3,  narrow,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering-Pel 
teat.  Stamens  3-  12.  Style  scarcely  any  ;  stigmas  3,  fM 
globular,  appearing  partly  3-celled  from  the  3  large  pi** 
wards  ^  lmperfect  partitions,  each  bearing  2  seeds  on  the  face 

and  nartl 6  ^  '  *"  °“r  3pecies  the  placenta:  curve  backw: 
and  Partly  inclose  the  seeds.  Embryo  nearly  straight.  -  Hon 

Eed  h^’  ^  TC*7  8maU  greenish  or  PurPllsh  fl°", 

(Earned  in  honor  of  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist,  Professor  at  M 


49 


CISTACE.E.  (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 


1.  JL.  major,  Michx.  (Larger  Pinweed.)  Hairy;  stem  up¬ 
right,  simple,  producing  slender  prostrate  branches  from  the  base  ; 
leaves  elliptical ,  mucronate-pointed,  alternate  and  opposite  or  some¬ 
times  whorled  ;  flowers  densely  crowded  in  panicied  clusters  ;  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  globose-depressed  (very  small)  pods.  —  Woodlands. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  1°  -  2°  high,  stout. 


2.  L,.  tliy  mi  folia,  Pursh.  (Thyme-leaved  Pinweed.)  Hoary 
with  oppressed  hairs ,  especially  the  decumbent  stout  leafy  shoots 
from  the  base ;  flowering  stems  ascending,  loosely  branched,  with  the 
leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate ;  those  of  the  shoots  elliptical ,  whorled, 
crowded;  flowers  scattered  in  small  and  loose  clusters;  pedicels  as 
long  as  the  globose  pods.  —  Sandy  coast,  New  Jersey  to  Maine. 
July -Sept. —  Scarcely  a  foot  high,  tufled,  rigid;  the  pods  larger 
than  in  No.  1.  r  6 


3.  L,.  minor,  Lam.  (Smaller  Pinweed.)  Minutely  hairy ; 
stems  slender,  upright  or  diffuse ;  leafy  shoots  densely  tufted  at  the 
base ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  loosely  racemed  on  the  slender  branch- 
lets ;  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  globose  pods. —  Dry  open 
soil.  June  -  Sept.  Plant  5'  - 15'  high,  slender,  running  into  num- 
t«rless  vanauons  according  to  the  soil  and  season.  Pods  smaller  than 


Order  17.  DROSERACEiE.  (Sundew  Family.) 
Bog-herbs ,  mostly  glandular-haired,  with  regular  hypo- 
gynous  flowers,  penlamerous  and  withering-persistent  calyx 
corolla,  and  stamens,  and  a  1  -celled  pod  with  twice  as  many 
styles  or  stigmas  as  there  are  parietal  placenta. —Calyx 
imbricated.  Petals  convolute.  Stamens  5- 15:  anther, 

Zo°:;rrdK  •  Se;t numerous’  anatr°p°us’  **  * 

bud  7  e  ‘nCd  r  a|burnen.  Leaves  circinate  in  the 
bud, e.  rolled  up  from  the  apex  to  the  base  like  a  fern. 

1.  DBOSEBA,  L.  Sunoew. 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  or  sometimes  5,  deeply  2-parted  so  th„r 

fr : or :°’ ^  Zg  i 

middle  fo  the  who^wT  seeds  their 

clothed  with  reddistJr^t~  r.Perennial8’  ^  the  leaves 
tuft  at  the  base  •  the&  k  a  bnstles> ln  our  species  all  in  a 

.hSrj,*  "t  b'™s "» ,o"»*  “ » ■-»« 

“«  *P».  “  tta  fc.h.bl„.„  (lower 


50 


DROSERACE.fi.  (SUNDEW  FAMILY.) 


(which  opens  only  in  sunshine)  is  always  highest.  (The  glands 
of  the  leaves  exude  a  clear  fluid,  appearing  like  dew-drops,  whence 
the  name,  from  $po<rc/xfc,  dewy.) 

1  rotundifolia,  L.  (Round-leaved  Sundew.)  Leavts 
orbicular  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spreading  hairy  petioles;  seeds 
spindle-shaped,  the  coat  loose  and  chaff-like;  flowers  white.  — Peat¬ 
bogs,  common.  July,  Aug. 

2.  D.  longi folia,  L.  (Longer-leaved  Sundew.) 
spatui 'ate- oblong,  tapering  into  the  long  rather  erect  naked  petioles, 
seeds  oblong,  with  a  rough  close  coat ;  flowers  white.  —  Bogs,  com¬ 
mon  eastward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  raised  on  its  prolonged  caudex 
when  growing  in  water. 


3.  IK  linearis,  Goldie.  (Slender  Sundew.)  Leaves  line&i 
obtuse,  the  blade  (2'  —  3*  long,  scarcely  2"  wide)  on  naked  erect  petu>a 
about  the  same  length  ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  smooth  and  perfect  y 
close  coat;  flowers  white.  — Upper  Michigan. —Scapes  sometimes 
1  -3-flowered,  as  figured  by  Hooker,  often  elongated  and  8-10-  °* 
ered,  occasionally  forked  with  a  primary  flower  in  the  division. 

4.  IK  filif6rmis,  Raf.  (Thread-leaved  Sundew.) 
very  long  and  filiform,  erect,  with  no  distinction  between  the 
and  the  stalk  ;  seeds  spindle-shaped  ;  flowers  numerous,  purple  rose 
color  (Abroad).  — Wet  sand,  near  the  coast,  Plymouth,  Mass**"* 
setts,  to  New  Jersey  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Scapes  &  - 12'  hig  » a 
the  singular  leaves  little  shorter. 


Suborder  PARNASSIEjE. 

Smooth  herbs ,  with  slightly  perigynous  stamens ,  an  outer 
series  of  them  sterile  and  in  clusters ,  imbricated  petals ,  an 
4  sessile  stigmas  opposite  the  parietal  placenta .  Leaves  al¬ 
ternate ,  not  coiled  in  the  bud .  —-Consists  of  the  following 
genus,  of  dubious  affinity. 


PARNASSIA,  Touro.  Grass  of  Pa*nassi 
Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  veiny,  spreading,  rather  p« 
ent:  a  cluster  of  somewhat  united  sterile  filaments  at  the  ba 

i  T*  stamens  5’  alternate  with  the  petals :  anthers  o 
S5J,  °vary  1 -celled,  with  4  projecting  parietal  place 

album  ^  n!™er°US’  anatropous,  with  a  winged  seed-coat  an 
and  >h  r  creni>hU  herbs,  with  tlie  entire  leaves  chiefly  r:ll‘ 

and  the  solitary  flowers  terminating  the  long  naked  stems.  P 
white,  wuh  greenish  or  yellowish  veins.  (Named  from  M 


DROSERACEJk.  (SUNDEW  FAMILY.)  51 


Parnassus,  on  which  a  plant  called  Grass  of  Parnassus  was  said 
by  Diotcorides  to  grow.  Toum.) 

*  **•  *  aroliiiifcna,  Michx.  Petals  sessile,  more  than  twice 
ih<*  length  of  the  calyx,  many-veined ;  abortive  filaments  3  in  each 
distinct  almost  to  the  base  (with  yellow  glandular  tips). — 
^  •  i  hank*,  New  Lngl  to  Michigan.  July.  — Leaves  thickish,  ovate 
or  n  umled,  sometimes  heart-shaped,  usually  but  one  on  the  stalk, 
w  down  and  clatping.  Stalk  8'  - 18'  high.  Flower  V  broad. 

J  l>'  P»luMris  Petals  sessile,  rather  longer  than  the 
P  T*’  *4®rt*r<  filaments  9-13  in  each  set,  slender.— 

pper  .Mich.gsn ;  and  to  be  sought  elsewhere  along  our  northern  bor- 
®  m.  Stalks  3' -8'  high.  Leaves  all  heart-shaped. 


Ordek  18.  IIYPERICACiLE.  (St.  John’s- wort  Fam.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Kith  opposite  entire  doited  leaves  and 
*°  regular  hypogynous  flowers,  the  petals  convolute 

111  ’  °rfeW  S‘amenS  CoUecled  in  3  «*  more 

IZT  Z  P°d  hcelhd  With  2"  5  Varietd  pla- 

^  ^  ^-celled  by  the  meeting  of 
.  tn  *  ••  deh^ence  septicidal.  -  Sepals 

T  "  the  ^  Petals  4  o  5 

nKMlv  deciduous.  Pod2-5-  (rarely  6-7-)  lobed  whh  ’ 

T"  9,y,eS’  WhicH  ^  31  first  "^time's  unLd’ 

**  »ith  pellucid  or  dark  Wands"10^  !"  aCnd  Juice>  dot* 

1  \*(tn  Synopsis, 

3  ^paUr^PetoU5al‘ob|PCta,S4’0bli<lUe,yellow- 

3  Etooas.  Sepal,  5  P.,.?  *  °bhque>  ye|low. 

pi...  ah^3 

smaller  p  .  °Uter  Tery  broad  and  leaf-like  •  the  • 
die  fikm  P  *  4’  °bl'que’  very  deciduous  St  ’  h  mner  mUCh 
* -laments  m  clusters,  but  scarcelvf  ,Staraens  numerous; 

1 -celled,  2-3-  (rarely^  4  Z  “  at  the  ba^- 

"<1  l®»«d  Peart,  solitary 


52 


HYPERICACE.E.  (sT.  JOHN’s-WORT  FAMILY.) 

pale  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  a ,  without ,  and  oKtpos,  rough¬ 
ness,  being  smooth  plants. ) 

1.  A*  Stans,  Michx.  (Upright  St.  Peter’s-wort.)  Stem 
simple  or  branched  above,  2-edged  j  leaves  oval  or  oblong ,  somewhat 
clasping ,  thickish  ;  petals  large,  obovate  ;  styles  3—4.  — Pine  barrens, 
Long  Island  and  New  Jersey.  Aug.  —  Plant  1°-2P  high,  stout. 
Flowers  showy,  almost  sessile  :  outer  sepals  round-heart-shaped. 

2.  A.  Crax-Andresp,  L.  (St.  Andrew’s  Cross.)  Stems 
much  branched  and  decumbent ;  leaves  narrowly  obovate-oblong p,  eon- 
traded  at  the  base ,  thin;  petals  linear-oblong;  styles  2,  very  short; 
pod  flat.  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  July -Sept  — 
Low,  slender;  the  pedicels  of  the  smallish  flowers  shorter  than  the 
leaves.  Petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  outer  sepals,  approaching  e&c 
other  in  pairs  over  them,  in  the  form  of  a  St.  Andrew’s  cross. 

2.  HYPERICUM,  L.  St.  John’s-wort. 
Sepals  5,  somewhat  equal,  herbaceous.  Petals  5,  oblige. 
Stamens  numerous  or  few,  united  or  clustered  in  3  -  5  parcels, 
without  interposed  glands.  Pod  1- or  3  -  5-cel  led.  —Herbs  or 
shrubs,  branched  above,  with  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  name, 
of  obscure  origin,  thought  by  Linnaeus  to  be  composed  of  vrrep  an 

f  1*0)1/.) 

§  1.  Stamens  very  numerous ,  5 -adelphous :  pod  5-  (occasionally  6-7  ) 
celled,  with  the  placenta  projecting  far  into  the  cells  :  herbaceous,  pr 
ennial ;  jlowers  very  large.  . 

1.  H.  pyramidatum,  Ait.  (Great  St.  Johs’s-wortJ 
Branches  2  -  4-angled  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  partly  clasping '»  Pe  a 
narrowly  obovate,  not  deciduous  until  after  they  wither;  stigmas  cap 

itate.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  rare.  July. _ Plant  3? -5°  high.  Leave 

2'-3>  long.  Flowers  almost  2'  wide.  Pod  large,  conical. 

§  2.  Stamens  very  numerous,  pod  3-5-eelted  by  the  meeting  or  junction 
of  the  placenta*. ,  which  are  seed-bearing  on  the  outer  face. 

*  Shrubs:  styles  (at  first  unUed)  and  cells  of  the  pod  3  or  5 : 

leafy,  refiexed  :  stamens  scarcely  at  all  clustered.  . 

2-  II.  Kalmianum,  L.  (Halm’s  Shrubbv  Joh*  s""  . 

Bushy;  branches  4-angled:  branchlets  2-edged;  leaves  ’ 

glaucous ,  narrowly  oblanceolate  ;  flowers  few  in  a  cluster  ;  p°  *  ^ 

5-celled.  Wet  rocks,  Niagara  Falls  and  northern  lakes  Aug- 
^hrub  1°  -  3°  high,  leafy  to  the  summit.  Leaves  lf  —  2'  long- 
era  about  1'  wide. 

3.  II.  prolificnm,  L.  (Shrubby  St.  John’s-wort.) 
lets  2-edged ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  narro" 


HYPERICACEJE.  (ST.  JOHN’S-WORT  FAMILY.)  53 

the  base ;  flowers  numerous  in  simple  or  compound  clusters ;  pods 
ovoid-oblong,  ^-celled.  —  Penn,  to  Ohio  and  Michigan.  July  -  Sept.  — 
Shrub  1°  -  3°  high,  with  long  rather  simple  shoots,  leaves  21  long  and 
or  more  wide,  and  large  flowers.  In  New  Jersey  and  southward  is 
a  variety  ?  which  is  more  bushy,  with  smaller  and  more  clustered 
leaves  and  flowers. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs  :  styles  ( spreading )  and  cells  of  the  pod  3  :  petals 
and  anthers  with  black,  dots:  calyx  appressed:  stamens  in  3  or  5 
clusters. 

4.  H.  perforatum,  L.  (Common  St.  John’s-wort.)  Stem 
much  branched  and  corymbed,  somewhat  2-edged  (producing  runners 
from  the  base) ;  leaves  elliptical-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  with  pellu¬ 
cid  dots;  petals  (deep  yellow)  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute 
sepals;  styles  diverging;  flowers  numerous  in  open  cymes.  —  Pas¬ 
tures  and  meadows,  &c.  June -Sept.  —  Introduced  from  Europe, 
but  thoroughly  naturalized,  and  too  well  known  everywhere  as  a  per¬ 
nicious  weed,  which  it  is  almost  impossible  to  extirpate.  Its  juices 

I  are  very  acrid. 

5.  H.  corymbdsnm,  Muhl.  (Spotted  St.  John’s-wort  ) 
Conspicuously  marked  with  both  black  and  pellucid  dots;  stem  terete, 

f  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  clasping ;  flowers  crowd- 
r  ed  (small);  petals  pale  yellow,  much  longer  than  the  oblong  sepals. — 
I  Damp  places,  common.  July  -  Sept.  —  Leaves  larger  and  flowers  much 
smaller  than  in  No.  4 ;  petals  marked  with  black  lines  as  well  as  dots. 
§3.  Stamens  very  numerous,  obscurely  clustered:  pod  1-celled,  the  3 
placentae  projecting  but  not  joined  in  the  centre,  bearing  the  seeds  on 
the  inner  face. 

*  Somewhat  shrubby  at  the  base.  ( Styles  united.) 

6.  H.  niidiflorum,  Michx.  (Naked-flowered  St.  John’s- 
wort.)  Stem  4-angled,  winged  above ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate - 

t  oval,  obtuse,  pale ;  cyme  compound,  leafless ;  sepals  oblong  ;  pods 
I  ovoid-conical.  —  Pennsylvania  (rare)  and  southward.  Flowers  rather 
small. 

7.  H.  splireroc&rpon,  Michx.  (Round-fruited  St.  John’s- 
’  wort.)  Stem  nearly  terete ;  leaves  oblong -linear,  obtuse,  thickish,  pale 

beneath,  spreading  ;  cyme  compound,  depressed,  leafless ;  sepals 
ovate  ;  pods  depressed- globose.  —  Rocky  banks,  Ohio  and  southwrest- 
y  ward.  July.  —  A  handsome  species,  2P  high.  Pod  strictly  1-celled. 

8.  H.  adpressum,  Barton.  (Upright-leaved  St.  John’s- 
^  wort.)  Stem  simple,  somewhat  4-angled  below  and  2-edged  above, 
jl  scarcely  woody  at  the  base;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear - 

oblong,  thin ,  the  upper  acute  ;  cyme  few-flowered,  nearly  leafless ;  se¬ 
pals  very  unequal ;  pods  ovoid-oblong.  —  Moist  places,  Philadelphia 
and  New  Jersey.  Rhode  Island,  Olney.  July,  Aug.  Plant!  -2° 
high.  Flowers  half  as  large  as  in  No.  4. 

5  * 


54 


HYPERICACEJE.  (ST.  JOHN’S- WORT  FAMILY.) 


*  *  Herbaceous,  perennial. 

9.  H.  ellipticnm,  Hook.  (Elliptical-leaved  St.  John’s- 
wort.)  Stem  simple,  somewhat  4-angled  ;  leaves  thin ,  elliptical,  ob¬ 
tuse  ;  cyme  nearly  naked,  few-flowered,  depressed ;  sepals  very  une¬ 
qual,  spreading ;  styles  united  nearly  to  the  top  ;  pods  ovoid-globose. 
—  Borders  of  ponds,  Rhode  Island  to  Michigan.  July.  —  A  foot  high. 
Leaves  1*  long.  Flowers  small,  light  yellow  ;  pods  purplish. 

10.  H.  ailKulosum,  Mich?  (Angled  St.  John’s-wort.) 
Stem  slender,  strict,  simple,  sharply  4-angled  ;  leaves  opaque,  opate  or 
oblong -lanceolate,  acute,  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base ;  cyme  com¬ 
pound,  naked,  the  branches  prolonged,  with  the  scattered  flowers  raceme¬ 
like;  sepals  appressed  to  the  ovoid  pod;  styles  distinct.  —  Wet  pine 
barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward.  July —  Sept.  —  Stems  l°-2° 
high.  Leaves  1*  long,  erect.  Flowers  copper-yellow.  Pod  short¬ 
er  than  the  calyx. 

§  4.  Stamens  5-12,  distinct:  pod  ( brown-purple )  1  -celled,  with  3 strictly 

parietal  placenta :  styles  short,  distinct:  petals  oblong  or  linear, 

small :  low  and  slender  annuals. 

11.  H.  miitilum,  L.  (Small  St.  John’s-wort.)  Stem 
widely  branching ;  leaves  ovate-oblong ,  obtuse,  heart-shaped,  partly 
clasping,  5-nerved;  cymes  leafy;  pods  ovate-conical,  rather  longer 
than  the  calyx.  (H.  parviflorum,  Muhl)  —  Low  grounds,  every¬ 
where.  Plant  6'- 10;  high,  leafy  t«  the  top.  Flowers  2n  broad. 

12.  H.  Canadense,  L.  (Canadian  St.  John’s-wort.) 
Branches  erect,  corymbose  ;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  nar¬ 
rowed  at  the  base,  black-dotted  beneath  ;  cymes  naked  ;  pods  conical- 
oblong,  acute,  usually  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Wet  sandy  soil. 

A  span  high.  Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  11,  copper-yellow. 

13.  H.  Sarothra,  Michx.  (Orange-grass.  Pine-weed.) 
Stem  and  bushy  branches  thread-like,  wiry,  4-angle<i  ;  leaves  minute 
awl-shaped  scales,  oppressed;  flowers  mostly  sessile  and  scattered 
along  the  erect  branches;  pods  slender,  very  acute,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  (Sarothra  gentianoides,  L.)  —  Sandy  fields ;  flowering  all 
summer,  like  the  two  foregoing.  —  Plant  4' -9'  high,  appearing  as  “ 
leafless.  Flowers  very  small  orange-yellow. 

3.  E  LODE  A,  Adans.  Marsh  St.  John’s-wort. 

Sepals  5,  equal.  Petals  5,  equal-sided,  oblong.  Stamens  9 
(rarely  12  or  15),  triadelphous  ;  the  sets  separated  by  as  many 
orange-colored  glands.  Pod  3-celled,  oblong:  styles  distinct.— 
Perennial  herbs,  growing  in  marshes  or  shallow  water,  with  small 
close  clusters  of  purplish  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  at 
the  summit.  (Name  from  e\d)8qs,  growing  in  marshes.) 


55 


ELATINACEiE.  (WATER-WORT  FAMILY.) 

E«  Virginica,  Nutt.  Leaves  closely  sessile  or  clasping  by  a 
I  broad  base ,  oblong  or  ovate,  very  obtuse  ;  filaments  united  below  the 
|  middle.  (Hypericum  Virginicum,  L.) — Common  in  swamps.  July, 

n  Au«-  ^ 

*  2-  E*  petiolata,  Pursh.  Leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiole , 

oblong  :  filaments  united  beyond  the  middle.  — New  Jersey  and  west- 
ward,  rare. 

• 

i  Order  19.  ELATIIVACEiE*  (Water-wort  Family.) 

Little  marsh  annuals ,  with  opposite  dotless  leaves  and 
j  membranaceous  stipules ,  minute  axillary  flowers  like  Chick- 
t  weeds,  but  the  pod  2  -  5-celled ,  and  the  seeds  as  in  St. 
John’s- worts.  —  The  principal  genus  is 

!•  ELATINE,  L.  Water-wort. 

Sepals  2 -4,  persistent.  Petals  2  -  4,  hypogynous.  Stamens 
2-8.  Styles,  or  sessile  capitate  stigmas,  2-4.  Pod  2  -  4-cell- 
i  ed>  several  -  many-seeded,  2  -  4-valved  ;  the  partitions  left  attach- 
i  ed  to  the  axis,  or  evanescent.  Seeds  cylindrical,  straightish  or 
i  curved.  (An  obscure  Greek  name  for  some  such  herb.) 

1*  E«  Americana,  Amott.  Dwarf  (P  high),  creeping,  root- 
ing  in  the  mud,  tufled;  leaves  obovate ;  flowers  sessile;  sepals,  petals, 
stamens,  and  stigmas  2,  rarely  3 ;  seeds  5  or  6  in  each  cell,  rising 

from  the  base.  (Peplis  Americana,  Pursh.  Crypta  minima,  Nutt.) _ 

Margin  of  ponds,  &c.  Pod  very  thin  and  delicate ;  the  seeds  large  in 
proportion,  straightish. 

Order  20.  C ARY OPHY LLAC EiE.  (Pink  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  symmetrical  4-5-mer- 
ous  flowers  with,  or  sometimes  without,  petals ;  the  distinct 
stamens  no  more  than  tvriceLthe  number  of  the  sepals ;  styles 
seeds  attached  to  the  base  or  central  column  of  the 
1-celled  ( rarely  3—  5-celled)  pod ,  with  a  slender  embryo 

coiled  or  curved  around  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen. _ 

Bland  herbs ;  the  stems  usually  swollen  at  the  joints  ;  up¬ 
permost  leaves  rarely  alternate.  Leaves  often  united  at  the 
base.  Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Styles  stig- 
matic  along  the  inside.  Seeds  campylotropous.  —  There 


56 


CARYOPHYLLACEJE.  (PINK  FAMILY.) 


are  three  principal  suborders,  and  some  small  appended 
groups,  as  subjoined  in  the 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  L  SILENE-dE.  The  proper  Pink  Family, 

Sepals  united  into  a  tubular  calyx.  Petals  and  stamens  borne  on 
t  e  sta  of  the  many -seeded  poa^  the  former  with  long  claws.  — 
fctipules  none.  Flowers  mostly  showy. 

1.  Dianthus.  Calyx  with  scaly  bractlets  at  the  base.  Styles  2. 

.  'aponaria.  Calyx  naked.  Styles  2.  Pod  opening  by  4  teeth. 
v  ilene.  Calyx  naked.  Styles  3.  Pod  opening  by  6  teeth. 

4.  Lychnis.  Calyx  naked.  Styles  5.  Pod  opening  by  5  or  10 


Suborder  II.  ALSINEJE.  The  Chickweed  Family. 

and  with  lStinCt  °r  near'y  S°'  Pe*als  without  claws  (sometimes  none) 

t  exterior Se*>a,s’  or>  when  fewer, opposite  those  which  are 
or  rarely  fewer  =  Sta“enS  lW'Ce  the  nUmber  of  the  (4"5)  ^P*18’ 

5  Ul  Flowers  pelfict.5’  StyleS  3  (rarely  2  "  4)' 

6  H°' bearin’  P®,als  5)  eDtire-  Styles  3-5.  Disk  large  and  gland- 
7.  Stkllaria*  P  ow®rs  °f  two  sorts,  or  somewhat  dioecious. 

8  valved  a  ’  ***  °r  Wanti"S'  Styles  3-4.  Pod  3- 

CERAapTex  b,  lot!*6’  2'l0bed'  S‘yleS  5‘  Pod  °pening  3‘  ‘he 

•  •  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals :  stamens  as  many  as  and  opposite 

9.  Sagina  P  ‘  .  Tl8’  8°mc,imes  as  many. 

5-valr?d  8  ’  Und,V‘ded’  or  none‘  Styles  4-5.  Pod  4- 

SuborderHL  ILLECEBREjE.  The  Knotwort  Family. 

like  stipules,  the  umLim^6  phlckweed  Family,  but  with  dry  scale- 
pods  sometimes  1 -seeded  ^  rareIy  ■tomato,  and  the  1-celled 

®l-v'es  3-5.  Petals  usually  manifest. 

IF  SexaGeLAKTA  ^fesa  Tr  Wh°r,ed' 

y,esJ.  Leaves  opposite. 


57 


CARYOPHYLLACEJE.  (PINK  FAMILY.) 


*  *  Pod  (utricle)  1-seeded.  Styles  2,  often  united.  Petals  bristle- 
form  or  none.  Stamens  plainly  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
12.  Anychia.  Petals  none.  Sepals  flattish,  unarmed. 

.  13.  Paronychia.  Petals  minute  or  bristle-form.  Sepals  concave 

awned. 

Suborder  IV.  SCL.ERANTHE.iE.  The  Knawel  Family. 

Characters  of  the  preceding,  but  no  stipules,  and  the  sepals  more 
united  below  into  an  indurated  tube  surrounding  the  utricle  *  the  sta¬ 
mens  inserted  at  the  throat. 

14.  Scleranthus.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5  or  10. 


Suborder  V.  MOLLUGINE^E.  Indian  Chickweeds. 

Characters  as  in  suborders  II.  and  III,  but  the  stamens  opposite  the 
sepals,  and  the  pod  completely  3-celled.  Stipules  obsolete. 

15.  Mollugo.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3-5.  Styles  3. 

Suborder  I.  SILENE/E.  The  proper  Pink  Family. 

1.  DlIlKTHrS,  L.  Pink. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  supported  at  the  base  by  2  or  more 
unbneated  bractlets.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  long-stalked, 
1-celled,  4-valved  at  the  apex.  Seeds  horizontal  :  embryo  barely 
curved. -Ornamental  plants,  of  well-known  aspect  and  value  in 
cultivation,  none  natives  of  this  country.  (Name  from  A10V  of 
Jupiter,  and  auSos,  flower,  i.  e.  Jove’s  own  flower.)  ’  J 

1-  B.  Armeria,  L.  (Deptford  Pink.)  Flowers  in 


2.  SAPONAbIA,  L.  Soapwort. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10. 
styles  2.  Pod  short-stalked,  1-celled,  or  partly  2-celled  at  the 
base,  4-toothed  at  the  apex.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  —  Flow 
ers  cymose-cl ustered .  (Name  from  sapo,  soap,  the  mucilaginous 
juice  in  the  subjoined  species  forming  a  lather  with  water.)  ° 

1.  S.  Officinalis,  L.  (Common  Soapwort.  Bouncing  Rvt  t 


58 


CARY0PHYLLACEA2.  (PINK  FAMILY.) 


-  Sept.  A  stout  plant,  with  large  flesh-color  or  pale  pink  flowers ; 
commonly  met  with  in  a  double  state. 

~  T  accar*a*  L.  (Cow-herb.)  Cymes  corymbed  ;  calyx 
pyrami  a  ,  o-angled,  smooth ;  petals  not  crowned  ;  leaves  ovate-lan¬ 
ceolate,  partly  clasping.  ®  _  Escaped  from  gardens  into  waste 
places  near  dwellings.  —  Petals  pale  red. 

3.  .SICE >' E ?  L.  Catchplv.  Campion. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10. 
tyles  3.  Pod  1-celled,  or  partly  3-celled  at  the  base,  opening 
by  6  teeth  at  the  apex.  Embryo  coiled.  —  Flowers  solitary  or 
in  clustered  cymes.  Petals  mostly  crowned  with  a  scale  at  the 
a^e  of  the  blade.  (Name  from  atakov,  saliva ,  in  allusion  to  the 
lsci  secretion  on  the  stems  and  calyx  of  many  species.  The 
ng  ish  name  Catchfly  alludes  to  the  same  peculiarity.) 

1  ^  ^!jdery~inflated  •'  perennial :  flowers  panicled ,  white. 

4  nr/r/ */S  eVata^  (Starry  Campion.)  Leaves  in  whorls  of 

frinn*  anCe°  e'  taPer-pointed  ;  calyx  bell-shaped;  petals  cul  into  a 

gan  _ <a*  ^00<fe<*  banks,  Connecticut  to  Ohio  and  Michi- 

ODen  nvraniiA  i  tem-  **igh,  minutely  pubescent,  with  a  large  and 
Biirelow  )  8  ^>aniC  e‘  ^or°ha  |'  broad.  (Cucubalus  stellatus,  L, 

*  (Snow-white  Campion.)  Leaves  opposite 

°r *  i  °ng'  taPer’P°*nted ;  calyx  oblong ;  petals  wedge-form , 

bus  Oh lnU  c  y  crotcned  Columbia,  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Coluro- 

Flowersfew  r  Can^  Stem  P- 2°  high,  almost  smooth, 

r  lowers  few,  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

oplo*;  (Bladder  Campion.)  Glaucous ;  leaves 

veined  •  netahi  *****  £lobuLar,  much  inflated ,  elegantly 

s  "d  n“"" 

^  foot  high.  Flowers  loosely  cymose. 

pod"  JLJ^faUd  m  dub-shaP<  not  inflated  except  by  the  enlarging 

w,^ri;;e,r;r  ••  p"Ta/;  pZescentr r 

merousVrfrn  r ^  V?"iCa’  Mich*'  <W«“>  P>»*)  Stem9 

“X  v  lr  8ame  0,16  r°0t’ low  5  root-leaves  narrowly  spa.ulate, 
Z3'  TDg  in,°  ^  leaves  (2-  3  pairs) 

teedaf-furm^rT,lClUSlered'Shon'sUilked’  caly*  club-shaped;  petals 
Xgt£::  and  er°M  *  end.  -  Rocky  or  grav- 

l  _  .  _  June-  —  Flowers  handsome,  purple-rose-color. 

Itavet  thiJ^Zfj*’ <FireP,sk  Catch  fit.)  Stems  single) 
Zl  c  'TTX’  Zt*  ^S-lanccolate  ;  J Voters  fee  and 

loosely  cymose,  peduncled ;  calyx  oblong-cylindrica^  soon  obconical; 


CARYOPHYLLACEjE.  (pink  FAMILY.)  59 

petals  oblong,  2-clefl.  —  Open  woods,  from  W.  New  York  ( Sartwell) 
westward  and  southward.  June  -  Aug.  -  Stem  upright,  2=  high. 
Petals  crimson,  the  limb  V  long.  r  6  5 

®;  SJ*  res?a,’  ,Sim8'  (Roval  CiTCHFLr.)  Stem  roughish, 
erect ,  leaves  thickwh  cvate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  flowers  numerous,  sbort- 
slalked  in  clusters,  forming  a  strict  panicle  ;  calyx  ovoid-club-shaped 
Julv  Us?u ‘ul‘ae-l“nceo,ate  mostlV  undivided. Prairies,  Ohio. 

July— Stems  4“  h,gh.  Petals  large  as  in  No.  5,  deep  scarlet 

Vil'idt*  •  r0tMndif6?a’  NUM-  (R°™°-«aved  Catchflv.) 
Viscid-hairy  ;  stems  weak,  branched,  decumbent ;  leaves  thin  round 

«V pinpointed,  the  lower  obovate ;  flowers  few  and  loosely  cymose’ 
Ss  of  'he  Ohio  jat6<1 1  %CUft  and  cut-to°‘>“d.  -l haded 

*  in*Noi ^  mh-,inJlateteX[ept  by  tU  P°d  ■'  annual:  fiowers  (except 
teir  }  ^  ^  °Penin"  ”**  at  niShl  °r  «'»  cloudy 

s imgmmm 

a.™ to  pl«„.  _  C<|JS  ,„d  ^  ~  E”"P"1  *°»  !»• 

«...  n“,e  -»*•. 

linear ;  flowers  small  looseh^n  J  /  !  vlsc,d »  leaves  lanceolate  or 

8^Lrn8picuous’ siishtiy  ~d-c- 

cem;  loLwer(SP,rr  NTT-C— V.)  Pubes. 

alternate  in  a  strict  1  sTdd'  l  ‘he  UPPer  line:lr  i  fibers 
2-par  ted.  _  Introduced  a7d  ,„  *  f  ^  (S"*nish-white) 

to  Schweinitz.  ^  naturali*ed  in  Penn.,  according 

>WERU,e  c— ) 

lanceolate,  taper-pointed-  /v®*  ^  sPatulatei  the  upper 

calyx  cylindrical  with  lnn^  7  r  ^  *** -M*.  pedundcd ; 

2-parted  ( S.  noctutna.  ft  ®  ;  Tf  ‘ee‘h  !  Petals  "“her  targe. 

Stem  1°  -  3°  high.  PeJsthile^  purplish.  ’  alized. 

12.  S*  acafUisarL<U^M’  *"7?  '  Partial,  \. flowered. 

'eaves  lin,ar“Sed  to  t^0"  Ti  Tufted  a  moss; 
flowers  almost  sessile -cal*  r  ““  rf  th«  short  stems  (P-3/); 
white,  inversely  hlart  slirLd ’gh  *  ‘"7“^  Petals  purple  or  rarely 

White  MountaiL,N  HiSUC.r°Wn  A‘Pine  of  lh° 


60 


CARYOPHYLLACEJ2.  (PINK  FAMILY.) 

4.  IiYCHIVIS,  Tourn.  Cockle.  Ragged  Robin. 

Calyx  tubular,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5. 
Pod  1-celled,  or  half  5-celled,  scarcely  stalked,  opening  at  the  top 
hy  5  or  10  teeth.  Embryo  coiled  in  a  ring.  (Name  from  \v\vos , 
a  lamp ,  the  cottony  covering  of  such  species  as  the  L.  coronaria 
of  our  gardens  having  been  used  for  wicks.) 

1-  1*.  Gitliskg’o,  Lam.  (Corn  Cockle.)  Annual,  hairy, 
branched  ;  leaves  linear ;  calyx  with  long  teeth,  leaf-like  in  fruit, 
nbbed  ;  petals  crownless,  entire  (purple).  —  Grain-fields,  introduced, 
too  well  known  to  farmers  as  a  troublesome  weed.  (Agrost6mma 
Githago,  L.)  v  5 


Suborder  II.  ALSINEAD.  The  Chickweed  Family. 

5.  ARENARIA,  L.  Sandwort. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  entire.  Stamens  twice  as 
many.  Styles  3  (rarely  2  or  4),  opposite  the  outer  sepals.  Pod 
sp  itting  from  above  into  as  many  valves  as  styles,  the  valves 
sometimes  2-cleft.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  or  cymose,  per¬ 
fect,  white.  (Name  from  arena ,  sand.) 

§  1.  Alsine.  Valves  of  the  capsule  3,  entire:  seeds  naked.  Leaves 
commonly  awl-shaped  or  thread-form. 

1  t  n  *  S?*llarr^sa*  Alichx.  (Pine-barren  Sandwort.)  Dense* 
y  uned  from  a  deep  perpendicular  root;  leaves  closely  imbricated , 
nnt  SJ>rC{!  in&'  ai°L shaped ,  short,  channelled  ;  branches  naked  and  nii* 
1 1  ^  U  Y  a^ove»  8everal-flowered  ;  sepals  obtuse ,  ovate,  short* 

May  ^july  ^  ^  ^UrC  8and’  k°nS  Island  and  New  Jersey. 

•  _  V  M*c:hx.  (Rock  Sandwort.)  Erect,  or  spread- 

i  ,r°^n  a  Sma.  root»  smooth  ;  leaves  slender ,  between  aicl-shaped  and 
ansue-jorm,  with  many  others  clustered  in  the  axils;  cyme  diffuse, 
naked  many-flowered  ;  sepals  pointed ,  3 -ribbed,  ovate,  as  long  as  the 
pot.  U  Rocks  and  dry  banks,  Vermont  to  Michigan.  July.— 
d ranches  and  leaves  generally  spreading,  so  that  the  name  is  not 
appropriate.  ° 

Spreng.  (Mountain  Sandwort.) 

?,ftedJfr0m  Slendcr  roots,  smooth;  /ear**  linear-thread- 
venal  *  ^  18tant’  not  clustered,  obtuse ;  cyme  few-flowered ; 

syals  oblong ,  obtuse ,  nearly  equalling  the  pod.  U  -  Crevices  of 
rocks,  summit  of  the  Shawangunk  and  Whiteface  Mountains,  New 
York,  Green  Mountains,  and  White  Mountains.  July -Sept  - 


CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 


(PINK  FAMILY.)  61 

Dwarf,  not  rigid  like  the  foregoing,  but  the  leaves  rather  fleshy. 
Corolla  wide  ;  the  obovate  petals  slightly  notched. 

§  2.  Arenaria  proper.  —  Valves  of  the  capsule  2-cleft  at  the  apex . 

4.  A.  serpyllifolia,  L.  (Thyme-leaved  Sandwort.)  Dif¬ 
fusely  branched,  roughish  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute  (small)  ;  sepals  lance¬ 
olate,  pointed,  3-5-nerved,  longer  than  the  petals,  equalling  the  ovate 

6-toothed  pod.  (D  — Sandy  fields,  introduced.  June -Aug. _ An 

inconspicuous  weed. 

§  3.  Mcehringia.  Valves  of  the  capsule  2-cleft ,  thus  appearing"  twice 

as  many  as  the  styles :  seeds  minutely  appendaged  ( strophiolate )  at 
the  hilum.  Peduncles  often  appearing  lateral  by  the  prolongation  of 
the  stem. 

5.  A,  lateriflora,  L.  (Side-flowering  Sandwort  )  Spar¬ 
ingly  branched,  erect,  minutely  pubescent;  leaves  oval  or  oblong 
obtuse;  peduncles  2-  (rarely  3-4-)  flowered,  appearing  lateral;  se" 
pals  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  petals.  —  Shady  gravelly  banks 
along  streams,  New  England  to  Michigan,  northward.  May  -  June. 

Leaves  to  V  long  :  corolla  broad. 

HOJVK.EN1TA,  Ehrhart.  Sea-Sandwort. 
Sepals  5,  fleshy.  Disk  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  conspicuous 
and  glandular,  10-notched.  Petals  5,  inserted  under  the  edge  of 
the  disk,  obovate- wedge-shaped,  tapering  into  a  claw.  Stamens 
10,  inserted  on  the  notches  or  glands  of  the  disk.  Styles  3-5, 
short,  opposite  as  many  of  the  sepals.  Pod  fleshy,  opening  by  as 
many  valves  as  styles,  few-seeded.  —  Very  fleshy  perennials  of 
sandy  shores,  forked,  with  solitary  axillary  flowers,  more  or  less 
polygamo-dicecious.  Petals  white.  (Named  in  honor  of  Honc- 
keny ,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  H.  peploides,  Ehrhart.  Leaves  very  thick  and  fleshy, 
ovate,  slightly  pointed;  sepals  obtuse.  —  Sea-beach,  Maine  to  New 
Jersey.  May,  June.  —  Grows  in  large  tufts  in  the  sands,  6'-10'  high. 
Leaves  f '  long,  partly  clasping,  or  often  minute  on  thickened  sterile 
branches. 

?  •  STELLARIA,  L.  Chickweed.  Starwort. 
Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  or  fewer,  deeply  2-cleft,  sometimes  none. 
Stamens  10,  or  3  —  8.  Styles  3-4,  opposite  as  many  sepals. 
Pod  opening  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  styles,  sev¬ 
eral-many-seeded.  —  Flowers  (white)  terminal,  or  appearing  lat- 
6 


62 


CARYOPHYLLACEJE.  (PINK  FAMILY.) 


eral  by  the  prolongation  of  the  stem  from  the  upper  axils.  (Name 
from  stella ,  a  star,  in  allusion  to  the  star-shaped  flowers.) 

*  Stamens  usually  fewer  than  10.  Leaves  broad. 

1-  S.  media,  Smith.  (Common  Chick  weed.)  Annual  or  bi¬ 
ennial  ;  stems  spreading,  marked  with  an  alternate  pubescent  line ; 
ea\es  ovate,  the  lower  on  hairy  petioles;  petals  2-parted,  shorter 
t  an  the  calyx.  Fields  and  around  dwellings ;  a  most  common 
weed,  doubtless  brought  from  Europe. 

~  S.  p  ubera,  Michx.  (Great  Chjckweed.)  Perennial; 
stems  spreading,  marked  with  2  opposite  hairy  lines ;  leaves  all  ses- 
^°  ‘°n*  or  ovate  }  petals  deeply  2-cleft,  longer  than  the  calyx.  — 
Shaded  rocks,  Penn,  and  southward.  May.  —  Leaves  2'  long. 

*  *  Stame™  mostly  10  ;  styles  often  4.  Perennial 
S.  IbllgTipes,  Goldie.  (Long-stalked  Stitchwort.)  Shin¬ 
ing  or  somewhat  glaucous,  very  smooth  ;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  broadest  at  the  base ,  rather  rigid;  cyme 
tew-flowered,  the  long  pedicels  strictly  erect ;  petals  longer  than  the 

yx;  seeds  smooth.  —  W.  New  York  and  Michigan,  northward, 
rare.  Near  No.  4. 


•  •  longifolia,  Muhl.  (Stitchwort.)  Stem  branching 

o\  e,  w eak  ,  leaves  linear ,  acutish  at  both  ends ,  spreading ;  cymes 
na^ei,  an  at  length  lateral ,  peduncled ,  many-flowered,  the  slender 
pe  ices  spreading ,  petals  2-parted,  soon  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds 
smooth.  -.  Grassy  places,  common.  June.  —  Stem  often  with  rough 
angles,  8;  - 18'  high. 

5-  S*  borealis,  Bigelow.  (Northern  Stitchwort.)  Stems 
naccid,  many  times  forked,  with  a  flower  in  each  division,  leafy  to 
*  l°P’  leaves  hroa<Uy  lanceolate ,  acute,  1-nerved  ;  petals  shorter  than 
le  ca  yx,  or  often  wanting ;  styles  commonly  4  ;  pods  longer  than 
e  calyx;  seeds  smooth.  -  Shaded  swamps,  Rhode  Island  ( Olney )  to 
Michigan,  northward.  June  -  Aug.  -  Stems  5<-  10*  high.  Earlier 
owera  apetalous  :  latest  leaves  often  reduced  to  bracts. 

a<l**«&tica,  Pollich.  (Water  Stitchwort.)  Stems 
ea  ,  decumbent,  prolonged,  leaving  the  naked  few-flowered  sessile 
cymes  lateral;  leaves  oblong ,  acute,  veined;  petals  and  ripe  pods  about 
the  length  of  the  calyx;  styles  3  ;  seeds  roughened.  -  In  swamps  and 
nils,  Westchester,  Penn.,  Darlington,  &c  ,  and  doubtless  elsewhere 
northward. 

p  ,  crassif6lia,  to  which  belongs  Sagina  fontinalis,  Short  4* 
,  ccor  ing  to  Fenzl,  is  to  be  sought  in  Ohio  and  Michigan. 

8.  CERisxilU,  L.  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 
pa  s  ,  rare  y  4.  Petals  as  many,  2-lobed.  Stamens  twice 
as  many,  or  fewer.  Styles  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  and  op- 


63 


CARYOPHYLLACEjE.  (pink  family.) 

posite  them.  Pod  usually  elongated,  opening  at  the  apex  by 
twice  as  many  teeth  as  styles,  many-seeded.  —  Flowers  white,  in 
terminal  cymes.  (Name  from  k epas,  a  horn,  alluding  to  the  shape 
of  the  pods.) 

*  Petals  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  pods  long  and  curved. 

1.  C.  vulgatum,  L.  (Mouse-ear  Chickweed.)  Very 
hairy,  seldom  clammy,  pale,  in  tufts;  leaves  obovate ;  sepals  lanceo¬ 
late,  acute,  in  fruit  as  long  as  the  peduncles.  —  Waste  places;  intro¬ 
duced,  not  so  common  as  the  next  in  the  North.  May-Sept.— 
Biennial  or  perennial  ?  Flowers  small,  at  first  in  close  clusters. 

2.  O*  viscdsum,  L.  (Larger  Mouse-ear  Chickweed.) 
Pubescent  with  somewhat  clammy  hairs;  stems  spreading;  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong  or  oblong-ovate  ;  sepals  oblong-ovate,  obtuse ,  in  fruit 
shorter  than  the  peduncles .  —  Dry  fields  and  woods,  possibly  native, 
as  well  as  introduced.  May- Aug.  —  Biennial?  Taller,  more  dif¬ 
fuse,  and  greener  than  No.  1,  with  longer  leaves  and  looser  as  well 
as  larger  flowers.  Stamens  sometimes  but  5,  when  it  is  probably  the 
C.  semideedndrum  of  American  authors. 

*  *  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.  C.  nutans,  Raf.  (Clammy  Wild  Chickweed.)  Pubes¬ 
cent  with  glutinous  hairs;  stems  erect,  slender,  grooved,  diffusely 
branched,  divaricately  many-flowered  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ,  acute, 
the  lowest  spatulate ;  peduncles  elongated ;  petals  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  pods  nodding  on  the  stalks,  curved  upwards ,  thrice  the  length  of 

the  calyx.  —  Moist  places,  from  Vermont  westward.  May -July _ 

Biennial  ?  or  annual,  6' -20'  high. 

4.  c.  oblongrifolinm,  Torr.  (Oblong-leaved  Chick- 
weed.)  Stems  ascending,  villous,  many  flowered;  leaves  oblong-lan¬ 
ceolate  and  ovate ;  peduncles  clammy-hairy ;  petals  and  ripe*  pods 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  If  —  Rocky  places,  New  York 
and  Penn.  May.  —  Stouter  and  larger-flowered  than  the  following 
species. 

5.  C.  Rrvense,  L.  (Field  Chickweed.)  Stems  ascending 
or  erect,  tufted,  downy,  slender,  naked  and  few-flowered  at  the  sum¬ 
mit;  leaves  linear ;  petals  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx; 
pods  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  If  (Also  C.  tenuifolium, 
Pursh .)  —  Dry  or  rocky  places,  Northeastern  States,  perhaps  indige¬ 
nous.  May,  June.  —  A  span  high,  large-flowered. 

9*  S  AGIN  A,  L.  Pearlwort. 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  often  obsolete  or  none. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  rarely  twice  their  number. 
Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them.  Pod 


64 


CARYOPHYLLACEjE.  (PINK  FAMILY.) 

many-seeded,  4-5-valved,  the  valves  opposite  the  sepals. — 
Small  matted  herbs,  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  and 
minute  flowers.  (Name  from  sagina,  fattening ;  but  it  would 
apparently  take  a  long  time  to  fatten  any  thing  upon  these  minute 
weeds.) 

1-  S*  piocumbens,  L.  Perennial,  depressed ;  leaves  thread- 
form  or  narrowly  linear;  peduncles  ascending  in  fruit;  stamens  4-5; 
petas  shorter  than  the  calyx ,  sometimes  none.  —  Springy  places,  Maine 
to  Penn.  May -Aug.  V  M  V 

apctala,  L.  Annual,  erect,  thread-like;  leaves  almost 
mu  e-form  ;  stamens  4  ;  petals  obsolete  or  none.  —  Sandy  fields,  New 

York  to  Penn.  Plant  2'- 4' high. 

S.  erecta,  L.,  now  considered  to  be  Cerastium,  is  naturalized  at 
Baltimore. 

Suborder  III.  ILLECEBRE^E.  The  Knotwort  Family. 


tO.  SPERGtLA,  L.  Spurrey. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  large,  entire.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5. 
o  many  seeded,  5-valved,  the  valves  opposite  the  sepals.  — •  An¬ 
nuals  with  narrow  leaves  in  whorls,  and  cymose  (white)  flowers. 

f1  arae  5ParS°i  1°  scatter,  alluding  to  its  rapid  dispersion  by 
its  numerous  seeds.) 

1-  S.  arvensis,  L.  (Corn  Spurrey.)  Leaves  awl-shaped- 
mear,  numerous  in  the  whorls,  with  minute  interposed  stipules,  often 
c  ustere  in  the  axils;  flowers  in  a  compound  cyme,  slender-stalked. 

Oram  fields  and  waste  places,  introduced.  —  A  foot  high:  the 
black  seeds  thick,  with  a  sharp  edge. 


II.  SPEBGIILAbia,  Pers.  Sporrey-SandworT. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  3  -  10.  Styles  and  valves 
ot  t  e  many-seeded  pod  3,  or  if  5  the  valves  alternate  with  the  se- 
pa  s  !  —  Low  herbs,  of  brackish  sandy  soil,  with  fleshy  opposite 
leaves,  and  smaller  ones  often  clustered  in  the  axils :  stipules 
scaly-membranous. 


1. 


smooths'll  •  i  ra’  ”erS*  ^ePressed  and  much  branched,  smootl 
color-  maA  eaVe®  narrow  linear,  rather  fleshy;  petals  purple-r< 
rubr*/  T  \  °I  Wlthout  membranaceous  margins.  (Aren; 

more  flthT.  /  fie'ds’  "eM  b‘a‘k*h  water,  and,  Var.  mar. 

June  Sprit  a"  A  ar®e.r  n  al1  its  Partsi  on  the  sea-coast,  comm 
June  -Sept.  _  Annual  ?  Stamens  3  - 10,  commonly  3  or  5. 


CARYOPHYLLACEJE.  (PINK  FAMILY.)  65 

12.  ANYCHIA,  Michx.  Forked  Chickweed. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  concave,  indistinctly  mucronate  on  the  back, 
greenish.  Petals  none.  Stamens  2-3,  rarely  5.  Styles  2,  very 
short.  Utricle  1-seeded.  —  Small,  many  times  forked  annuals, 
with  small  stipules  and  minute  flowers  in  the  forks.  (Same  deri¬ 
vation  as  the  next  genus.) 

1.  A.  dicliotoma,  Michx.  Erect  or  spreading,  with  capilla¬ 
ry  branches ;  leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  elliptical,  somewhat 
petioled.  (Queria  Canadensis,  L.)  —  Dry  woods  (10' high,  delicate, 
rather  large-leaved)  or  in  parched  open  ground,  when  it  is  more 
stunted,  crowded,  and  narrow-leaved.  July  -  Aug. 

13#  I* AROIV YCJHI A 9  Toum.  Whitlow-wort. 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong,  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.  Petals 
bristle-form  or  minute  teeth.  Stamens  5.  Styles  united.  Utri¬ 
cle  1-seeded.  —  Tufted  herbs,  with  dry  silvery  stipules  and  clus¬ 
tered  flowers.  (A  Greek  name  for  a  whitlow ,  and  for  a  plant 
thought  to  cure  it.) 

1.  P.  argyrocoma,  Nutt.  (Silver  Chickweed.)  Densely 
matted,  much  branched,  spreading;  leaves  linear;  flowers  capitate, 
surrounded  by  conspicuous  silvery  bracts;  calyx  hairy,  short-awned  ; 
petals  mere  teeth  between  the  stamens.  1J.  —  Slides  in  the  Notch  of 
the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  bare  summits  above  : 
a  recent  discovery.  (Also  on  the  Alleghanies  from  Virginia  south¬ 
ward.)  July. 

P.  dichotoma,  Nutt.,  grows  at  Harper’s  Ferry,  Virginia,  and  is  to 
be  sought  in  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania. 

Suborder  IV.  SCLERANTHEA2.  The  Knawel  Family. 

14.  SCLERANTHUS,  L.  Knawel. 

Sepals  5,  united  below  in  an  indurated  cup,  inclosing  the  1-seed¬ 
ed  utricle.  Petals  none.  Stamens  10  or  5.  Styles  2,  distinct. 
—  Homely  and  inconspicuous  little  weeds,  with  obscure  greenish 
clustered  flowers.  (Name  from  ai&rjpos,  hard ,  and  avSos,  flower , 
from  the  hardened  calyx-tube.) 

1-  S.  animus.  L.  Depressed,  tufled  and  spreading, 

annual ;  leaves  awl-shaped,  somewhat  united  at  the  base ;  flowers 
nearly  sessile - Waste  places  and  sandy  fields  :  introduced. 

6* 


66  CARYOPHYLLACEJE.  (PINK  FAMILY.) 

Suborder  V.  MOLLUGINEiE.  Indian  Chickweeds. 

15.  BIOLLtoO,  L.  Indian  Chickweed. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3 -5,  hypogynous,  opposite 
the  sepals.  Styles  3,  short.  Pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  locnlicidal, 
the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  many-seeded  axis.  —  Low 
homely  annuals,  much  branched  ;  the  stipules  obsolete.  (An  old 
Latin  name  for  some  soft  plant.) 

1.  M.  verticellata,  L.  (Carpet-weed.)  Prostrate,  forming 
patches  ;  leaves  spatulate,  clustered  in  whorls  at  the  joints,  where  the 
1-flowered  pedicels  form  a  sort  of  sessile  umbels  ;  stamens  usually  3. 
—  Sandy  river-banks,  and  cultivated  grounds.  June  -  Sept. 

Order  21.  PORTULACACEiE.  (Purslane  Family.) 

Herbs ,  with  succulent  leaves ,  and  regular  but  unsymmetri - 
cal  flowers ;  viz.,  sepals  fewer  than  the  petals ;  the  stamens 
opposite  the  petals  or  more  numerous  :  otherwise  nearly  as 
Chickweeds.  — Sepals  2.  Petals  5.  Stamens  mostly  5- 
20.  Styles  3-6,  united  below,  stigmatic  along  the  inside. 
Pod  1 -celled,  with  few  or  many  campylotropous  seeds  rising 
on  slender  stalks  from  the  base,  or  on  a  central  placenta. 
Embryo  curved  around  mealy  albumen. —  Insipid  herbs, 
with  opposite  or  alternate  entire  leaves.  Corolla  opening 
only  in  sunshine,  ephemeral,  then  shrivelling. 

Synopsis. 

*  Base  of  the  calyx  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  ovary  :  perigynous. 
1.  Portulaca.  Stamens  10  —  20.  Pod  opening  bv  a  lid. 

*  *  Calyx  free  :  petals  hypogynous.  Pod  3-valved. 

2  Talinum.  Stamens  about  20.  Sepals  deciduous.  Pod  many- 
seeded. 

3.  Claytonia.  Stamens  5.  Sepals  persistent.  Pod  few-seeded. 

!•  PORTULACA,  Toum.  Purslane. 

Sepals  united  and  cohering  with  the  ovary  below.  Stamens 
8-20.  Style  mostly  5- cleft.  Pod  globular,  many-seeded,  open¬ 
ing  transversely,  the  upper  part  (with  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx) 
separating  like  a  lid.  —  Fleshy  annuals,  with  scattered  leaves, 


P0RTULACACE2E.  (PURSLANE  FAMILY.)  67 

some  species  with  brilliant  flowers.  (An  old  Latin  name  of  un¬ 
known  meaning.) 

1-  P*  Oleracea,  L.  (Common  Purslane.)  Smooth,  pros¬ 
trate;  leaves  wedge-form ;  flowers  sessile  (pale  yellow)  ;  stamens  10- 
12.  —  Cultivated  grounds,  introduced  into  the  United  States. 

2»  TAliINl JI?I,  Adans.  Talinum. 

Sepals  free,  deciduous.  Stamens  10-30.  Style  3-lobed  at  the 
apex.  Pod  3-celled  at  the  base  when  young,  3-valved,  with  many 
seeds  on  a  globular  stalked  placenta.  —  Fleshy  perennials.  (Der¬ 
ivation  of  the  name  obscure.) 

1.  X.  teretifolium,  Pursh.  Leafy  stems  low,  from  a  short 
rootstock  ;  leaves  linear,  cylindrical ;  peduncle  long  and  naked,  bear¬ 
ing  an  open  cyme  of  purple  flowers.  —  Serpentine  rocks,  Westches¬ 
ter,  Penn.,  and  southward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Corolla  §'  broad. 

3.  CliAYTOIVIA,  L.  Spring-beauty. 

Sepals  ovate,  free,  green  and  persistent.  Stamens  5,  adhering 
to  the  short  claws  of  the  petals.  Style  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Pod 
3-valved,  2  -  5-seeded.  —  Our  species  are  perennials,  sending  up 
simple  stems  in  early  spring  from  a  small  deep  tuber,  bearing  a 
pair  of  opposite  leaves,  and  a  loose  raceme  of  pretty  flowers.  Co¬ 
rolla  pale  rose-color  with  deeper  veins,  opening  for  more  than  one 
day  !  (Named  in  honor  of  Clayton ,  one  of  the  earliest  botanists 
of  this  country,  who  contributed  to  Gronovius  the  materials  for  the 
Flora  Virginica.) 

L  C.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated. — 
Moist  open  woods,  from  Connecticut  westward. 

Y  2.  C.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  Leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate. —  Vermont,  Northern  New  York,  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies. 

Order  22.  MALVACEAE.  (Mallow  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs ,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  reg¬ 
ular  flowers,  the  calyx  valvate  and  the  corolla  convolute  in 
the  bud ,  numerous  stamens  monadelphous  in  a  column,  1-cell- 
ed  anthers,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds.  —  Sepals  5,  united  at 
the  base,  persistent,  often  involucellate  with  a  whorl  of 
bractlets  outside,  forming  a  sort  of  exterior  calyx.  Petals  5, 


68 


MALVACEJE.  (  MALLOW  FAMILY. ) 

cohering  by  their  short  claws  with  the  tube  of  filaments. 
Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top.  Pistils  sev¬ 
eral,  with  the  ovaries  united  in  a  ring  or  forming  a  several- 
celled  pod.  Seeds  with  little  albumen :  embryo  curved, 
the  leafy  cotyledons  variously  doubled  up.  —  Mucilagi¬ 
nous  plants,  with  tough  bark,  and  palmately-veined  leaves. 
Flower-stalks  with  a  joint. 

Synopsis. 

*  Calyx  naked  (no  involucel) :  carpels  separable  in  the  fruit. 

1.  Abutilon.  Pods  each  3-6-seeded,  not  falling  away  when  ripe. 

2.  Sida.  Pods  1-seeded,  separating.  Flowers  perfect. 

3.  Nap^a.  Pods  1-seeded,  separating.  Flowers  dioecious. 

*  *  Calyx  involucellate  at  the  base. 

Carpels  numerous,  separating  whole  when  ripe,  1-seeded. 

4.  Malva.  Involucel  of  3  bractlets. 

5.  Althaea.  Involucel  of  6  to  9  bractlets. 

Carpels  permanently  united  into  3-5-ceIled  loculicidal  pod. 

6.  Hibiscus.  Involucel  of  many  bractlets.  Pod  few -many-seeded. 

1.  ABl  TILON,  Tourn.  Indian  Mallow. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Styles  5  -  15.  Pods  5  -  15,  remain¬ 
ing  coherent  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  compound  capsule,  spreading 
at  the  summit,  where  each  splits  open  along  the  inner  edge. 
Seeds  about  3  in  each  carpel.  —  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  heart- 
shaped  leaves.  (Name  of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  A.  Avicenna*,  Gsertn.  (Velvet-Leaf.)  Leaves  round¬ 
ish-heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  velvety ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaf-stalks;  corolla  yellow;  pods  12-15,  hairy,  beaked,  the  beaks 
splitting  in  two.  CD  -  Escaped  from  gardens,  naturalized.  Aug.- 
Plant  about  4°  high.  S 

2.  SIDA,  L.  Sida. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Styles  5  or  more  :  the  ripe  fruit 
separating  into  as  many  1-seeded  pods,  each  splitting  open  at  the 
top.  Radicle  pointing  upwards.  Stigmas  terminal,  minutely  cap¬ 
itate.  —  Flowers  perfect.  (A  name  used  by  Theophrastus.) 

1.  S.  Spifiosa,  L.  Annual,  low,  branched  from  the  base; 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  abrupt  at  the  base,  serrate  ;  stipules  bristle-form  ; 
flower-stalks  axillary,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  fruit  separating  into 


69 


MALVACEAE.  (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

five  2-beaked  pods,  opening  between  the  beaks.  —  Waste  places,  from 
S.  New  York  soutliwestward.  —  A  homely  weed,  with  small  yellow 
flowers.  A  little  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  on  the  stronger 
plants  gives  the  specific  name,  but  it  cannot  be  called  spiny. 

S.  Nap&a,  the  Napaa  Icevis ,  L.,  well  known  in  gardens,  which  was 
first  raised  by  Hermann  at  Leyden  from  seeds  said  to  have  come  from 
Virginia,  is  not  known  to  grow  wild  in  the  Northern  States,  and  I 
doubt  if  it  really  belongs  to  this  country  at  all. 

3.  NAPiEA,  Clayt.  Glade  Mallow. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-toothed.  Flowers  dioecious;  the 
staminate  flowers  entirely  destitute  of  pistils ;  the  fertile  with  a 
short  column  of  filaments  but  no  anthers.  Styles  mostly  8,  dis¬ 
tinct  almost  to  the  base,  stigmatic  along  the  inside.  Fruit  depress¬ 
ed-globular,  separating  when  ripe  into  as  many  1-seeded  pods  as 
styles.  Radicle  pointing  downwards.  —  A  tall  and  roughish  per¬ 
ennial  herb,  with  very  large  9  -  11-parted  lower  leaves,  the  point¬ 
ed  lobes  pinnatifid-cut  and  toothed,  and  small  white  flowers  in 
panicled  clustered  corymbs.  (Named  by  Clayton  from  vany,  a 
wooded  valley,  or  mountain  glade,  or,  poetically,  the  nymph  of 
the  groves,  alluding  to  the  place  where  he  discovered  the  plant.) 

1.  IV#  dioica,  L.  (Sida  dioica,  Cav.)  —  Limestone  valleys, 
Penn.,  southward  to  Augusta  Co.,  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  where 
Clayton  discovered  it,  west  to  Ohio  and  Illinois  ;  rare.  July.  —  Root- 
leaves  1°  -  2°  broad. 

4.  MiLTA,  L.  Mallow. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  the  base,  like  an  outer  calyx. 
Styles  numerous.  Fruit  depressed,  separating  at  maturity  into  as 
many  1-seeded  and  usually  indehiscent  kidney-shaped  little  pods 
as  there  are  styles.  Radicle  pointing  downwards.  —  Flowers 
perfect.  (An  old  Latin  name,  from  MaXa^,  alluding  to  the  emol¬ 
lient  leaves.) 

1.  MI.  rotlllldifolia,  L.  (Dwarf  Mallow.)  Stems  pros¬ 
trate  or  spreading  from  a  deep  root ;  leaves  rounded-heart- shaped,  ob¬ 
tusely  5-lobed,  crenate,  long-petioled  ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary  ;  pet¬ 
als  notched  at  the  end,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  1J.  —  Around 
dwellings  everywhere,  introduced,  troublesome.  —  Corolla  small, 
whitish,  with  purple  veins. 

2.  in.  sylvestris,  L.  (High  Mallow.)  Stems  erect ;  leaves 
rather  sharply  5  -  7-lobed  ;  flowers  axillary,  3-4  together ;  petals  in- 


70 


MALVACEAE.  (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 


versely  heart-shaped,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx  (rose-purple).  1J. 
—  Waste  places,  escaped  from  gardens,  partially  naturalized. 

3.  UI.  trianglllata,  Leavenworth.  Roughish-hairy ;  stems 
nearly  erect ;  leaves  deltoid-triangular ,  crenate ,  pointed ,  the  lowest 
mostly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  the  upper  variously  3  -  5-lobed  or 
cut;  flowers  numerous  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle,  on  short  pedicels; 
petals  wedge-obovate  (purple) ;  involucel  as  long  as  the  downy  (not 
bristly)  short  calyx.  1J.  (Nuttallia  cordifolia,  JYutt.  N.  cordata, 
Lindl.  Malva  Houghtonii,  Torr.  Gr.) — Dry  prairies,  &c.,  from 
Wisconsin  southward.  July.  —  Stems  2?  high  :  flowers  broad. 

M.  crispa,  the  Curled  Mallow,  and  M.  moschAta,  the  Musk 
Mallow,  are  occasionally  spontaneous  around  gardens. 


5.  ALTHEA,  L.  Marsh  Mallow. 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  6 -7-cleft  involucel.  Otherwise  as  in 
Malva.  (Name  from  oX&o,  to  cure.) 

1-  A*  Officinalis,  L.  (Common  Marsh  Mallow.)  Stem 
68  ovfte*  or  sightly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  sometimes 
o  ec ,  c  othed  with  velvety  down  ;  peduncles  axillary,  many-flower- 
e  ,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  lj.  —  Salt  marshes,  naturalized  in 
jW  E"§land  and  New  York.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Flowers  pale  rose- 
de  °GuimauL  aboundinS  in  mucilage,  the  basis  of  the  Pates 

A.  rosea,  and  A.  ficif6lia,  are  the  garden  Hollyhocks. 


HIBISCUS,  L.  Hibiscus. 

Calyx  involucellate  at  the  base  by  a  row  of  numerous  braetlets 
1  ^  ^Uniied;  st*£mas  5,  capitate.  Anther-bearing  column  pro 
onge  .  Fruit  a  5-celled  many  -  few-seeded  pod,  opening  into  1 
a  ves  w  ich  bear  the  partition  on  their  middle  (loculicidal) 
s  or  s  rubs,  usually  with  large  and  showy  flowers.  (An  oh 
Greek  and  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning) 

§  L  Kosteletzkya,  Presl.  -  CeUs  0f  the  depressed  pod  1-seeded. 

taoernoint  L  Roughish-hairy ;  leaves  ovate  an« 

podbLtlv^u11^^^’  Une(iua,1y  toothed,  the  lower  3-lobed 

°  o  la  2  wide,  purple-rose-color. 

§2.  Hibiscus  proper  —Cells  of  the  pod  mony-seeded :  calyx  an 
2  II  «...  ™n,J-Uar'd  iacolucel  persistent. 

L-  (S"A„p  Rosc-Malcow.)  Leate 
te,  pointed,  toothed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  whitened  with  a  fine  soj 


71 


malvaceje.  (mallow  family.) 

down  underneath  ;  the  1-flowered  peduncles  often  united  at  the  base 
with  the  petioles  ;  calyx  not  inflated  ;  seeds  smooth.  1J.  —  Borders  of 
marshes  along  and  near  the  coast.  Salt  springs,  Salina,  New  York. 
Aug.,  Sept.  —  Plant  stout,  5°  high.  Corolla  5'  in  diameter,  pale  rose- 
i  purple,  or  white  with  a  crimson  eye,  showy  in  cultivation. 

3.  II.  militaris,  Cav.  (Halbert-leaved  Mallow.)  Smooth 
throughout ;  lower  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  toothed,  3-lobed  ;  upper 
leaves  halbert-form ,  the  short  lateral  lobes  spreading  at  the  base,  the 

\  ■  middle  one  prolonged  and  taper-pointed;  peduncles  slender;  fruiting 
i  calyx  inflated ;  seeds  hairy.  1J.  —  River-banks,  Penn,  to  Ohio.  Aug. 
—  As  tall  as,  but  more  slender  and  smaller-flowered,  than  the  last: 
corolla  pale  rose-color. 

4.  H.  T noil II lift,  L.  (Bladder  Ketmia.)  Somewhat  hairy  ; 
upper  leaves  deeply  3-parted,  with  lanceolate  divisions,  the  middle 
one  much  the  longest ;  fruiting  calyx  inflated ,  membranaceous ,  with 
bristly  ribs,  5-winged  at  the  summit ;  seeds  rough.  (D  —  Escaped 
from  gardens,  but  scarcely  naturalized.  Corolla  pale  greenish-yel¬ 
low  with  a  purple  eye,  ephemeral;  hence  the  name  Flower-of- 
an-hour. 

H.  Syriacus,  the  Shrubby  jjlthcea  of  the  old  gardeners,  is  cultivat¬ 
ed  about  houses. 

H.  esculentus  (the  Okra),  belonging  to  the  section  Abelm<5s- 
chus,  Medic,  (in  which  the  leaves  of  the  involucel  are  deciduous, 
and  the  membranaceous  inflated  calyx  splits  open  on  one  side), 

■  is  common  in  gardens,  especially  southward. 

Order  23.  TTLIACEiE.  (Linden  Family.) 

Trees ,  with  the  mucilaginous  properties,  fibrous  bark,  and 
v  ah  ate  calyx,  fyc.,  of  the  Mallow  Family  ;  but  the  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  stamens  usually  polyadelphous, 
and  the  anthers  2- celled  ;  —  represented  in  northern  regions 
only  by  the  genus 

1*  TIliIA,  L.  Linden.  Basswood. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  spatu late-oblong.  Stamens  numerous  : 
filaments  cohering  in  5  clusters  writh  each  other  (in  European 
species) ,  or  with  the  base  of  a  spatulate  petal-like  body  placed  op¬ 
posite  the  real  petals.  Pistil  with  a  5-celled  ovary  and  2  half- 
anatropous  ovules  in  each,  a  single  style,  and  a  5-toothed  stigma. 
Fruit  a  sort  of  woody  globular  nut,  becoming  1-celled  and  1-2- 
seeded.  Embryo  with  a  taper  radicle  and  a  pair  of  leaf-like 


72  TILIACE2E.  (LINDEN  FAMILY.) 

somewhat  heart-shaped  and  lobed  cotyledons,  which  are  a  little 
folded. — Fine  trees,  with  soft  and  white  wood,  obliquely  heart- 
shaped  and  serrate  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  cymes  of 
flowers,  hanging  on  an  axillary  peduncle  which  is  united  to  a  leaf¬ 
like  bract.  Flowers  cream-color,  honey-bearing,  fragrant.  (The 
classical  name  of  the  genus.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  L.  (Basswood.)  Leaves  green  and 
glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Rich  woods.  June.  —  This  familiar  tree  is 
rarely  called  Lime-tree ,  oftener  White-wood ,  commonly  Basswood ; 
the  name  (now  obsolete  in  England)  alluding  to  the  use  of  the  inner 
bark  for  mats  and  cordage. 

heterophylla,  Vent.  (White  Basswood.)  Leaves 
smooth  and  bright  green  above,  whitened  with  a  woolly  down  under¬ 
neath.  (T.  alba,  Michz.)  —  Mountains  of  Penn,  and  southward. 
Leaves  larger  than  in  No.  1,  often  8'  broad. 

T.  EuropA:a,  the  European  Linden,  which  is  planted  in  and 
near  our  cities  as  an  ornamental  tree,  is  at  once  distinguished  from 
any  native  species  by  the  absence  of  the  petal-like  scales  among  the 
stamens.  This  tree  (the  Lin )  gave  the  family  name  to  Linnccus. 

Order  24.  LINACEiE.  (Flax  Family.) 

Herbs ,  with  regular  hypogynous  flowers  4  —  5-merous 
throughout ,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convolute  petals, 
the  5  stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base,  and  an  8-  10-seed- 
ed  pod,  with  twice  as  many  cells  ( complete  or  incomplete)  as 
there  are  styles  ;  —  consisting  chiefly  of  the  genus 

*•  L.  Flax. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5.  Pod  of  5  united  carpels 
(into  which  it  splits  in  dehiscence)  and  only  5-celled,  with  2  seeds 
hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  ;  but  each  cell  is  incompletely 
or  completely  divided  into  two  by  a  false  partition  which  projects 
trom  the  back  of  the  carpels,  thus  becoming  10-celled.  Seeds 
anatropous,  mucilaginous,  flattened,  containing  a  large  embryo 
wu  pl,.no-convex  cotyledons - Herbs,  with  a  fibrous  bark,  sim¬ 

ple  and  sessile  entire  leaves  (alternate  or  often  opposite)  without 
stipules,  and  terminal,  corymbose  or  panicled  flowers.  Corolla 
usua  y  ephemeral.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Flax.) 

1  Ll  v'rgini;\nnn.,  L.  (Wild  Flax  )  Leaves  oblong ■ 


73 


LINACEAS.  (flax  family.) 

lanceolate ,  the  upper  acute ;  flowers  small,  scattered  on  the  corym¬ 
bose  or  panicled  branches,  on  very  short  peduncles  turned  to  one 
side ;  sepals  ovate,  pointed,  smooth  ;  petals  yellow.  —  Dry  woods 
June -Aug.-©  or  U?  Stem  P-2 0  high.  Corolla  3"  broad, 
rods  depressed-globose,  10-celled,  splitting  at  length  through  all  the 
partitions  into  10  pieces. 

2.  E.  rlgldum,  Pursh.  (Larger  Yellow  Flax.)  Leaves 

rigid,  pointed,  with  rough  margins ;  flowers  corymbose-pan- 
icled;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  rigid-pointed,  3-nerved,  with  rough- 
ened  glandular  margins ;  petals  sulphur-yellow.  —  Rhode  Island,  Con¬ 
necticut,  scarce.  Michigan  westward,  (l) 

3.  L.  usitatissiinuin,  L.  (Commoh  Flax.)  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  1  -  3-nerved,  with  membrana¬ 
ceous  margins  ;  petals  blue  (large).  -  Fields,  sparingly  escaped  from 
cultivation.  (J)  —  Pod  globose,  pointed,  10-celled. 

Order  25.  GERAJYIACEiE.  (Geranium  Family.) 

Plants  with  mostly  regular  hypogynous  5-merous  flowers, 
imbricated  sepals  and  convolute  petals,  10  stamens  slightly 
monadelphous  at  the  base ,  the  alternate  ones  shorter,  and  5 
pistils  cohering  to  a  central  prolonged  axis,  from  which 
they  separate  at  maturity  by  the  curling  back  of  the  styles 
elastically,  carrying  with  them  the  small  1  -seeded  pods.  — 
Calyx  persistent.  Ovules  2  in  each  carpel,  pendulous, 
anatropous,  usually  but  one  ripening.  Pods  small  and 
membranaceous,  cohering  to  5  shallow  excavations  in  the 
base  of  the  prolonged  axis,  usually  torn  open  on  the  inner 
face,  when  they  are  carried  away  by  the  recurving  styles. 
Seed  without  albumen  :  cotyledons  folded  together.  — 
Strong-scented  herbs  (or  the  Pelargoniums,  which  have 
somewhat  irregular  flowers,  mostly  shrubby  plants),  with 
opposite  or  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  and  bitter  astringent 
roots.  8 

1.  GERANIUM,  L.  Cranesbill. 

Stamens  10,  all  with  perfect  anthers,  the  5  longer  with  glands 
at  their  base.  Styles  recurved  but  not  twisted  in  the  ripe  fruit, 
smooth  inside.  —  Stems  forking.  Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered.  (An 


74 


GERANIACEiE.  (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

old  Greek  name,  from  yepavos,  a  Crane;  the  long  fruit-bearing  beak 
thought  to  resemble  the  bill  of  that  bird.) 

*  Root  perennial. 

1.  G.  macillsitum,  L.  (Wild  Cranesbill.)  Stem  erect, 
hairy  ;  leaves  about  5-parted,  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  lobed  and 
cut  at  the  end ;  sepals  awned  ;  petals  entire,  light  purple.  —  Open 
woods.  April -July.  —  A  well-known  plant,  with  large  and  hand¬ 
some  flowers.  Leaves  somewhat  blotched  with  whitish  as  they  grow 
old. 

*  *  Root  biennial  or  annual. 

2.  G*  Carolinianum,  L.  (Carolina  Cranesbill.)  Stems 
diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  hairy ;  leaves  about  5-parted,  the 
divisions  cleft  and  cut  into  numerous  oblong-linear  lobes ;  sepals 
awned,  as  long  as  the  emarginate  (pale  red-purplish)  petals;  seeds 
very  minutely  reticulated  (under  a  lens).  —  Barren  soil  and  waste 
places.  May- July.  —  Biennial  in  the  north,  low,  spreading  when 
old.  Flowers  small :  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  short. 

3.  G*  dissectum,  L.  (Cut-leaved  Cranesbill.)  Stems 
spreading,  hairy  ;  leaves  5  -  7-parted  ;  the  divisions  linear,  3-cleft  or 
cut ;  sepals  awned,  nearly  as  long  as  the  2-lobed  (bluish-purple)  pe¬ 
tals  ;  seeds  conspicuously  reticulated.  —  Waste  places,  introduced,  if 
really  in  the  country.  Some  states  of  No.  2  are  often  taken  for  it; 
but  we  have  seen  none  with  so  long  lobes  to  the  leaves  or  seeds  so 
much  reticulated. 

4.  G*  piisillum,  L.  (Small-flowered  Cranesbill.)  Stems 
procumbent,  slender,  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  rounded  kidney- 
form,  5  -  7-parted,  the  divisions  mostly  3-clefi  ;  sepals  awnless,  about 
as  long  as  the  2-cleft  (bluish-purple)  petals  ;  seeds  smooth.  — *  Waste 
places,  New  York  :  introduced. 

5.  G*  Rotoertianum,  L.  (Herb  Robert.)  Sparsely  hairy, 
diffuse;  leaves  3- divided ,  the  divisions  2-pinnatijid ;  sepals  awned, 
shorter  than  the  (purple)  petals;  pods  wrinkled;  seeds  smooth.— 
Moist  woods  and  shaded  ravines.  June  -  Oct.  —  Plant  strongly 
odorous. 

2*  ERODIUilI,  L’Her.  Storksbill. 

Stamens  5,  perfect,  the  5  shorter  sterile.  Styles  in  fruit  at 
length  twisting  spirally,  bearded  inside.  Otherwise  as  Gera¬ 
nium.  (Name  from  epodtov,  a  Heron ,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of 
the  beak.) 

1.  E.  cicutarium,  L’Her.  Annual,  hairy ;  stems  low,  spread¬ 
ing  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  the  leaflets  sessile,  1  -  2-pinnatifid  ;  peduncles 
several-flowered  ;  petals  (purplish)  longer  than  the  calyx.  -  Shore  of 
Oneida  Lake,  New  York,  Knieskem.  Introduced. 


OXALIDACEAS.  (WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY.)  75 

Order 26.  OXALIDACEiE.  (Wood-Sorrel  Family.) 

Plants  with  sour  juice ,  compound  leaves ,  and  regular 
flowers ,  taiVA  the  sepals ,  petals ,  and  stamens  nearly  as  in 
Geranium  ;  m/A  5  separate  styles  and  a  5- celled  sev - 
eral-seeded  pod.  —  The  principal  genus  is 

OXALIS,  L.  Wood-Sorrel. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  withering  after  expansion. 
Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base,  alternately  shorter.  Pod 
membranaceous,  deeply  5-lobed,  5-celled,  each  cell  opening  on 
the  back.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  pendulous  from  the  axis,  ana- 
tropous,  their  outer  coat  loose  and  separating.  Embryo  straight 
in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  or  radical  stipulate 
leaves,  mostly  of  3  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets,  which  close 
and  droop  at  nightfall.  (Name  from  d£us,  sour.) 

*  Stemless  :  leaves  and  scapes  from  a  root-stock  or  bulb. 

h  O*  Acetosella,  L.  (Common  Wood-Sorrel.)  Root-stock 
creeping  and  scaly-toothed;  scape  lflowered  ;  petals  white  with  red¬ 
dish  veins,  often  notched.  —  Deep  cold  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan, 
northward.  June.  —  Plant  3;  -  5r  high,  sparsely  hairy  :  the  flower 
iP  broad.  Leaflets  broadly  obcordate. 

o.  violacca,  L.  (Violet  W^ood-Sorrel.)  Bulb  scaly; 
scapes  several-flowered  in  an  umbel,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals 

violet.  —  Rocky  places,  most  common  southward.  May,  June. _ 

Nearly  smooth,  5'-9;  high.  Leaves  very  broadly  obcordate.  Sepals 
tipped  with  a  gland.  Corolla  V  broad. 

*  *  Stems  leafy  :  peduncles  axillary. 

3.  O.  stricta,  L.  (Yellow  Wood-Sorrel.)  Perennial?  by 
running  subterranean  shoots  ;  stems  at  first  erect,  branching ;  pedun¬ 
cles  2 -6-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  yellow;  pods  elon¬ 
gated,  erect  in  fruit,  the  cells  several-seeded.  —  Borders  of  woods, 
fields,  and  cultivated  grounds.  May  —  Sept.  —  Probably  we  have  but 
one  species  of  Yellow  Wood-Sorrel,  which  varies  greatly  in  appear¬ 
ance  and  in  the  size  of  its  flowers  according  to  season  and  situation. 

Order  27.  BAESAMINACEAD.  (Balsam  Family.) 

Annuals ,  with  succulent  stems  gorged  with  a  hland  watery 
juice ,  and  very  irregular  hypogynous  flowers ,  the  5  stamens 
somewhat  united ,  and  the  pod  bursting  elastically.  —  Char¬ 
acters  as  in  the  principal  genus. 


76  BALSAMINACEJj.  (BALSAM  FAMILY.) 

1.  IMPATIENS,  L.  Balsam.  Jewel-weed. 
Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike  and  confounded,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Sepals  apparently  only  4  ;  the  upper  one,  which  is 
notched  at  the  apex,  probably  consisting  of  two  combined ;  the 
lower  one  largest  and  forming  a  spurred  sac.  Petals  2,  unequal¬ 
sided  and  2-lobed  (each  consisting  of  a  pair  united).  Stamens  5, 
short :  anthers  opening  on  the  inner  face,  connivent  over  the  stig¬ 
ma.  Ovary  5-celled  :  stigma  sessile.  Pod  with  evanescent  par¬ 
titions,  and  a  thick  axis  bearing  the  several  anatropous  seeds,  5- 
valved,  the  valves  coiling  elastically  and  projecting  the  seeds  in 
bursting.  Embryo  straight :  albumen  none.  —  Leaves  simple, 
alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  axillary  or  panicled ;  often 
of  two  sorts,  viz.  the  larger  ones,  as  described  above,  which  sel¬ 
dom  ripen  seeds,  and  very  small  ones,  which  are  fertilized  early 
in  the  bud,  when  the  floral  envelopes  never  expand,  but  are  forced 
off  by  the  growing  pod  and  carried  upwards  on  its  apex. 
(Name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pods  when  touched, 
whence  also  the  popular  appellations  Touch-me-not,  or  Snap- 
weed.) 

1  I.  pallida,  Nutt.  (Pale  Touch-me-not.)  Flowers  pale  yd- 
low,  sparingly  dotted  with  brownish-red ;  sac  dilated  and  obtusely 
conical,  broader  than  long,  tipped  with  a  very  short  recurved  spur.— 
Moist  shady  places  and  along  rills,  in  rich  soil ;  most  common  north¬ 
westward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Larger  and  greener  than  the  next,  with 
larger  flowers.  Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  toothed. 

I*  fiilva,  Nutt.  (Spotted  Touch-me-not.)  Flotcers  or¬ 
ange-color,  thickly  spotted  with  reddish-brown  ;  sac  longer  than  broad, 
acutely  conical,  tapering  into  a  recurved  spur.  —  Rills  and  shady  moist 
places,  common,  especially  southward.  June  -  Sept.  -  Plant  2°  -  4° 
»gh  :  the  flowers  loosely  panicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  hang- 
nt>  g^ce  u  ly  on  their  slender  nodding  stalks,  the  open  mouth  of  the 
corn ucopiae-shaped  sepal  upward.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

I  Balsam'ina,  the  Garden  Balsam  or  Ladies'  Slippers ,  is  becom¬ 
ing  spontaneous  about  gardens. 

T^°^eolum  “ajus,  the  Nasturtium  of  gardens,  is  the  type  of  a 
family  between  this  and  the  ensuing. 

Order  28.  LIMNANTHACEJI. 

Annual  low  herbs ,  with  pinnated  alternate  leaves  mthout 
stipules,  and  regular  3-5 -merous  flowers:  calyx  v  abate 


LIMNANTHACEJE.  (FALSE-MERMAID  FAMILY.)  77 

and  petals  convolute  in  the  hud :  stamens  twice  their  number : 
the  one-seeded  little  fleshy  fruits  entire,  hut  their  styles 
united.  —  Consists  of  one  5-merous  Californian  plant  (Lim- 
nanthes),  with  handsome  flowers,  sometimes  cultivated  in 
gardens,  and  the 

1*  FLQilRKEA,  Willd.  False  Mermaid. 

Flower  3-merous  (rarely  4-merous) :  the  3  petals  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  lanceolate.  Stamens  6,  nearly  hypogynous. 
Ovaries  3,  opposite  the  sepals,  united  only  at  the  base  ;  the  style 
rising  in  the  centre  :  stigmas  3.  Fruit  of  3  (or  1-2)  fleshy  ache- 
nia.  Seed  large,  anatropous,  erect,  filled  by  the  large  embryo 
with  its  hemispherical  fleshy  cotyledons.  —  A  small  and  incon¬ 
spicuous  annual,  with  minute  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  pedun¬ 
cles.  (Named  after  Floerke,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  F.  proscrptnacoidcs,  Willd.  —  Marshes  and  river- 
banks,  W.  N.  Engl,  to  Ohio.  April- June.  — The  rather  succulent 
stems  and  foliage  slightly  pungent.  Leaflets  3-5,  lanceolate. 

Order  29.  ZANTHOXYEACEAE. 

Trees  or  shrubs ,  pungent  and  hitter-aromatic ,  with  pellu¬ 
cid-dotted  leaves ,  and  dioecious  or  polygamous  regular  small 
flowers :  ovaries  separate  or  2-celled.  —  Sepals  3-5.  Pe¬ 
tals  as  many,  or  wanting.  Stamens  equalling  or  double  the 
sepals  in  number.  Pistils  2-5,  distinct  or  united,  1-2- 
seeded  (ovules  2,  collateral).  Seed-coat  crustaceous.  Em¬ 
bryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite. 
Stipules  none. 

1*  ZAKTHOXYLUM,  L.  (Prickly  Ash.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  5,  petal-like  when  there  are  no  pe¬ 
tals.  Stamens  5.  Pistils  3-5,  raised  on  a  short  base  or  stalk, 
distinct,  the  styles  connivent.  Pods  thickish,  2-valved  when  ripe. 
Seeds  black  and  shining.  —  Stems  and  often  the  leaf-stalks  prick¬ 
ly.  Leaves  mostly  pinnate.  (Name  from  £av66s,  yellow ,  and  £v- 
\ov ,  wood.) 

1-  Z.  A  meric  sum  m,  Mill.  (Northern  Prickly  Ash  ) 
Leaves  and  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  )  leaflets  4—5  pairs  and  an  odd 


78  ZANTHOXYLACEjE.  (prickly-ash  family.) 

one,  ovate-oblong,  downy  when  young ;  petals  wanting ;  pistils  5,  with 
slender  styles;  pods  short-stalked.  —  Rocky  woods  and  river-banks, 
common  northward.  April,  May.  —  A  low  or  tall  prickly  shrub, 
with  yellowish-green  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.  Bark  and 
pods  very  pungent  to  the  taste. 


2.  PTELEA,  L.  Shrubby  Trefoil. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals  3-5.  Stamens 
as  many.  Ovary  2-celled  :  style  short :  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  2- 
celled  samara,  winged  all  round,  nearly  orbicular.  —  Shrubs,  with 
3-foliolate  leaves,  and  greenish-white  small  flowers  in  compound 
terminal  cymes.  (The  Greek  name  of  the  Elm,  applied  to  a  genus 
which  has  a  somewhat  similar  fruit.) 


!•  !*•  tiifoliata,  L.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  downy  when 
young,  the  middle  one  wedge-form  at  the  base.  —  Rocky  places,  from 
Michigan  and  Penn,  southward.  June.  —  A  tall  shrub/  Fruit  bitter, 
or  o  the  flowers  disagreeable  ;  but  not  so  much  so  as  those  of  the 
A^thc,  glandul6scs,  or  Tree-of-Heaven,  —  a  cultivated 
e  o  t  is  mily ,  whose  flowers,  redolent  of  any  thing  but  u  airs 

rom  eaven,  offer  a  serious  objection  to  the  planting  of  this  orna¬ 
mental  tree  near  dwellings. 


Order  30.  ANACARDIACEjE.  (Cashew  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice, 
ess  alternate  leaves,  and  small,  often  polygamous,  regu- 
or  penlandrous  flowers,  with  a  1  -celled  and  1  -ovuled  ovary, 
i  i  Q  ^  sty/es  or  stigmas.  —  Petals  imbricated  in  the 

e  t,  ii  °rne  °n  a  curved  stalk  that  rises  from  the  base 
of  the  cell,  without  albumen.  Stipules  none. 


Serial  K  D  V  I*.  SlTMACH. 

tween^  i  ,P<!ta  S  5‘  Stamen3  5>  inserted  into  the  edge  or  be- 
Fruitam  ll  °  j6S  T  a  ®attene<i  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx, 
in  R  r  v  “  indehiscent,  a  sort  of  dry  drupe.  -  Leaves  (simple 

Flowers  srreen'  h  6  ^.moke'Plant  of  gardens)  usually  compound. 

name  of  th  h'W.hlte  01  yellowish.  (The  old  Greek  and  Latin 
name  ot  the  genus.) 

§  '  ac,  DC  Flowers  mostly  polygamous ,  panicled. 


ANACA RDIACEJS.  (CASHEW  FAMILY.)  79 

*  Not  poisonous :  fruit  clothed  with  (acid)  crimson  hairs :  panicle 
compound ,  dense ,  terminal :  leaves  odd-pinnate. 

1*  J*.  typliina,  L.  (Staghorn  Sumach.)  Branches  and 
stalks  densely  velvety-hairy;  leaflets  11-31,  pale  beneath,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate.  —  Hill-sides.  June.  — A  large  shrub,  or 
a  spreading  tree.  20° -30°  high,  with  orange-colored  aromatic  wood, 
and  copious  milky-resinous  juice. 

2.  R.  glabra,  L.  (Smooth  Sumach.)  Smooth ,  someichat 
glaucous;  leaflets  11-31,  whitened  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong,  point¬ 
ed,  serrate.  —  Rocky  or  barren  soil.  July.  —  Smaller  than  No.  1. 

3.  R.  copallina,  L.  (Dwarf  Sumach.)  Branches  and 
stalks  downy  ;  petioles  winged-margined  between  the  9-21  oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  which  are  oblique  or  unequal  at  the  base, 
smooth  and  shining  above. —  Rocky  hills.  July.  —  Shrub  2° -7°  high, 
with  running  roots.  Leaflets  variable,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed. 

*  *  Poisonous  to  the  touch  :  fruit  smooth  :  panicles  axillary. 

4.  R.  venenata,  DC.  (Poison  Sumach.)  Smooth,  or 
nearly  so ;  leaves  odd-pinnate  ;  leaflets  7  — 13,  obovate-oblong,  some¬ 
what  pointed  at  both  ends,  entire.  (R.  Vernix,  L.,  partly.)  Swamps. 
June  —Shrub  10° -lf*>  high,  with  thin  light-green  foliage  and  dun- 
colored  fruit.  The  most  poisonous  species,  even  the  efiluvium  affect¬ 
ing  many  persons.  It  is  also  called,  inappropriately,  Poison  Elder 
and  Poison  Dogwood. 

5.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.  (Poison  Ivy.  Poison  Oak.) 
Climbing  by  rootlets  over  rocks,  &c.,  or  ascending  trees  ;  leaves  with  3 
leaflets ,  which  are  rhombic-ovate,  mostly  pointed,  and  rather  downy 
beneath,  variously  notched  or  cut-lobed,  or  entire.  —  When  climbing 
trees  it  is  R.  rad i cans,  L.  —  Thickets,  fence-rows,  &c.  June.  Less 
poisonous  than  No  4. 

§  2.  LobIdium,  Raf.  —  Flowers  dioecious ,  in  clustered  scaly-bracted 

spikes  like  catkins ,  preceding  the  leaves  :  disk  5-partcd.  (, Not  poi¬ 
sonous.) 

6.  R.  aromdtica,  Ait.  (Fragrant  Sumach.)  Leaves  pu¬ 
bescent  when  young,  thickish  when  old;  leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate, 
unequally  cut-toothed,  the  middle  one  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ; 
flowers  yellow ;  fruit  downy  with  acid  hairs.  —  Dry  rocky  soil,  Ver¬ 
mont  to  Michigan.  April. —  A  jlow  straggling  bush,  the  crushed 
leaves  sweet-scented. 

Order  31.  ACERACEAS.  (Maple  Family.) 

Trees ,  with  opposite  dotless  leaves ,  without  stipules ,  yield¬ 
ing  a  sweet  sap ,  regular  hut  often  apetalous  or  unsymmetri- 
cal  polygamo-dicecious  small  flowers,  and  a  2- winged  fruit . 


80 


ACERACEJE.  (MAPLE  FAMILY.) 

—  Styles  2:  ovary  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  glandular* 
lobed  disk  into  which  the  5-12  stamens  are  inserted,  2- 
celled,  with  2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules  in  each :  from 
the  back  of  each  carpel  grows  the  wing,  converting  the  fruit 
into  a  pair  of  separable  1 -seeded  samaras.  Seed  nearly 
without  albumen,  variously  coiled,  and  the  leaf-like  cotyle¬ 
dons  crumpled. 

ACER,  L.  Maple. 

Calyx  5-lobed  or  of  5  sepals.  Petals  5,  or  none.  Stamens 
6-8,  rarely  5.  —  Flowers  mostly  polygamous.  Leaves  simple, 
palmately  lobed,  mostly  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  (The  classical 
name  of  the  Maple,  from  the  Celtic  ac,  hard.) 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes ,  later  than  the  leaves  :  stamens  6-8. 

L  A.  P ennsy lvunicuin,  L.  (Striped  Maple  )  Leaves 
3-lobed  at  the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  doubly  serrate  ;  the  short  lobes 
taper-pointed,  and  also  serrate  ;  racemes  drooping ,  loose  ;  petals  obo- 
vate  ;  fruit  with  large  diverging  wings.  (A.  striatum,  Lam-)  — Rkh 
woods,  Maine  to  Michigan.  June. —  A  small  slender  tree,  with 
light-green  bark  striped  with  dark  lines,  and  greenish  flowers  and 
fruit.  Also  called  Striped  Dogwood1  and  Moose -  Wood . 

2.  A.  spicatum,  Lam.  (Mountain  Maple.)  Leaves 
downy  underneath,  3-  (or  slightly  5-)  lobed,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lobes 
taper-pointed ;  racemes  upright ,  dense ,  somewhat  compound  ;  petals 
lincar-spatulale ;  fruit  with  small  very  divergent  wings.  (A.  monti- 
num,  Ail.)  Moist  hill-sides  in  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan  north¬ 
ward.  June.  —  A  tall  shrub,  forming  clumps. 

*  *  Flmoers  umbellate-corymbed ,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

•L  A.  saccharimim,  Wang.  (Sugar  Maple.  Rock  Ma¬ 
ple.)  Leaves  3 -5-lobed,  with  rounded  sinuses  and  pointed  sparing¬ 
ly  sinuate-toothed  lobes,  either  heart-shaped  or  nearly  truncate  at  the 
base,  whitish  and  smooth  or  a  little  downy  along  the  veins  beneath ; 
flowers  from  terminal  leaf-bearing  and  lateral  leafless  buds,  drooping 
on  very  slender  hairy  pedicels ;  calyx  hairy  at  the  apex  ;  petals  none ; 
wings  of  the  fruit  broad,  slightly  diverging.  —  Var.  nIgrum.  (Black 
Sugxr-Mafle  )  Leaves  green  both  sides,  minutely  downy  even 
when  old,  the  lobes  rather  wider,  and  the  sinus  at  the  base  often 
cose  .  (A.  nigrum,  Michx.)  —  Rich  woods,  most  abundant  north¬ 

ward  or  m  mountain  valleys.  April. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  arising  from  lateral  leafless  buds , 
,  JT^ding  the  leaves  :  stamens  3  -6. 

.  •  aa.sycd.rpum,  Ehrhart.  (White  or  Silver  Maple.) 


81 


ACERACEJE.  (MAPLE  FAMILY.) 

Leaves  deeply  5-lobed  with  the  sinuses  rather  acute,  silvery-white 
(and  when  young  downy)  underneath,  the  divisions  narrow,  cut-lobed 
and  toothed;  flowers  (greenish  yellow)  on  short  pedicels;  petals  none; 
fruit  woolly  when  young ,  with  large  divergent  wings.  —  River-banks, 
most  common  southward.  April.  —  A  fine  ornamental  tree. 

5.  A.  rubrum,  L.  (Red  or  Swamp  Maple.)  Leaves  3-5- 
lobed  with  the  sinuses  acute,  whitish  underneath ;  the  lobes  irregu¬ 
larly  serrate  and  notched,  acute,  the  middle  one  usually  longest; 
petals  linear-oblong ;  flowers  on  very  short  pedicels;  but  the  fruit  on 
prolonged  drooping  pedicels,  smooth.  —  Swamps  and  wet  woods, 
everywhere.  March,  April.  —  A  small  tree,  with  reddish  twigs;  the 
leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape,  turning  bright  crimson  in  early  au¬ 
tumn  ;  the  blossoms  scarlet,  or  sometimes  greenish-yellow. 

WEOUNBO,  Mcench.  Ash-leaved  Maple. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  none.  Stamens  mostly  5.  —  Flowers 
dioecious,  from  lateral  buds  ;  the  sterile  in  clusters  on  capillary 
pedicels  ;  the  fertile  in  drooping  racemes.  Leaves  pinnate,  with 
3  or  5  leaflets. 

1.  IV.  aceroides,  Moench.  (Acer  Negundo,  L.)  Leaflets 
smoothish  when  old,  very  veiny,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed;  fruit 
smooth,  with  large  rather  incurved  wings.  —  River-banks.  Penn,  to 

iehigan.  April. —  A  small  but  handsome  tree,  with  light-green 
twigs,  and  very  delicate  drooping  clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers, 
rather  preceding  the  leaves.  Also  called  Box-Elder. 

Order  32.  HIPPOCASTAJYACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs ,  with  opposite  digitate  leaves ,  no  stip¬ 
ules,  and  showy  hypogynous  flowers  which  are  both  un - 
symmetrical  and  irregular .  Fruit  a  leathery  round  pod , 
2  -  Z-valved,  ripening  1  to  3 •  very  large  bitter  seeds  like 
chestnuts .  —  Consists  essentially  of  the  genus 

AE  S  CTJETJS,  L.  Horse-chestnut. 

Calyx  regular,  5-lobed.  Petals  4,  sometimes  5,  more  or  less 
unequal,  with  claws.  Stamens  7  (rarely  6  or  8)  ;  filaments  long 
and  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  1  :  ovary  3-celled,  with  2  ovules 
in  each,  only  one  of  which,  or  one  in  each  cell,  ripens  into  a  seed. 
Seed  with  a  thick  and  shining  coat  and  a  large  and  round  pale 
scar,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  some¬ 
what  crumpled  and  united,  remaining  under  ground  in  germina- 


82  HIPPOCASTANACEiE.  ( HORSE-CHESTNUT  FAMILY.) 

tion  :  plumule  2-leaved  :  radicle  conical,  curved.  — Leaflets  of  the 
5  -  7-foliolate  leaves  serrate,  straight-veined,  like  a  Chestnut-leaf. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsus  or  dense  panicle,  often  polygamous, 
the  greater  portion  with  imperfect  pistils  and  sterile.  Pedicels 
jointed.  (The  ancient  name  of  some  Oak  or  other  mast-bearing 
tree.) 

§1.  iEscuLus  proper.  —  Fruit  covered  with  prickles. 

1*  Hippocdstanum,  L.  (Common  Horse-chestnut.) 
Corrolla  spreading,  white  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow,  of  5  petals; 
stamens  declined;  leaflets  7.  — This  well-known  introduced  tree  may 
be  said  to  be  almost  naturalized. 

2.  iE.  glabra,  Willd.  (Ohio  Buckeye.)  Stamens  curved, 
much  longer  than  the  pale  yellow  corolla  of  4  upright  petals  ;  fruit 
prickly  when  young;  leaflets  5.  —  River-banks,  W.  Penn,  to  Michi¬ 
gan.  June.  —  A  small  tree,  the  bark  exhaling  an  unpleasant  odor,  as 
in  the  rest  of  the  genus.  Flowers  small,  not  showy. 

§  2.  PXvia,  Boerh.  —  Fruit  smooth.  (Buckeye.) 

3.  JE.  flava,  Ait.  (Yellow  Buckeye.)  Stamens  shorter  than 
the  light  yellow  corolla  of  4  very  unequal  petals ;  filaments  nearly 
straight,  woolly;  leaflets  5-7,  pubescent  beneath.  —  Woods,  Ohio, 

May.  Often  a  large  tree  :  seeds  very  large. 

P-^-VIA,  L.,  the  Buckeye  with  purple  or  reddish  flowers,  proba¬ 
bly  grows  in  S.  W.  Pennsylvania. 

Order  33.  CELASTRACE.E.  (Spindle-tree  Fam.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees ,  with  small  regular  and  symmetri¬ 
cal  flowers ,  the  sepals  and  the  petals  both  imbricated  in  the 
hud,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with 
them  ( opposite  the  sepals),  inserted  on  a  disk  which  often 
fills  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  3-  {rarely  4-5-) 
celled  pod,  free  from  the  calyx.  —  Seeds  solitary  or  few,  ana- 
tropous,  with  a  large  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen :  cotyle¬ 
dons  broad  and  leaf-like.  —  Stipules  deciduous  or  incon¬ 
spicuous.  Pedicels  jointed. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  1.  S  TAPHYLEiE.  Seeds  bony,  with  no  aril.  Ovary  many* 
ovuled,  free  from  the  cup-shaped  disk.  —  Leaves  compound. 

1.  Staphylea.  Flowers  in  raceme-like  clusters.  Pods  bladdery. 

Tribe  2.  EUONYME^.  Seeds  with  pulpy  arils.  Ovules  2  in 


83 


CELASTRACEJE.  (SPINDLE-TREE  FAMILY.) 

each  cell.  Style  1  :  stigma  3-lobed.  Disk  adhering  to  the 
bottom  of  the  calyx.  —  Leaves  simple. 

2.  Celastrus.  Stamens  on  the  edge  of  the  disk.  Leaves  alternate. 

3.  Euonymus.  Stamens  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  disk,  in  which 

the  ovary  is  immersed.  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  STAPHYLEA,  L.  Bladder-nut. 

Sepals  5,  erect.  Petals  5,  with  short  claws.  Pistil  of  3  car¬ 
pels  united  in  the  axis  ;  their  long1  styles  cohering,  but  separating 
as  the  ovary  enlarges  into  the  membranaceous  inflated  3-lobed  and 
#  3-celled  pod.  Seeds  2  or  3  in  each  cell,  naked,  bony.  —  Upright 
shrubs  with  opposite  pinnate  leaves  of  3  or  5  serrate  leaflets,  and 
white  flowers  in  drooping  raceme-like  clusters,  terminating  the 
branchlets.  (Name  from  o-ra^uAq,  a  cluster .) 

1.  S.  trifolia.,  L.  (American  Bladder-nut.)  Leaflets  3, 
ovate,  pointed.  — Moist  thickets.  May.  — Shrub  10°  high,  with 
greenish  striped  branches.  Flowers  <p,  pods  2',  long. 

CELASTRUS,  L.  Shrubby  Bitter-sweet. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  sessile.  Stamens  on 
the  margin  of  a  cup-shaped  disk.  Pistil  on  the  disk.  Pod  glo¬ 
bose  (orange-color  and  berry-like),  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds 
1  -  2  in  each  cell,  erect,  inclosed  by  a  pulpy  scarlet  aril.  —  Leaves 
alternate.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  raceme-like  clusters  ter¬ 
minating  the  branches,  polygamo-dicecious.  (An  ancient  Greek 
name  for  some  evergreen,  which  our  plant  is  not.) 

1.  C*  SCandens,  L.  (Wax-work.  Climbing  Bitter-sweet.) 
Woody,  climbing  or  twining ;  leaves  thin,  ovate-oblong,  finely  serrate, 
pointed.  Along  streams  and  thickets.  June. —  The  opening  orange- 
colored  pods,  displaying  the  scarlet  covering  of  the  seeds,  are  very 
ornamental  in  autumn. 

Tourn.  Spindle-tree. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  the  base,  forming  a  short  and  flat  calyx. 
Petals  4-5,  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  very  short,  inserted 
on  the  upper  face  of  a  broad  and  flat  4  -  5-angled  disk,  which  co¬ 
heres  with  the  calyx  and  is  stretched  over  the  ovary.  Style  short 
or  none.  Pod  3  —  5-lobed,  3  —  5-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1—2 
in  each  cell,  inclosed  in  a  red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  with  4-sided  branch- 
lets,  opposite  serrate  leaves,  and  loose  cymes  of  small  green  or 


84  CELASTRACEJE.  (sPINDLE-TREE  FAMILY.) 

dark-purple  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (Deriv.  from  cv, 
good ,  and  ovopa,  name ,  because  it  has  the  bad  reputation  of  poi¬ 
soning  cattle.  Toum.) 

1.  E.  atropurpureus,  Jacq.  (Burning  Bush.)  Shrub  tall 
and  upright ;  leaves  petioled ,  oval-oblong,  pointed  ;  parts  of  the  (dark 
purple)  flower  commonly  in  fours;  pods  smooth ,  deeply  lobed.  —  New 
York  and  westward:  also  cultivated.  June.  —  Ornamental  at  the 
close  of  autumn,  by  its  copious  clusters  of  crimson  fruit,  drooping  on 
long  peduncles. 

2.  E.  America. mis,  L.  (Strawberry-bush.)  Shrub  low, 
often  spreading  or  trailing  ;  leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  varying 
to  obovate  ;  parts  of  the  (purplish  or  green)  flowers  mostly  in  fives; 
pods  rough-warty ,  depressed.  —  Wet  places,  W.  New  York  westward. 
May- July.  —  Fruit  not  copious,  crimson  when  ripe,  the  aril  scarlet. 

Order  34.  RHAMNACEiE.  (Buckthorn  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees ,  with  simple  leaves ,  small  and  reg¬ 
ular  flowers  ( sometimes  apelalous ),  with  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  valvate  sepals  and  alternate  with  them ,  and  accord - 
ingty  opposite  the  petals  !  Drupe  or  pod  with  only  one 
seed  in  each  cell ,  not  arilled.  —  Petals  folded  inwards  in  the 
bud,  hooded  or  concave,  inserted  along  with  the  stamens 
into  the  edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  which  lines  the  short  tube  of 
the  calyx  and  often  unites  it  to  the  lower  part  of  the  2-5* 
celled  ovary.  Ovules  solitary,  anatropous,  erect.  Stigmas 
2-5,  distinct;  the  styles  united.  Embryo  large,  with 
broad  cotyledons,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  mostly  alter* 
nate  :  stipules  minute.  Branches  often  thorny. 

L.  Buckthorn. 

Calyx  4 -5-cleft.  Petals  4-5,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  flat- 
tish,  or  none.  Filaments  short.  Ovary  nearly  free  from  the  ca¬ 
lyx.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  containing  3  or  4  cartilaginous 
nuts.  Flowers  minute,  in  short  axillary  clusters,  often  polygu* 
mous  or  dioecious.  (CP dpvoS,  the  ancient  name,  from  the  numer¬ 
ous  branchlets.) 

}  R-  catlUirticus,  L.  (Common  Buckthorn.)  Leaves  ovate, 
minutely  serrate;  stamens ,  petals ,  and  seeds  mostly  4.  —  Naturalized 
in  some  places,  and  especially  near  West  Point,  New  York.  Culti- 


RHAMNACEiE.  (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.)  85 

rated  for  hedges.  May.  —  A  tall  shrub,  with  gray  branches  and 
thorny  branchlets.  Fruit  black. 

2.  R.  alnifolius,  LTIer.  (Alder-leaved  Buckthorn.) 
Leaves  oval,  pointed,  serrate ;  petals  usually  wanting ;  stamens  5 ; 

seeds  3.  —  Swarnps,  Maine  to  Michigan  northward.  June. _ A 

spreading  shrub,  2°-  3°  high. 

2.  CEANdTHUS,  L.  New  Jersey  Tea. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lower  part  cohering  with  the  ovary,  the  up- 
per  separating  across  in  fruit.  Petals  hood-form,  on  slender 
claws.  Filaments  elongated.  Fruit  3-lobed,  dry  and  splitting 
into  its  3  carpels  when  ripe.  —  Shrubby  plants ;  the  flowers  in 
little  umbel-like  clusters,  which  are  crowded  in  dense  panicles  or 
corymbs  at  the  summit  of  naked  flower-branches  :  calyx  and  pedi¬ 
cels  colored  like  the  petals.  (A  name  of  Theophrastus,  of  un¬ 
known  meaning,  applied  to  some  very  different  plant.) 

L  C.  A  meric  films,  L.  (New  Jersey  Tea.)  Leaves  ovale 
or  oblong-ovate,  3-ribbed,  serrate,  downy  beneath,  often  heart-shaped 
at  the  base ;  common  peduncles  elongated.  —  Dry  woodlands.  July. 

An  undershrub,  1°-  3P  high  from  a  dark  red  root,  varying  greatly  ; 
branches  downy.  Flowers  in  pretty  white  clusters.  —  The  leaves 
were  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea  during  the  American  Revolution. 

2.  C.  ovalis,  Bigelow.  Leaves  narrowly  oval  or  elliptical- 
lanceolate,  finely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  as  well  as 
the  short  common  peduncles.  —  Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Michigan 
northward.  May.  —  A  handsome  low  shrub,  with  the  white  flowers 
larger  than  in  No  1,  more  corymbed,  and  narrower  smooth  leaves, 
mostly  acute  at  both  ends. 

Order  35.  \ITACEiE.  (Vine  Family.) 

Shrubs  climbing  by  tendrils ,  with  small  regular  Jlowers , 
a  minute  truncated  calyx ,  and  the  stamens  as  many  as  the 
vale  ate  petals  and  opposite  them  !  Berry  2-celled ,  4-seeded. 

Petals  4-5,  very  deciduous,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on 
the  outside  of  the  fleshy  disk  which  fills  the  cup  of  the  al¬ 
most  obsolete  calyx.  Pistil  with  a  short  style  or  none,  and 
a  slightly  2-lobed  stigma :  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect  ana- 
tropous  ovules  from  the  base  of  each.  Seeds  bony,  with  a 
minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  hard  albumen.  —  Leaves 
palmately  veined  or  compound  :  tendrils  and  flower-clusters 
8 


86 


VITACE2E.  (VINE  FAMILY.) 

opposite  the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  polygamous 
in  all  the  American  species. 

1«  VITIS,  L.  Grape-Vine. 

Calyx  with  a  nearly  entire  border.  Petals  separating  at  the 
base  sooner  than  at  the  apex,  and  so  usually  falling  off  together 
without  expanding.  Base  of  the  ovary  girt  with  a  4-5-lobed 
ring,  or  4  -  5  glands  alternate  with  the  stamens.  Flowers  fra¬ 
grant  in  a  compound  thyrsus :  pedicels  mostly  umbellate-clustered. 
(The  Latin  name  of  the  Vine.) 

*  Leaves  clothed  with  rusty  or  whitish  wool  beneath ,  at  least  when  young. 

1.  V.  Labrusca,  L.  (Northern  Fox  Grape.)  Branchlets 
and  young  leaves  very  woolly  ;  leaves  continuing  woolly  beneath,  round 
heart-shaped,  variously  angled  and  lobed,  obtusely  toothed ;  fertile 
panicles  compact;  berries  large  (£'-|'in  diameter).  —  Moist  thick¬ 
ets,  common.  June.  —  Berries  ripe  in  Sept.,  dark  purple  or  amber- 
color,  with  a  tough  musky  pulp.  Improved  by  cultivation,  it  has  giv¬ 
en  rise  to  the  Isabella  Grape ,  &c. 

^  •  *®Stivalis,  Michx.  (Summer  Grape.)  Young  leaves 
doicny  icith  loose  cobwebby  hairs  beneath ,  smoothish  when  old ,  green 
above,  variously  3-5-lobed,  with  the  sinuses  rounded,  coarsely  tooth¬ 
ed  ;  fertile  panicles  compound ;  berries  small  (£')  black  with  a  bloom. 
—  Thickets,  common,  climbing  high.  June.  —  Berries  pleasant,  ripe 
in  Oct. 

*  *  Leaves  green  on  both  sides ,  thin. 

3  v.  Cordifblia,  Michx.  (Winter  or  Frost  Grape.) 
rounded  heart-shaped ,  sharply  and  coarsely  toothed,  scarcely 
lobed,  smooth ,  as  well  as  the  stalks ,  or  sparsely  beset  with  hairs  on 
the  veins  beneath;  berries  small  ($/)  black-blue  with  a  copious 
bloom.  Thickets,  common.  June.  —  Berries  very  acerb  till  frost, 
then  edible  and  spicy,  but  sour. 

4.  V*  l  ip  alia,  Michx.  (River-side  Frost  Grape.)  Leaves 
heart-shaped,  commonly  3-lobed,  unequally  and  very  sharply  cut- 
toot  led,  the  larger  teeth  and  lobes  long-pointed,  the  veins  beneath 
and  the  young  stalks  more  or  less  pubescent ;  berries  small,  greenish- 
amber  color  or  purple. -W.  New  England  to  Penn,  and  Mich- 
N’110  3  ^UDe  well  distinguished,  and  probably  not  distinct  from 

V.  \  ulpina,  L.,  the  Fox  Grape  or  Muscadine  of  the  Southern 
States  (V.  rotundifolia,  Michx.),  is  a  well-marked  species,  with  a  fruit 
quite  as  large  as  m  No.  1,  with  a  musky  flavor :  it  mav  be  expected 
to  occur  in  W.  Pennsylvania. 


vitacejE.  (vine  family.)  87 

2,  AMPELOPSIS,  Michx.  Virginian  Creeper. 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave,  spreading,  deciduous 
after  expansion.  No  5-lobed  ring  around  the  ovary.  —  Leaves 
digitate,  with  5  leaflets  (turning  crimson  in  autumn).  Flower- 
clusters  cymose.  (Name  from  a/wreXos,  a  vine ,  and  oyjns,  appear¬ 
ance.) 

1.  A.  qiliuqucfolia,  Michx.  —  A  common  and  familiar  shrub¬ 
by  vine,  climbing  extensively,  blossoming  in  July,  ripening  its  small 
blackish  berries  in  Oct.  Also  called  American  Ivy. 

Order  36.  POLY  GAL  ACEiE.  (Milkwort  Family.) 

Plants  with  a  kind  of  irregular  papilionaceous  flowers , 
4-8  diadelphous  stamens ,  their  anthers  opening  at  the  top 
by  a  pore  or  chink ;  the  fruit  a  2- celled  and  2-seeded  pod , 
entirely  free  from  the  calyx.  —  Represented  by  the  typical 
genus 

*  '  p°1'  GALA,  Toum.  Milkwort. 

Flower  very  irregular.  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  sepals,  of  which 
3  (the  upper  and  the  2  lower)  are  small  and  often  greenish,  while 
the  two  lateral  or  inner  (called  wings)  are  much  larger  and  col¬ 
ored  like  the  petals.  Petals  3,  hypogynous,  connected  with  each 
other  and  with  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  (lower)  one  keel¬ 
shaped  and  often  crested  on  the  hack.  Stamens  6  or  8  :  their 
filaments  united  below  into  a  split  sheath  or  into  2  sets,  cohering 
more  or  less  with  the  petals,  free  above  :  anthers  1-celled,  often 
cup-shaped,  opening  by  a  hole  or  broad  chink  at  the  apex.  Ovary 
2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  pendulous  in  each  cell : 
style  prolonged  and  curved  :  stigma  various.  Fruit  a  small  locu- 
lieidal  2-seeded  pod,  usually  rounded  and  notched  at  the  apex, 
much  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Seeds  with 
a  caruncle,  or  variously  shaped  appendage  at  the  hilum.  Embryo 
large,  with  flat  and  broad  cotyledons,  surrounded  by  albumen.  — 
Bitter  plants  (low  herbs  in  temperate  regions)  with  simple  entire 
leaves,  often  dotted,  and  no  stipules  :  sometimes  bearing  concealed 
fertile  flowers  also  next  the  ground.  (An  old  name  from  no\vs, 
much,  and  ydAn,  milk,  from  a  fancied  property  of  its  increasing 
this  secretion.) 


88 


POLYGALACEJS.  (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

*  Biennial :  flowers  yellow  :  crest  of  the  keel  small. 

1.  P.  liltea,  L.  Flowers  in  solitary  ovate  or  oblong  heads ,  ter¬ 
minating  the  stem  or  simple  branches  ( bright  orange-yellow )  ;  leaves 
obovate  or  spatulate ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the 
seed.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
June -Sept. —  Stems  6;  -12'  high,  at  first  simple,  bearing  the  showy 
head  of  flowers  in  diameter.  Leaves  1-  2'  long. 

2.  P.  cy Ill 6 Sit,  Walt.  Flowers  in  small  heads  disposed  in  a 
compound  level-topped  cyme  (i citron-yellow  turning  blackish- green  in 
drying ) ;  leaves  linear  or  oblong-spatulate ;  caruncle  short.  (P.  co¬ 
rymbose,  Michx.,  ^*c.)  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  ?  Delaware, 
and  southward.  —  Stems  8' -12'  high,  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base. 

*  *  Annual :  flowers  purple  or  white,  in  spikes  ;  no  subterranean  ones. 

Leaves  all  alternate  or  scattered:  flowers  purple  or  flesh-color. 

3.  P*  incarnata,  L.  Glaucous ;  stem  slender,  simple  or  spar¬ 
ingly  branched ;  leaves  small,  linear-awl-shaped ;  spike  oblong  or 
cylindrical ;  wings  much  shorter  than  the  conspicuously  crested  corol¬ 
la  ;  claws  of  the  petals  united  in  a  very  long  and  slender  cleft  tube ; 
caruncle  longer  than  the  stalk  of  the  seed.  —  Dry  soil,  Ohio  to  W  is- 
consin  and  southward.  July.  —  Plant  1°  high. 

4.  P.  sanguinea,  L.  Stem  branched  at  the  top ;  leaves  ob¬ 
long-linear  ;  spikes  roundish  or  oblong,  very  obtuse ;  icings  broadly 
ovate ,  very  obtuse  ;  caruncle  almost  as  long  as  the  seed.  (P.  purpurea, 
Mutt.)  —  Sandy  and  moist  ground,  common.  July -Sept.  —  Stem 
&  - 12'  high.  .  Spikes  J'  thick,  reddish-purple  :  the  rachis,  as  in  No. 
5  and  6,  beset  with  the  persistent  awl-shaped  scaly  bracts  after  the 
flowers  have  fallen. 

5.  P,  fastigiata,  Nutt.  Stem  slender,  at  length  much  branch¬ 
ed  above  ;  leaves  linear ;  spikes  short ;  icings  ovate-oblong ,  tapering 
at  the  base  into  distinct  claws  ;  caruncle  as  long  as,  and  nearly  envelop¬ 
ing,  the  stalk-like  base  of  the  minutely  hairy  seed.  (P.  sanguinea,  Torr. 

Gr .,  FI.,  excl.  syn  ;  not  of  Mutt.,  nor  L.)  —  Pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  (Muttall)  and  southward.  —  Spikes  looser,  and  the  rose-purple 
flowers  much  smaller,  than  in  No.  4,  brighter-colored  than  in  the  next, 
which  it  most  resembles.  Crest  of  the  corolla  minute,  as  in  the  re¬ 
lated  species. 

6.  P.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (FI.  1,  p.  670,  excl.  syn.,  &  descr.). 
Low ;  stem  branched  above ;  leaves  linear ;  spikes  oblong,  dense , 
wings  elliptical,  on  very  short  claws  ;  caruncle  small  and  applied  to  one 
side  of  the  stalk-like  base  of  the  very  hairy  seed.  (P.  sanguinea,  J^utt-j 
not  of  L.  P.  Mariana,  &c.,  Pluk.,  t.  437.  P.  ambigua,  Torr.  4' 

FI.,  not  of  Mutt.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey 
and  southward  near  the  coast.  Aug.  —  Plant  4' -&  high.  Spikes 


89 


POLYGALACEJE.  (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 


in  diameter ;  the  flowers  light  purple  and  greenish,  duller-colored 
than  in  the  last,  with  thicker  wings  on  shorter  claws ;  and  the  nar¬ 
row  caruncle  not  longer  than  the  stalk-like  base  of  the  pear-shaped 
seed. 


■*“ ■*"  Leaves,  at  least  the  lower ,  in  whorls:  floicers purple  or  whitish. 

cruciata,  L.  Low,  with  spreading  opposite  branches ; 
leaves  nearly  all  in  whorls  of  four  (rarely  of  five),  linear  and  some¬ 
what  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  ;  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so ,  dense,  ob¬ 
long  becoming  cylindrical;  bracts  persistent;  wings  broadly  deltoid- 
ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped ,  tapering  to  a  bristly  point ;  caruncle  nearly 
as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Margin  of  swamps,  Maine  to  Michigan,  but 
rare  northward,  common  southward  near  the  coast.  Aug.  -  Sept.  — 
Stems  4'  - 10'  high,  with  almost  winged  angles.  Spikes  fully  £'  in 
diameter  :  flowers  greenish-white,  mostly  tinged  with  purple. 

brevifolia,  Nutt.  Rather  slender,  branched  above ; 
leaves  in  whorls  of  four,  or  scattered  on  the  branches,  narrowly  spat- 
ulate-oblong  ;  spikes  peduncled ,  oblong,  rather  loose ;  icings  lanceolate- 
ovate,  pointless  or  barely  mucronate.  —  Margin  of  sandy  bogs,  New 
Jersey.  Rhode  Island,  Olney.  Sept.  —  Closely  allied  to  the  last,  of 
which  it  is  possibly  only  a  marked  variety.  Wings  purple-rose-color 
throughout. 

9.  P.  verticillata,  L.  Slender,  much  branched ;  stem-leaves 
in  whorls  of  four  or  five,  those  of  the  branches  scattered,  linear,  acute  ; 
spikes  peduncled,  dense,  acute,  elongated ;  bracts  falling  with  the 
flowers;  wings  round,  clawed;  the  2-lobed  caruncle  half  the  length 
of  the  seed.  —  Dry  soil,  common.  June  -  Oct.  —  Stems  6' -10'  high, 
with  long  erect  branches.  Spike  slender ;  the  small  flowers  green¬ 
ish-white,  or  sometimes  tinged  with  purple :  crest  rather  large  in 
proportion. 

10.  P.  a  ill!)  f  glia,  Nutt.  Very  slender,  loosely  branched;  low- 
PSt'  st™i-leaves  in  whorls  of  four,  the  rest  scattered ,  narrowly  linear; 
spikes  long-peduncled ,  very  slender ,  the  flowers  often  scattered  ;  wings 
oval ;  caruncle  shorter ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  No.  9.  —  Dry  woods, 
New  Jersey  southward  and  westward.  More  slender  in  all  its  parts 
than  the  last,  with  a  looser  spike. 


*  *  *  Perennial :  flowers  white,  spiked  ;  no  subterranean  ones. 

IL  P*  Senega,  L.  (Seneca  Snake-root.)  Stems  several 
from  a  thick  and  hard  knotty  root,  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  with 
rough  margins,  alternate  ;  spike  cylindrical,  the  flowers  on  extremely 
short  pedicels  ;  wings  round-obovate,  concave  ;  crest  short ;  caruncle 
nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Rocky  woods,  W.  New  England  west¬ 
ward.  May,  June.  —  Stems  nearly  1°  high:  spike  l'-2'  long. — 
here  is  a  variety  in  the  Western  States  with  nearly  ovate  taper- 
pointed  leaves. 


8 


90 


polygalace.se.  (milkwort  family.) 


*  ♦  *  *  Biennial  or  'perennial :  jloicers  purple ;  also  with  whitish  fer¬ 
tile  ones  on  subterranean  branches. 

12.  P.  poly  gam  a,  Walt.  Stems  numerous  from  the  biennial 
root,  mostly  simple,  ascending,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  ob¬ 
long,  alternate;  terminal  raceme  many-flowered,  the  broadly  o  ovate 
wings  longer  than  the  crested  corolla ;  radical  flowers  raceme  on 
short  runners  on  or  beneath  the  ground,  with  imperfect  coro  as , 
lobes  of  the  caruncle  2,  scale-like,  shorter  than  the  seed.  (P-  ru  e  a, 
Muhl.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  common.  July.  —  Stems  6'  -  1-'  hig  >  t  e 
rose-purple  flowers  (£'  long)  very  handsome,  8-androus,  often  ripen 
ing  seeds  as  well  as  the  subterranean  ones. 

13.  P.  paucifolia,  Willd.  Perennial ;  flowering  stems  short 
(3;  -  41),  and  leafy  chiefly  at  the  summit,  rising  from  long  ami  s  en  er 
prostrate  or  subterranean  shoots,  which  also  bear  concealed  erti  e 
flowers ;  lower  leaves  small  and  scale-like,  scattered ;  the  upper 
crowded,  ovate,  petioled  ;  flowers  1-3,  large,  peduncled;  w*nSs 
ovate,  rather  shorter  than  the  conspicuously  fringe-crested  kee  , 
mens  6 ;  caruncle  of  2  -  3  awl-shaped  lobes  longer  than  the  see  • 
Woods  in  light  soil.  May.  —  A  delicate  plant,  with  large  and  very 
handsome  flowers,  long,  rose-purple,  or  rarely  pure  white.  k'onl 
times  called  Flowering  Wintergreen ,  but  more  appropriately  FbisgeD 
POLYGALA. 


Order  37.  LEGUMIN OSiE.  (Pulse  Family.) 

Plants  with  papilionaceous  flowers ,  10  monadelphous ,  di 
adelphous ,  or  rarely  distinct  stamens ,  and  a  single  sil1lP 
pistil  producing  a  legume  in  fruit.  Leaves  alternate , tcl 
stipules ,  usually  compound. — Calyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or 
less  united.  Corolla  of  5  petals,  papilionaceous,*  or  rare!) 
almost  symmetrical,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  cal)x^ 
Stamens  inserted  with  the  corolla.  Ovary  free,  Feel  e 
(sometimes  2-celled  by  an  infolding  of  the  walls,  or  divide 
across  into  joints),  with  a  single  lateral  placenta  :  style  sim 
pie:  ovules  amphitropous,  or  rarely  anatropous.  See 
without  albumen,  filled  by  the  embryo.  —  Leaflets  al mo 
always  entire.  Flowers  usually  perfect.  —  These  afe 


*  The  upper,  or  odd,  usually  spreading  petal  is  named  the  standard, 
side  ones,  wings;  the  two  lower,  which  commonly  cohere  by  their  lGWer  = 
form  what  is  called,  from  their  obvious  shape,  the  keel ,  which  usually 
lh«  stamens. 


LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.)  91 


characters  of  the  proper  Pulse  Family ,  viz.  the  suborder 
PAPILIONACEiE.* 

Synopsis, 

I.  Corolla  truly  papilionaceous.  Radicle  mostly  incurved. 

Tribe  1.  VICIEiE. —  Stamens  diadelphous,  9  united  by  their  fila¬ 
ments  into  a  sheath  split  on  the  upper  side  (next  the  standard) 
where  the  10th  is  free.  Pod  continuous  and  1-celled.  Cotyle¬ 
dons  very  thick  and  fleshy  (as  in  a  pea),  not  rising  to  the  sur¬ 
face,  but  remaining  underground  in  germination.  —  Herbs, 
with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  the  common  leaf-stalk  produced 
into  a  tendril  or  bristle.  Peduncles  axillary. 

1.  Vicia.  Style  bearded  round  the  apex,  or  down  the  anterior  side. 

2.  Lathyrus.  Style  bearded  on  the  posterior  side,  flattened. 


Tribe  2.  PHASEOLEiE.  —  Stamens  more  or  less  diadelphous 
(9  and  1).  Pod  continuous,  not  jointed,  nor  more  than  1-cell- 
ed,  except  by  cellular  matter  sometimes  deposited  between  the 
seeds.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  usually  rising  to  the  sur¬ 
face,  but  remaining  nearly  unchanged  (seldom  foliaeeous)  in 
germination.  —  Twining  or  trailing  plants,  with  odd-pinnate 
leaves  of  3- several  leaflets,  mostly  stipellate,  destitute  of  ten¬ 
drils.  Flowers  often  clustered  in  the  racemes. 

*  Keel  twisted.  Cotyledons  thick,  nearly  unchanged  in  germination. 

.  Phaseolus.  Keel  spiral.  Leaves  3-foliolate,  stipellate. 

4.  Arios.  Keel  incurved,  at  length  twisted.  Leaves  5 -  7-foliolate. 

*  *  Keel  not  twisted.  Leaves  3-foliolate. 
r  3.  Galactia.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Bracts  deciduous,  not  striate. 

6.  Amphicarpjea.  Calyx  4 -5-toothed.  Peduncles  many-flowered. 

Bracts  persistent,  striate. 


*  7.  Clitoria.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  2-bracteolate.  Peduncles  1-3- 
flowered.  Standard  spurless. 

8-  Centrosema.  Calyx  short,  5-cleft,  2-bracteolate.  Peduncles 
few-flowered.  Standard  spurred  on  the  back. 


Tribe  3.  HEDYSARE^E.  —  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadel¬ 
phous.  Pod  (a  loment)  separating  transversely  into  2 -several 
1-seeded  indehiscent  joints,  or  rarely  reduced  to  one  such  joint. 
Cotyledons  becoming  green  leaves  in  germination.  Leaves 
odd-pinnate:  leaflets  3-many,  mostly  stipellate. 

9.  iEscHYNOMENE.  Stamens  equally  diadelphous  (5  and  5).  Pod 
several-jointed.  Flowers  all  perfect.  Leaflets  numerous. 


taneousto  ^  °the,r  great  division>  or  shorter  MIMOSE JE,  grow  spon- 

their  Deculiarh  Z*  <aIthouSh  there  are  several  farther  west  and  south), 

ies  have  here,  for  greater  simplicity,  been  left  entirely  out  of  view. 


92  LEGUMINOSjE.  (pulse  family.) 

10.  Desmodium.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  sometimes  monadel- 

phous.  Pod  several-jointed.  Flowers  perfect.  Leaflets  3. 

11.  Lespedeza.  Stamens  diadelphous:  anthers  uniform.  Pod  1- 

(rarely  2-)  jointed.  Flowers  often  polygamous.  Leaflets  3. 

12.  Stylosanthes.  Stamens  monadelphous :  anthers  of  2  forms. 

Pod  1-2-jointed.  Flowers  polygamo-moncecious.  Leaf¬ 
lets  3. 

Tribe  4.  LOTEiE.  —  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9 
and  1).  Pod  continuous,  1-celled,  or  else  2-celled  lengthwise. 
Cotyledons  becoming  green  leaves  in  germination.  —  Not  twin¬ 
ing,  climbing,  nor  tendril-bearing. 

Subtribe  1.  Astragaleje.  —  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  with  one 
or  both  the  sutures  tumid,  or  projecting  inwards,  so  as  often 
to  become  partly  or  completely  2-celled  lengthwise.  Leaves 
pinnate. 

13.  Astragalus.  Pod  partly  or  quite  2-celled  by  the  projection  of 

the  lower  (dorsal)  suture. 

14.  Phaca.  Pod  1-celled,  with  the  upper  (seed-bearing)  suture  tumid 

or  projecting,  turgid.  Keel  obtuse. 

Subtribe  2.  Galege;e.  —  Stamens  often  monadelphous.  Sutures 
of  the  pod  not  turned  inwards.  Leaves  commonly  pinnate  or 
pinnately  3-foliolate,  the  earliest  ones  opposite. 

*  Pods  linear,  flat,  several-seeded. 

15.  Robinia.  Stam.  diadelphous.  Shrubs  or  trees :  leaflets  stipellate- 

16.  Tephrosia.  Stam.  scarcely  diadelphous.  Stipelles  none. 

*  *  Pods  1  -  2-seeded,  short,  scarcely  dehiscent. 

\J  17.  Amorpha.  Stam.  monadelphous  merely  at  the  base.  Pe*a 
one ! 

V  18.  Psoralea.  Stam.  diadelphous.  Corolla  truly  papilionaceous, 
v/*  19.  Petalostemon.  Stam.  monadelphous,  only  5  !  Corolla  scarctl) 
papilionaceous. 

Subtribe  3.  Trifolie.e.  —  Stamens  diadelphous.  Leaves  Pa^ 
mately  (sometimes  pinnately)  3  -  5-foliolate,  the  earliest  ones 
alternate. 

20.  Trifolium.  Flowers  capitate.  Pods  membranous,  small. 

21.  Melilotus.  Flowers  racemed.  Pods  coriaceous,  wrinkled. 

22.  Medicago.  Flowers  racemed  or  spiked.  Pods  curved  or  coiled. 

Subtribe  4.  Geniste^.  —  Stamens  monadelphous:  anthers  of  2 
forms.  Leaves  simple  or  palmately  3 -15-foliolate. 

23.  Genista.  Keel  straight.  Pod  flattened.  Leaves  simple. 

24.  Crotalaria.  Keel  scythe-shaped.  Pod  inflated.  Leaves  simple- 

25.  Lupinus.  Keel  scythe-shaped,  pointed.  Pod  flattish,  knotty. 

Leaves  1  -  15-foliolate. 


LEGUMINOSiE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 


93 


Stamens  distinct.  Corolla  truly  papil- 


Tribe  5.  SOPHORE^. 
ionaceous. 

26.  Baptisia.  Pod  turgid.  Herbs  :  leaves  mostly  palmate. 

27.  Cercis.  Pod  flat,  wing-margined  on  one  side.  Trees  :  leaves 

simple. 

II.  Corolla  not  really  papilionaceous.  Radicle  straight. 

Tribe  6  Cassiea:. —  Stamens  distinct,  some  of  them  often  im¬ 
perfect.  Corolla  open,  irregular,  or  almost  regular. 

28.  Cassia.  Flowers  perfect :  anthers  opening  by  pores. 

29.  Gymnocladus.  Flowers  dioecious.  Petals  equal.  Thornless. 

30.  Gleditschia.  Flowers  polygamous.  Petals  unequal.  Trees 

thorny. 

Tribe  I.  \ICliLE.  The  Vetch  or  Pea  Tribe. 

1.  VI CIA,  Tourn.  Vetch.  Tare. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  shorter. 
Style  thread-shaped,  hairy  all  round  the  apex  or  down  the  outer 
side  (next  the  keel).  Pod  2-  several  -seeded.  Stipules  usually 
half  arrow-shaped.  (The  old  Latin  name.) 

*  -Annual  :  flowers  1-2  in  the  axils ,  nearly  sessile. 

.  V.  saliva,  L.  (Common  Vetch  or  Tare.)  Somewhat 

oblonTr  'r tem  Ple, !  Jeafle'S  iD  5  -  7  Paira-  trying  from  obovate- 
oblong  to  hnear,  notched  and  mucronate  at  the  apex;  calyx-teeth 

equal,  pod  linear,  several-seeded.  —  Cultivated  fields  and  waste 
places ;  introduced ;  both  the  common  form  and  the  Var.  angustifo- 

putplT'th  0n§er  and  “arr0W  leaflet3'  Corolla  rather  large,  violet- 
»  *  Annual :  peduncles  elongated.  (Species  of  Ervum,  L.) 

J-  V;  L  (Smooth  Tare.)  Peduncles  l  -  2- 

iT  Doiea„  3  4,"6,rrs>  lincar-°blong.  obtuse ;  calyx-teeth  un- 
New  v  t  7°  S'  4'Seeded’  S7n0oth-  ~  Naturalized  around 

flowers  "  lnS‘Smficant  P,ant>  6' " 12'  Wgb.  with  small  whitish 

*  V  Wrsftta,  Koch.  (Hairv  Tare.)  Peduncles  3-&-flow- 
ererf;  leaflet  6_8  pairSi  truncate  .  ca|_yz.tceth  equaI;  porfs  oW 

■e-seeded,  hairy.  (Ervum  hirsutum,  L.)  —  Massachusetts  to  Penn.; 

towem  d  _ASlender  Stragsling  Plant.with  small  purplish-blue 

*  *  .  Perennial ••  peduncles  elongated;  calyx-teeth  very  unequal. 

( Indigenous .) 

leaflets  20 ^  (Tufted  Vetch.)  Downy-pubescent ; 

’  ol^on  lanceolate,  strongly  mucrtmate  ;  peduncles  dense- 
J  many- flowered;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube.  — Border  of 


94 


LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 


fields  and  thickets.  July.  —  Flowers  blue  with  purple,  ^  long,  one¬ 
sided  in  the  spike,  reflexed. 

5.  V.  Caroliniaiia,  Walt.  (Straggling  Vetch.)  Near¬ 
ly  smooth  ;  leaflets  8-12,  oblong ,  obtuse ,  scarcely  mucronate  ;  pedun¬ 
cles  loosely  flowered ;  calyx-teeth  very  short.  —  River-banks,  &c. 
May.  —  Stem  weak,  2° -4°  high,  climbing;  the  flowers  more  scat¬ 
tered  than  in  No.  4,  whitish,  the  keel  tipped  with  blue. 

6.  V.  Americana,  Muhl.  (American  Vetch.)  Glabrous; 

leaflets  10  - 14,  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong ,  very  obtuse,  many-veined , 
peduncles  4i-&-flowered.  —  Moist  thickets,  New  York  to  Michigan. 
June - Plant  1°-2P  high  :  flowers  purplish-blue,  |'  long. 


2.  lAtHYRIJS,  L.  Vetchling.  Everlasting  Pea. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  upper  teeth  shorter.  Style  flattish,  not 
grooved  above,  hairy  along  the  inner  side  (next  the  free  stamen). 
Pods  oblong,  several-seeded.  (AaBvpos,  a  leguminous  plant  of 
Theophrastus.)  —  Our  wild  species  are  perennial  and  mostly 
smooth  plants. 

1-  1*.  maritimus,  Bigelow.  (Beach  Pea.)  Stem  stout , 
leaflets  4-8  pairs,  crowded,  oval  or  obovate  ;  stipules  broadly  halber 
shaped ,  nearly  as  large  as  Ike  leaflets;  peduncles  6-10-fl°wer  ’• 

lower  calyx-teeth  longer  than  the  tube.  —  Sea-coast,  and  shore  of  t  e 
Great  Lakes.  June- Aug.  —  Stems  1°  high:  flowers  large,  blue-pur 
pie.  Leaflets  very  veiny,  as  also  are  those  of  the  other  species. 

2.  L..  vendsus,  Muhl.  (Veiny  Vetchling.)  Stem  climb¬ 
ing;  leaflets  5-7  pairs,  scattered,  oblong-ovate,  often  downy 
stipules  very  small  and  usually  slender ,  half  arrow-shaped ;  pedunc  ^ 
many-flowered.  —  Shady  banks,  Michigan  and  southward.  Jun®‘ 

A  large  species :  flowers  purple. 

3.  Ij.  oclirolciicus,  Hook.  (Pale  Vetchling.)  Stem 
der;  leaflets  3 - 4  pairs,  ovate  or  oval,  smooth,  glaucous, 

t ties  half  heart-shaped ,  about  half  as  large  as  the  leaflets  ;  pedunc 
7-  10-flowered  ;  corolla  yellowish-white.  —  Hill-sides  from  W 
moot  westward  and  northward.  July.  —  Flowers  smaller  than  m 
foregoing,  as  large  as  in  the  following. 

4.  L.  myrtilolius,  Muhl.  (Myrtle-leaved  Vktchli^ 
Stem  slender ;  leaflets  2-3  ( rarely  4)  pairs ,  ovate-elliptical ,  or  0 
obtuse  ;  stipules  half  ovate-arrow-shaped ,  rather  large  ;  pedunc  e 
6-flowered;  corolla  pale  dull  purple. — W.  New  England  to  *  ^ 
igan.  July  — Aug.  —  Leaves  sometimes  narrow  and  verging  to 
next  species. 

5.  palustris,  L.  (Marsh  Vetchling.)  Stem  s^en^’ 
often  wing-margined;  leaflets  3-4 pairs,  lanceolate ,  linear ,  or  nar 


LEGUMINOS.E.  (PULSE  FAMILY.)  95 

1y  oblong ,  mucronate-pointed ;  stipules  small ,  lanceolate,  half  arrow- 
shaped,  sharp-pointed  at  both  ends;  peduncles  3- 5-flowered  ;  corolla 
blue-purple.  Moist  places,  common,  especially  northward. 

L  latifolius  (Everlasting  Pea)  and  L.  odorAtus  (Sweet 
rEA)  are  commonly  cultivated  species. 

PIsum  satIvum,  the  Pea,  FAba  vulgAris,  the  Horse-Bean,  Er- 
vum  Lens,  the  Lentil,  and  CIcer  ariet'.ndm,  the  Chick-Pea,  are 
other  cultivated  representatives  of  this  tribe. 

Tribe  n.  PHASE6lEaE.  The  Bean  Tribe. 

®*  ®*HASE01<IJS,  L.  Kidney  Bean. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  higher  unit- 
e  .  Keel  of  the  corolla,  with  the  included  stamens  and  style 
spirally  coiled  or  incurved.  Pod  linear  or  scythe-shaped,  several  - 
many-seeded,  tipped  with  the  hardened  base  of  the  style.  —  Leaf¬ 
lets  3,  stipulate.  Flowers  in  somewhat  knotty  or  compound  ra¬ 
cemes.  ( The  ancient  name  of  the  Kidney  Bean.) 

,  „  *  Pods  scymetar-shaped :  racemes  loose,  panicled. 

l.p.  perennis,  Walt.  (Perennial  Wild  Bean  1  Stem 

flowers  numerous,  purple,  handsome.  10  S  = 

*  *  P°dS  Straif'  UTr  rat,her  tereU:  in  a  short  clustered 

raceme  like  a  head.  (Strophostyles,  Ell.) 

2  P.  diverslfolins,  Pers.  (Lobed  a  1 

rrr 

a  *  ':ns*d  ”i,h  ~d «  rod  .hi,ki,b 8 

Lone  Islnndl  l  NT6  ^  °f  the  *«**«•- Sandy  fields 

°ng  Island  and  New  Jersey  southward  Ana  i  j  , 

the  last :  pods  narrower :  floors  as  1^  and  fl^  ^ 

•  vulgAris  is  the  common  Kidney  Bean  or  Haricot 

1UNiTDS  >8  ‘he  Lima  Bean  of  our  gardens. 

4.  APIOS,  Boerh.  Ground-nut.  Wild  Bean. 

letethe  72™^' **  2  teeth  bei"S  "early  obso¬ 

lete,  the  lower  one  longest.  Standard  very  broad,  reflexed  :  the 


96 


LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

incurved  scythe-shaped  keel  at  length  twisted.  Pod  straight  or 
slightly  curved,  linear,  elongated,  thickish,  many-seeded.  —  A 
perennial  herb,  bearing  pleasant-lasted  tubers  on  underground 
shoots,  twining  and  climbing  over  bushes.  Leaflets  5-7,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  in  dense  and  short,  often 
branching,  racemes,  clustered  on  the  knotty  peduncle.  (Name 
from  amov,  a  pear ,  from  the  shape  of  the  tubers.) 

1-  A*  tllbcrbsa,  Mcench.  (Glycine  Apios ,  L.) —  Moist  thick¬ 
ets,  common.  Aug.  —  Flowers  brown-purple,  fragrant. 

5.  GAIiACTIA,  P.  Browne.  Milk  Pea. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  equal,  the  upper  lobe  broadest.  Keel  scarcely 
incurved.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded. — Low,  mostly  pros¬ 
trate  or  twining  perennials.  Leaflets  usually  3,  stipellate.  Flow¬ 
ers  in  somewhat  interrupted  or  knotty  racemes,  purplish.  (Name 
from  yd\a  -clktos,  milk;  some  species  being  said  to  yield  a  milky 
juice.) 

1-  G.  glabella,  Michx.  (Smoothish  Milk  Pea.)  Stem 
nearly  smooth ;  leaflets  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  notched, 
sometimes  slightly  hairy  beneath  ;  racemes  short,  4  -  8-flowered ;  pods 
somewhat  hairy.  — Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
southward.  July.  —  Flowers  large  for  the  genus,  rose-purple. 

G.  mollis,  Michx.,  may  be  expected  to  grow  in  S.  Pennsylvania. 

6.  AMPHICARPAJA,  Ell.  Hog  Pea-nut. 

Flowers  of  2  kinds,  those  of  the  racemes  from  the  upper  branch¬ 
es  perfect,  but  seldom  ripening  fruit ;  those  near  the  base  and  on 
creeping  branches  imperfect,  with  the  corolla  none  or  rudimentary, 
and  few  free  stamens,  but  fruitful.  Calyx  about  equally  4-  (rarely 
5-)  toothed,  with  no  bractlets.  Keel  and  wing-petals  similar, 
nearly  straight ;  the  standard  partly  folded  round  them.  Pods  of 
the  upper  flowers,  when  formed,  somewhat  scymetar-shaped,  3-^ 
seeded  ;  of  the  lower  obovate  or  pear-shaped,  fleshy,  ripening 
usually  but  one  large  seed,  commonly  subterranean,  or  conceale 
by  decaying  leaves.  —  Low  and  slender  perennials ;  the  twining 
stems  clothed  with  brownish  hairs.  Leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate, 
stipellate.  Flowers  small,  in  clustered  or  compound  race®es 
Bracts  persistent,  round,  partly  clasping,  striate,  as  well  as  the 
stipules.  (Name  from  apxfiiy  at  both  ends ,  and  tcapiros,  fruit,  in 
lusion  to  the  two  kinds  of  flowers.) 


LEGUMINOSjE.  (pulse  FAMILY.)  97 

,,  1  Nutt-  Racemes  nodding;  bracts  shorter 

than  the  pedicels;  calyx-teeth  short  and  broad.  —  Rich  woodlands. 
Aug.,  feept.  —  A  delicate  wood-vine,  with  pale  purplish  or  whitish 
blossoms,  two  or  more  from  each  bract,  which  evidently  consists  of  a 
pair  of  opposite  bracts  united.  Underground  pods  hairy,  often  very 


^ '  t'bITORIA,  I i.  Butterfly  Pea. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Standard  much  larger  than  the  rest 
of  the  flower,  rounded,  notched  at  the  top,  not  spurred  on  the 
back  :  keel  small,  shorter  than  the  wings.  Stamens  monadel- 
phous  below.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flattish,  knotty,  several-seeded, 
pointed  with  the  base  of  the  style,  the  valves  nerveless.  —  Erect 
or  twining  perennials,  with  mostly  3  stipulate  leaflets,  and  very 

large  flowers.  Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered :  bractlets  opposite 
striate. 

,C#  ^a^na,  L.  Smooth ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  :  stipules 

seeded^  Drv  hSlTdi;  ^T'08  8h°rt;  P°da  Bh°rt-stalked,  4-8- 
-LotlseeL  ’  L°nS.Island  and  Jersey  southward.  July. 
2' long  S  °r  *Wming:  theshowy  P^e  blue-purple  flowers 

8.  CENTROSiMA,  DC.  Spurred  Butterfly  Pea 
Calyx  short,  S-deft.  Corolla,  &c„  much  as  in  Clitoria,  but 
he  standard  with  a  spur-shaped  projection  on  the  hack.  Pod 

ong  and  linear,  flat,  pointed  with  the  awl-shaped  style  manv 
see  ed  thlcke  d  at  the  edges>  the  vakes  ^  ££ 

Sate  7T  baatgin-  Twining  perennials:  leaflets  3,  sti- 

Late  the  llttge i  7  1°"'™'  StipuleS’  braC,S>  and  bractle‘s 
striate,  the  latter  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Name  from  «Wpop  o 

spur,  and  ai\\xa,  the  standard.)  P  ’ 

1-  c.  Virglniana,  Benth.  Rather  rough  with  minute  hairs 

leaflets  varying  ftom  oblong-ovate  to  linear,  very  veiny  “nv  n  ’ 

W()u-l'  S  N  4'dowered;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped.  —  Sandy  dry 

vio°etS’nnhW  ^  ?  8°",hward-  JulJ-  -  Corolla  scarcely  1-  long 
"olet,  pubescent  externally.  Pods  straight  and  narrow,  4' -5<  long 

hardy5, ^cuhiv11,"^01^’  &  ShrUbby  cIimber  °f  the  South.  which  is 
Pennsylvania.  38  D°rth  “  Boston» is  t0  be  sought  in  W. 


9 


98  LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  3.  HEDYSAREiE.  The  Saintfoin  Tribe. 


0.  JESCHYNOUIENE,  L.  Sensitive  Joint  Vetch. 

Calyx  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  2-,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens 
diadelphous  in  2  sets  of  5  each.  Pod  flattened,  composed  of  sev¬ 
eral  square  easily  separable  joints.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with 
several  pairs  of  leaflets,  sometimes  sensitive,  as  if  shrinking  from 
the  touch  (whence  the  name,  from  alaxwopevr j,  being  ashamed f). 

1.  AE.  hispid  a,  Willd.  Annual,  erect,  rough-bristly  ;  leaflets 
20  -  25  pairs,  linear,  obtuse  ;  racemes  3-5-flowered ;  pod  stalked,  6- 
10-jointed.  —  Along  rivers,  S.  Penn,  southward.  Aug.  —  Flowers 
yellow  tinged  with  red  externally. 


lO.  BE  SM  ODIUM,  DC.  Tick-Trefoil. 


Calyx  mostly  2-lipped.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  or 
monadelphous  below  the  middle.  Pod  flat,  deeply  lobed  on  the 
lower  margin,  separating  into  few  or  many  flat  reticulated  joints 
(mostly  hoary,  with  minute  hooked  hairs  by  which  they  adhere  to 
the  fleece  of  animals  or  to  clothing).  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pm- 
nately  3-foliolate  leaves,  stipellate.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal 
racemes,  often  panicled,  purple  or  purplish,  often  turning  green  in 
withering.  (Name  from  Scorpios,  a  chain ,  from  the  appearance  of 
the  jointed  pods. ) 


*  Stem  erect  or  ascending :  pods  of  1-4  large  joints  ( which  are  semx~ 
obovate  and  concave  on  the  back ),  raised  on  a  stalk  {stipe)  many  tin** 
longer  than  the  slightly  toothed  calyx  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  p  1 
cel :  stamens  wholly  or  partly  monadelphous :  raceme  terminal,  para¬ 
ded,  or  the  pedicels  often  clustered:  stipules  bristle  form ,  deciduous. 

1.  D*  ll  mli  flora  in,  DC.  (Naked-flowered  T.)  Leaves  oi 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  sterile  stems;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  blunt 
ish,  whitish  beneath  ;  raceme  elongated ,  on  a  prolonged  ascending  W" 
less  stalk  or  scape  from  the  root.  —  Dry  woods,  Aug. — Nearly  snaoot  j 
the  naked  flower-stems  2P  long.  Pod-stalks  J#  long. 

2.  D.  aeuminatnm,  DC.  (Pointed-leaved  T.) 

all  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem ,  from  which  arises  the  elong  ^ 
naked  raceme  or  panicle;  leaflets  round-ovate,  taper-pointed,  gree 
both  sides. — Rich  woods.  July.  —  Slightly  hairy.  Leaflets,  ^ 
cially  the  end  one,  which  is  more  rounded,  4'- 5'  long.  Pedicels  an 
pod-stalks  shorter  than  in  No.  1 :  the  joints  of  the  pod  long. 

3.  D.  paucifidrum,  DC.  (Few-flowered  T.)  Lcal *** 

scattered  along  the  low  ascending  stems  ;  leaflets  rhombic-o  * 


99 


LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

bluntish,  pale  beneath ;  raceme  few-flowered,  terminal.  —  Woods,  W. 
New  York  and  Penn,  to  Ohio.  Aug.  —  Slender,  smoothish,  8'-15' 
high  :  leaflets  much  as  in  No.  1. 

*  *  Stems  prostrate :  stipules  ovate ,  pointed ,  persistent :  pods  short- 

stalked. ,  of  3-5  joints. 

4.  D.  hlimifusura,  Beck.  (Running  T.)  Smoothish;  leaf¬ 
lets  ovate  or  oval ;  stipules  ovate- lanceolate  ;  racemes  axillary  and  ter¬ 
minal  ;  pods  slightly  sinuate  along  the  upper  margin,  the  joints  ob¬ 
tusely  triangular.  —  Woods,  near  Boston  (Waltham,  Greene ),  and 
Penn.,  rare.  Aug.  —  Resembles  the  next. 

5.  I>.  lotlindifoliiim,  DC.  (Round-leaved  Running  T.) 
Hairy  all  over  ;  leaflets  orbicular,  or  the  odd  one  slightly  rhomboid  ; 
stipules  large ,  broadly  ovate;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal  (few- 
flowered);  pods  almost  equally  sinuate  on  both  edges;  the  joints 
rhomboid-oval.  —  Dry  rocky  woods.  Aug.  — Stems  extensively  trail¬ 
ing,  usually  very  hairy. 

*  *  *  Stems  (tall)  erect :  stipules  and  ( deciduous )  bracts  large  and  con¬ 
spicuous ,  scale-like ,  finely  striate  :  pods  of  4-7  inequilateral  joints 
which  are  longer  than  broad.  (Flowers  large.) 

6.  I>.  €anadcnsey  DC.  (Canadian  T.)  Stem  straight  and 
wand-like,  bristly-hairy  ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate ,  bluntish ,  many 
times  longer  than  the  petwles  ;  stipules  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  about 
the  length  of  the  petiole;  racemes  dense,  erect,  in  a  terminal  panicle; 
joints  of  the  pod  half  oval  and  triangular.— Woods,  most  common 
northward.  Aug.  —  Stem  3P-  6°  high,  usually  simple.  Petioles  re¬ 
markably  short  (i'-i').  The  stipules  are  much  narrower  than  in  the 
two  following,  and  not  very  persistent;  but  the  ovate  pointed  bracts, 
as  in  those,  are  large  and  very  conspicuous  in  the  bud. 

7.  I>.  canescens,  DC.  (Rough-hoary  T.)  Stem  loosely 
branched,  hairy;  leaflets  ovate ,  bluntish ,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles 
whitish  and  reticulated  beneath ,  both  sides  roughish  with  a  close-press- 
e  fine  pubescence;  stipules  broadly  ovate,  persistent ;  joints  of  the 
P<HJ  »!?1VneqUal,y  rhomboidal.  —  Moist  grounds,  Vefmont  to  Penn, 
and  Michigan.  Aug.  —  Branches  clothed  with  minute  and  hooked, 
and  long  spreading  rather  glutinous  hairs,  and  the  fine,  partly  hooked 
pubescence  of  the  leaves  causes  them  to  adhere  to  cloth,  &c. 

®USpid4tunij  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Sharp-pointed  T.)  Very 
smooth  ;  stem  straight ;  leaflets,  as  well  as  the  large  bracts  and  persist¬ 
ent  stipules,  lanceolate- ovale  and  taper-pointed ;  racemes  loosely  pani- 
cled  ;  joints  of  the  pod  rhomboid-oblong.  —  Thickets.  July.  —  Stem 
rather  simple.  Leaflets  green  both  sides,  3' -5'  long.  Bracts  and 
stipules  j|^  long. 

*  *  Stems  erect :  stipules  and  bracts  small  and  inconspicuous , 
deciduous :  racemes  panicled . 


100 


LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

Jo™*8  of  the  pod  large ,  half-rhombic,  or  unequal-sided  rhomboidal. 

9.  IK  laevigatum,  DC.  (Smoothish  Large  T.)  Smooth  or 
nearly  so  throughout ;  stem  straight  ;  leaflets  orate ,  bluntish,  pale  be¬ 
neath  ;  panicles  minutely  rough-pubescent.  —  Pine  woods,  S.  New 
Jersey  and  southward.  —  Stem  tall,  sometimes  glaucous.  Leaflets  2'- 
3;  long. 

10.  D.  viridiflonim,  Beck.  (Velvet-leaved  T.)  Stem 
very  downy ,  rough  at  the  summit;  leaflets  broadly  ovate ,  very  obtuse, 
rough  above,  whitened  with  a  soft  velvety  down  underneath.  —  S.  New 
York  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Leaflets  21  -3'  long,  sometimes  less 
downy.  Flowers  turning  blue-green  in  withering,  like  the  others 
after  No.  5. 

11.  I>.  Dillenii,  Darlingt.  (Dillenius’s  T.)  Stem  pubes¬ 
cent,  leaflets  oblong  or  oblong-ovate ,  commonly  bluntish,  pale  beneath, 
softly  and  finely  pubescent . —  Open  woodlands,  common.  Aug.  —  A 
variable  species,  2° -4°  high.  Leaflets  mostly  thin,  2'  -31  long. 

1-3.  IK  paniculatum,  DC.  (Panicled  or  Long-leaved  T.) 
.V early  smooth  throughout ;  stem  slender ;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong - 
lanceolate ,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  thin  ;  racemes  much  panicled. — 
Copses,  common.  July.  — Stems  2° -4°  high:  leaflets  3' -5'  long, 
J'  -  I'  wide. 

13.  IK  Strictum,  DC.  (Narrow-leaved  T.)  Smooth;  stem 
very  straight  and  slender,  simple  ;  leaflets  linear,  blunt,  strongly  retic¬ 
ulated,  tluckish  ;  panicle  wand-like.  —  Pine  woods  of  New  Jersey. 
Aug.  Stems  3°  -  4°  long,  weak :  leaflets  1'  -2r  long,  wide. 

Joints  of  the  pod  small ,  semi-orbicular  or  obliquely  rounded. 

14.  IK  sessilifolium,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Sessile-leaved  T.) 
Stem  straight  and  wand-like,  rather  woolly;  leaves  sessile;  leaflets  lin¬ 
ear  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  reticulated,  rough  above,  downy 
beneath  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  long.  —  Copses.  Ohio  and  Michi¬ 
gan.  Aug.  —  Pods  small. 

15.  IK  rigidum,  DC.  (Rigid  T.)  Stem  branching,  some¬ 
what  hoary ,  like  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  with  a  close  rough- 
ish  pubescence;  leaflets  ovate-oblong ,  blunt,  thickish,  reticulated- 
veiny,  rather  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  longer  than  the  petiole .  — 
Dry  hill-sides,  Mass,  to  Penn,  and  Michigan.  ° Aug.  —  Intermediate, 
as  it  were,  between  No.  16  and  No.  11. 

16.  IK  cilia  re,  DC.  (Hairy  Small-leaved  T.)  Stem  slen¬ 
der,  hairy  or  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  crowded,  on  very  short  hairy  p&" 
i°les  ;  leaflets  round-ovate  or  oval ,  thickish,  more  or  less  hairy  on  the 
margins  and  underneath.  —  Dry  hills  and  sandy  fields  ;  common,  es¬ 
pecially  southward.  Aug.  —  Leaflets  £'  -  1'  long,  sometimes  smooth- 
ish  and  very  like  No.  17,  except  the  short  petioles,  which  are  not 
longer  below  than  above  the  lateral  leaflets. 


101 


LEGUMINOSjE.  (pulse  family.) 

Maiildndicum,  Boott.  (Smooth  Small-leaved  T.) 
Nearly  smooth  throughout,  slender;  leaflets  ovate  or  roundish,  very 
obtuse,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of  the  slender  petiole . 
(D.  obtusum,  DC.)  —  Copses,  common.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Stems  1°  -  2° 
high,  ascending.  Leaflets  1'  or  smaller.  Joints  of  the  small  nods 
2  or  3.  r 


11.  LESPEOEZA,  Michx.  Bush  Clover. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  slender.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous  (9  and  1)  :  anthers  all  alike.  Pods  of  a  single  1-seeded 
joint  (sometimes  2-jointed,  with  the  lower  joint  empty  and  stalk¬ 
like)  oval  or  roundish,  flat,  reticulated.  —  Perennials  with  pin- 
nately  3-foliolate  leaves,  not  stipellate.  Stipules  and  bracts  mi¬ 
nute.  Flowers  often  polygamous.  (Dedicated  to  Lespedez,  the 
Spanish  governor  of  Florida  when  Michaux  visited  it.) 

*  Flowers  of  2  sorts,  the  larger  ( violet-purple )  perfect,  but  seldom  fruit¬ 
ful,  paraded  or  clustered;  with  smaller  pistillate  and  fertile  but  most¬ 
ly  apetalous  ones  intermixed  or  in  subsessile  little  clusters 
*  Michl'  (Trai“™  Downy  Bush  Clo- 

JS  T^’  ?ICept  the  UPPer  surface  of  ‘he  leaves,  trailing, 
flw  t '  a  r"'  °r  eUiptical  5  P^ncles  ^-der,  mostl^  simplf 

few-flowered. -  Sandy  soil,  commonest  southward.  Aug  -  The 
apetalous  fertile  flowers,  as  in  the  rest,  have  short  hooked  styles. 

2  Torr  &  Gr  (Tra’lisg  Slender  Bush  Clo¬ 

ver.)  Smooth,  except  minute  close-pressed  scattered  hairs,  prostrate 
sprea  mg,  very  slender ;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate-elliptical ;  peduncles1 

Sei:;?fftWered;  ^  -"dish  - Dry  sandy  soU,1n?w 

4Mong  7  southward-  Much  like  the  last.  Leaflets 

Prs-  (,CoMMON  Bush  Clover.)  Stems  up- 
hf bT  'I5  168116,8  Varyi"S  oval-oblong  to 

Z  '  ^  r  eneath  W,th  c^ose‘Pressed  pubescence ;  pedun- 
te  7  r:SfeW-JTred;  POdS  principal  varieties 

flowers  IhTEN,’  o  °r  °blonS  leaflets  a"d  loosely  panicled 
on  n ed  t  rUnS  I",!  2‘  SES?IL,Fl6ra>  wi‘h  the  flowers  principally 
on  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  and  clustered;  and  a 

re  distinct  form  is,  3.  angustifolia,  with  closely  clustered  flow- 

em  le^fl^8  h  hnCheS’nr°Wded  ’eaVeS’  and  narroi  oblong  or  lin- 
a5’:,Ch  r  fen  “My- -Dry  copses,  common;  The  w. 
of  flowers  Aug.  -  Sept.  -  Pods  ripening  from  both  sorts 

rigAt.LL?Vti,.NU,Jt-  (Ct-^TEREt,  Bush  Clover.)  Stems  up¬ 
right  spreading,  bushy,  downy;  leaflets  oval  or  roundish,  longer  than 


102  LEGTJMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

the  petiole,  silky  or  white-woolly  beneath  (and  sometimes  above) ; 
clusters  many-flowered ,  crowded ;  pods  ovate,  downy. —  Dry  hills,  and 
sand,  Plymouth,  Mass.,  to  New  Jersey  and  southward.  Also  Michi¬ 
gan-  —  Appearing  intermediate  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect ,  in  close  spikes  or  heads :  corolla  whit¬ 
ish  or  cream-color ,  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  banner ,  about  the  length 
of  the  downy  calyx  :  stems  upright ,  wand-like. 

5.  It*  hirta,  Ell.  (Hairy  Bush  Clover.)  Peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  petioles  slender;  leaflets  roundish  or  oval,  hairy; 
spikes  cylindrical ,  rather  loose;  pods  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
(L.  polystXchia,  Michx.) —  Dry  hill-sides.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Stem  2° -4° 
high. 

6.  Ii,  capital  a,  Michx.  (Headed  Bush  Clover.)  Pedun¬ 
cles  and  petioles  short ;  leaflets  elliptical  or  oblong,  thickish,  reticulat¬ 
ed  and  mostly  smooth  above,  silky  beneath  ;  spikes  short  and  headed; 
pods  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Varies  greatly,  most  of  all  in 
Var.  angustif6lia  :  slender;  leaflets  linear;  peduncles  sometimes 
elongated.  —  Dry  and  sandy  soil ;  the  narrow  variety  only  found 
near  the  coast  and  southward.  Sept.  —  Stems  woolly,  2° -4°  high? 
rigid. 

12.  STYLOSANTHES,  Swartz.  Pencil  Flower. 

Flowers  of  two  kinds  intermixed  in  the  clusters  ;  one  sort  com¬ 
plete  but  unfruitful,  the  other  fertile  and  consisting  only  of  a  pis¬ 
til  between  2  bractlets.  —  Calyx  with  a  slender  tube  like  a  stalk, 
2-lipped  at  the  summit ;  upper  lip  2-,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Sta¬ 
mens  monadelphous  :  5  of  the  anthers  linear,  the  5  alternate  ones 
ovate.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  hooked  style.  Pod  reticulated, 
1— 2-jointed;  the  lower  joint,  when  present,  empty  and  stalk- 
like,  the  upper  ovate,  1-  (2-)  seeded.  -  Low  perennials,  branched 
from  the  base,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves;  the  stipules 
united  with  the  petiole.  (Name  composed  of  arvXos,  ct  column  i 
and  avOos ,  a  flower ,  from  the  stalk-like  calyx-tube  on  which  the 
flower  is  raised.) 

1.  S.  elatior,  Swartz.  Tufled ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  strongly 
straight-veined;  upper  stipules  sheathing;  heads  or  clusters  small 
and  few-flowered. — Pine  barrens,  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey  south¬ 
ward.  July  -  Oct —  Stems  6'  - 12'  long,  wiry,  often  bristly. 
ers  small,  yellow. 

J  Arachis  Iivpocii,  the  Pea-nit,  (cultivated  southward)  belongs 
to  this  tribe. 


103 


LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  IV.  LOTEiE.  The  Melilot  Tribe. 

13.  ASTRAGALUS,  L.  Milk  Vetch. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  usually  turgid, 
many-seeded,  partly  or  completely  2-celled  lengthwise  by  the  pro¬ 
jection  of  the  outer  suture  (the  one  next  the  keel)  into  or  across 
the  cavity.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  spiked 
or  racemed  flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  a  leguminous 
plant,  as  also  of  the  ankle-bone  ;  but  the  connection  between  the 
two  is  past  all  guess.) 

1-  A.  € cliiadciisis,  L.  Tall  and  erect;  stem  downy;  leaf¬ 
lets  21  -  27,  oblong;  flowers  greenish  cream-color,  very  numerous,  in 
close  spikes;  pods  ovoid-oblong,  2-celled.  1J.  —  River-banks,  N. 
New  York  to  Wisconsin,  common.  July,  Aug. 

PHACA,  L.  Bladder  Vetch. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  cleft.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Keel  obtuse. 
Pod  turgid  or  inflated,  1-celled  ;  the  inner  or  seed-bearing  su¬ 
ture  a  little  tumid  or  inflexed  (sometimes  the  lower  also) ,  many- 
seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  spiked 
or  close-racemed  flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  a  sort 
of  Lentil.) 

!•  !*•  neglecta,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Nearly  smooth,  erect ;  leaf¬ 
lets  13 -21  pairs,  elliptical  or  oblong,  somewhat  notched  at  the  end, 
minutely  hoary  underneath  ;  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves ) 
pods  not  stalked  in  the  calyx ,  globose-ovoid ,  inflated ,  grooved  at  the  two 
sutures,  which  are  both  turned  inwards,  but  especially  the  inner  — 
Gravelly  banks  of  rivers,  &c.,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.  June, 
July.  — Plant  l°-2°  high,  greener  and  less  coarse  than  Astragalus 
Canadensis,  with  pure  white  flowers  in  less  prolonged  spikes.  Pod 
rather  papery  than  coriaceous  when  ripe,  f '  broad. 

Robbmsii,  Oakes.  Nearly  smooth,  slender;  leaflets 
^“*llj  elliptical,  often  notched;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
raceme  loose  and  prolonged  and  nearly  1-sided  in  fruit;  the  pods  hang- 
ing,  stalked  in  the  calyx ,  oblong ,  boat-shaped ,  the  seed-bearing  suture 
convex,  the  other  straight.  —  Rocky  ledges  of  the  Onion  River,  near 
Burlington,  Vermont,  Dr.  Robbins  (1829).  —  Stems  nearly  1°  high, 
slender.  Flowers  5"  long,  white.  Pods  scarcely  1'  long,  turgid, 
papery  and  veiny,  nearly  smooth  (at  first  minutely  black-haired),  the 
inner  suture  not  tumid  when  ripe,  but  the  outer  slightly  projecting 
inwards. 


104 


LEGUMINOSAL  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

15,  ROB  INI  A  9  L.  Locust-tree. 

Calyx  short,  5-toothed,  slightly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and 
rounded,  turned  back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  wings  and  keel. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  margined 
on  the  seed-bearing  edge.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  with  prickly 
spines  for  stipules.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  the  ovate  or  oblong  leaf¬ 
lets  stipellate.  Flowers  showy  in  hanging  axillary  racemes. 
Base  of  the  leaf-stalks  covering  the  buds  of  the  next  year. 
(Named  in  honor  of  John  Robin ,  herbalist  to  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  and  his  son  Vespasian  Robin ,  who  first  cultivated  the 
Locust-tree  in  Europe.) 

B*  Psetldacacia,  L.  (Common  Locust,  or  False  Aca¬ 
cia.)  Racemes  slender,  loose;  flowers  white,  fragrant.  —  S.  Penn, 
southward  along  the  mountains :  commonly  cultivated  as  an  orna¬ 
mental  tree,  and  for  its  invaluable  timber.  June.  —  Branches  with 
spines,  smooth. 

2.  R.  viscosa.  Vent.  (Clammy  Locust.)  Brancblets, 
clammy;  flowers  crowded  in  the  racemes,  tinged  with  rose-color, 
nearly  inodorous.  —  Cultivated  like  the  last,  a  smaller  tree,  native  of 
the  Southern  Alleghanies.  June. 

R.  hi'spida,  the  Bristly  Rose-Acacia,  with  very  large  and  hand¬ 
some  deep  rose-color  blossoms,  is  a  common  ornamental  shrub  in 
gardens. 

16.  TEPHROSIA,  Pers.  Hoary  Pea. 

Calyx  about  equally  5-clefl.  Standard  roundish,  usually  silky 
outside,  turned  back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  coherent  wings  and 
keel.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  nearly  diadelphous.  P°d  ha* 
ear,  flat,  several-seeded.  —  Silky-hoary  perennial  herbs  (except 
in  the  tropics) ,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  ra- 
cemed  flowers.  (Name  from  Tempos,  ash-colored  or  hoary.) 

1.  T.  Virgtniana,  Pers.  Stem  erect;  flowers  in  a  terminal 
pamcled  raceme;  leaflets  17-29,  crowded,  linear-oblong,  mucro- 
nate.  -  Dry  sandy  woods.  June.  —  A  foot  high,  white-haired  and 
silky  all  over,  but  smoother  with  age,  with  large  and  handsome  blos¬ 
soms  yellowish-white  marked  with  red-purple. 

17#  AM6RPHA,  L.  False  Indigo. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Standard  con¬ 
cave,  erect:  the  other  petals  entirely  wanting!  Stamens  Kb 


105 


LEGUMINOSjE.  (pulse  family.) 

longer  than  the  petal,  monadelphous  at  the  very  base,  otherwise 
distinct.  Pod  oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx,  1  -  2-seeded,  rough¬ 
ened,  tardily  dehiscent.  —  Shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  ;  the 
leaflets  marked  with  minute  pellucid  at  length  brownish  dots,  usu¬ 
ally  stipellate.  Flowers  violet,  crowded  in  clustered  terminal 
spikes.  (Name  from  a  privative  and  p^peftrj^form,  referring  to  the 
deformed  flower  from  the  absence  of  4  of  the  petals.) 

h  -A.#  fill  tic  OSa,  L.  (Common  False  Indigo.)  Rather  pu¬ 
bescent  ;  leaflets  8  - 12  pairs,  oval,  scattered  ;  pods  2-seeded.  —  River- 
banks,  S.  Penn,  southward.  June.  —  A  tall  shrub.  Leaflets  about  1' 
long. 

2.  A.  cancscens,  Nutt.  (Lead  Plant.)  Low,  barely 
shrubby  at  the  base,  whitened  with  hoary  wool ;  leaflets  15 -25  pairs, 
elliptical,  crowded,  small,  the  upper  surface  smoothish  with  age  ;  pods 
1-seeded. — Prairies  and  rocks,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin.  July. — 
Supposed  to  indicate  the  presence  of  lead-ore. 

18.  PSORALEA,  L.  Scurfy  Pea. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  lower  lobe  longest.  Stamens 
mostly  diadelphous.  Corolla  truly  papilionaceous.  Pod  seldom 
longer  than  the  calyx,  often  wrinkled,  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  usually  sprinkled  all  over  or  roughened  (espe¬ 
cially  the  calyx  and  pods,  &c.)  with  glandular  dots  or  points. 
Leaves  pinnately  or  palmately  3  —  5-foliolate.  Stipules  cohering 
with  the  petiole.  Flowers  spiked  or  racemed,  white  or  blue-pur¬ 
plish.  (Name  from  yj/upaXeos,  scurfy ,  from  the  scurfy  glands  or 
dots.) 

Onobrfcllis,  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth  and  free  from 
glands,  erect;  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate, 
taper-pointed  (3r  long)  ;  stipules  and  bracts  awl-shaped ;  racemes  ax- 
iHary,  elongated  ;  pods  ovate,  roughened  and  wrinkled.  —  River- 
banks,  Ohio  and  southwestward.  July.  — Stem  3° -5*  high:  flow¬ 
ers  small. 

2.  Stipulata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Nearly  smooth  and  glandless  ; 
stems  diffuse ;  leaves  pinnately  3-fbliolate ;  leaflets  ovate-elliptical, 
reticulated;  stipules  ovate;  flowers  in  heads  on  axillary  peduncles; 
bracts  broadly  ovate ,  sharp-pointed.  — Rocks,  Falls  of  the  Ohio.  June. 
Perhaps  not  within  the  limits  of  this  work.  (Char,  amended.) 

19.  XEXAEOSTEUION,  Michx.  Prairie  Clover. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  indistinctly  papiliona¬ 
ceous  :  petals  all  on  thread-shaped  clawrs,  4  of  them  nearly  similar 


106  LEGUMIN  OSiE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

and  spreading,  with  their  claws  united  to  the  top  of  the  sheath  of 
filaments,  alternate  with  the  anthers  ;  the  fifth  (standard)  inserted 
on  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  heart-shaped  or  oblong,  folded.  Sta¬ 
mens  5,  monadelphous,  the  tube  cleft.  Pod  membranaceous,  in¬ 
closed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded.  —  Chiefly  perennial 
herbs,  upright,  dotted  with  glands,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  mi¬ 
nute  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  very  dense  terminal  and  pedun- 
cled  heads  or  spikes.  (Name  combined  of  the  two  Greek  words 
for  petal  and  stamen,  alluding  to  their  peculiar  union  in  this  ge¬ 
nus.) 

1.  I*,  violaceiim,  Michx.  Smoothish  ;  leaflets  5,  linear; 
heads  globose-ovate,  or  oblong-cylindrical  when  old  ;  bracts  pointed, 
not  longer  than  the  silky-hoary  calyx ;  corolla  violet-purple  or  red- 
purple. —  Dry  prairies,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  July.  —  Leaves 
crowded  or  clustered,  small. 

2.  P.  candid  inn,  Michx.  Smooth ;  leaflets  7-9,  lanceo¬ 
late  or  linear-oblong ;  heads  oblong,  when  old  cylindrical ;  bracts 
awned,  longer  than  the  nearly  glabrous  calyx  ;  corolla  white.  —  Wifl" 
consin,  with  No.  1.  —  Leaflets  1'  long. 

20.  TBIFOLIUM,  L.  Clover.  Trefoil. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-clefl,  the  teeth  bristle-form.  Corolla  wither¬ 
ing  or  persistent,  the  petals  all  somewhat  coherent  below  :  stand¬ 
ard  longer  than  the  wings,  these  mostly  longer  than  the  keel. 
Pods  small  and  membranous,  often  included  in  the  calyx,  1-6" 
seeded,  indehiscent,  or  opening  by  one  of  the  sutures.  —  Tufted 
or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  palmately  3-foliolate  :  leaflets 
often  toothed.  Stipules  united  with  the  petioles.  Flowers  chief¬ 
ly  in  heads  or  spikes.  (Name  from  tres ,  three,  and  folium,  a 
leaf.) 

*  Corolla  purple  or  purplish ,  deciduous  or  withering :  flowers  sessile  in 
compact  heads. 

1‘  WVeuSe,  L.  (Rabbit-foot  Clover.)  Silky,  branching > 
leaflets  obovate-linear  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  minutely  3-toothed  at 
the  apex ;  calyx-teeth  longer  than  the  corolla ,  plumose-woolly  ;  heads  ob¬ 
long  and  cylindrical.  ©—Old  fields,  naturalized.  —  Plant 
high  ;  the  corolla  whitish  with  a  purple  spot;  the  heads  becoming 
grayish  and  very  softly  woolly.  41so  called  Stone  Clover. 

^ prat^nse,  L.  (Red  Clover.)  Stems  ascending,  some¬ 
what  hairy ;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  often  notched  at  the  end  and 
marked  with  a  pale  spot;  stipules  broad ,  bristle-pointed ;  heads  ovate. 


107 


LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

sessile ;  lowest  calyx-tooth  much  the  longest,  all  shorter  than  the 
(rose-red)  corolla.  (2)  1J.  —  Meadows,  largely  cultivated,  and  natu¬ 

ralized.  Flowers  fragrant. 

3.  X.  medium,  L.  (Zigzag  Clover.)  Stems  ascending, 
zigzag,  smoothish ;  leaflets  oblong  or  elliptical ;  stipules  narrowly 
lanceolate ,  taper-pointed ;  heads  roundish ,  often  stalked.  1J.  —  Dry 
hills,  naturalized  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.  —  Near  No.  2 : 
flowers  larger  and  more  purple.  Leaves  spotless. 

*  *  Corolla  white  or  rose-purple ,  withering-persistent  and  turning 

brownish  in  fading :  flowers  in  umbel-like  round  heads  on  a  naked 

peduncle ,  their  short  stalks  reflexed  when  old. 

4-  X*  reflexiim,  L.  (Buffalo  Clover.)  Stems  ascending, 
downy ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong ,  finely  toothed ;  stipules  leaf-like  ; 
caljx-teeth  hairy  ;  pods  3  -  5-seeded.  (5)  ©  —  W.  New  York  (rare) 
and  Western  States.  —  Heads  and  flowers  larger  than  in  No.  2: 
standard  rose-red ;  wings  and  keel  whitish. 

5.  X.  Stolonifenim,  Muhl.  (Running  Buffalo  Clover.) 
Smooth ;  stems  with  long  runners  from  the  base  ;  leaflets  broadly  obo- 
vate  or  obcordate ,  minutely  toothed;  stipules  membranaceous ,  ovate- 
lanceolate;  heads  loose;  pods  2-seeded.  lj.  — Open  woodlands,  &c., 
Ohio,  westward.  —  Flowering  stems  6'  — 8'  high:  blossoms  white, 
tinged  with  purple,  as  large  as  in  No.  4. 

a  X.  repens,  L.  (White  Clover.)  Smooth  ;  the  slender 
stems  spreading  and  creeping  ;  leaflets  inversely  heart-shaped  or  merely 
notched,  obscurely  toothed  ;  stipules  scale-like ,  narrow  ;  petioles  and 
especially  the  peduncles  very  long;  heads  small  and  loose;  pods  about 
4-seeded.  Tf.  —  Pastures,  waste  places,  and  even  in  woodlands.  Indi¬ 
genous  ?  —  Blossoms  white,  rarely  purplish,  turning  tawny  with  age. 

*  *  *  Corolla  yellow ,  persistent  and  turning  chestnut-brown  with  age , 

at  length  reflexcd :  low  annuals. 

'*  agrarium,  L.  (Hop  Clover.)  Smoothish,  somewhat 
upright;  leaflets  wedge-shaped,  all  three  from  the  same  point  (palmate) 
and  nearly  sessile  ;  stipules  narrow ,  cohering  with  the  petiole  for  more 
than  half  its  length.  —  Sandy  fields,  &c.,  introduced.  —  Slender,  6'  - 
12'  high. 

8-  X.  procumbcns,  L.  (Low  Hop  Clover.)  Stems 
spreading  or  ascending,  pubescent;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  notched  at 
the  end  ;  the  lower  pair  at  a  small  distance  from  the  other  (pinnately 
3-fbIiolate)  ;  stipules  ovate ,  short  —  Dry  fields,  naturalized,  31  -  67 
high ;  flowers  small. 

21.  MEHLOXUS,  Tourn.  Melilot.  Sweet  Clover. 

Flowers  much  as  in  Clover,  but  in  spiked  racemes,  small  : 
corolla  deciduous.  Pod  ovoid,  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  longer  than 


108 


LEGTJMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

the  calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1-2-seeded. — Herbs,  fragrant  in 
drying,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves  ;  leaflets  toothed.  (Name 
from  /xcXt,  honey ,  and  Autos,  some  leguminous  plant.) 

1.  HI.  officinalis,  Willd.  (Yellow  Melilot.)  Upright; 
leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse  ;  corolla  yellow  ;  the  petals  nearly  of 
equal  length.  @  — Waste  or  cultivated  grounds,  introduced. —  Plant 
2° -4°  high;  with  nearly  the  odor  of  the  Sweet-scented  Vernal 
Grass. 

2.  IH.  leucdntha,  Koch.  (White  Melilot.)  Upright; 
leaflets  truncate ;  corolla  white,  the  standard  longer  than  the  other 
petals.  (2)  —  With  No.  1. 

22.  MEDICAGO,  L.  Medick. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Melilotus.  Pod  1  -  several-seeded,  scythe¬ 
shaped,  curved,  or  variously  coiled.  —  Leaves  pinnately  3-folio¬ 
late.  Stipules  often  cut.  (Deriv.  from  firjbLKrj ,  the  name  ap¬ 
plied  to  Lucerne  because  it  came  from  Media.) 

1.  HI.  sativa,  L.  (Lucerne.)  Upright,  smooth;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong,  toothed ;  flowers  (purple)  racemed ;  pods  spirally 
twisted.  2J. — Cultivated  for  green  fodder,  beginning  to  be  natural¬ 
ized.  June  -  August. 

2.  m.  lupulina,  L.  (Black  Medick.  Nonesuch.)  Pro¬ 
cumbent,  pubescent;  leaflets  wedge -obovate,  toothed  at  the  apex, 
flowers  in  short  spikes  (yellow) ;  pods  kidney-form,  1-seeded.  @ 
Waste  places,  naturalized. 

2  3.  GENISTA,  L.  Woad- Waxen.  Whin. 

Calyx  2-lipped.  Standard  oblong-oval,  spreading  ;  keel  oblong* 
straight,  scarcely  including  the  stamens  and  style.  Stamens  mon- 
adelphous,  the  sheath  entire  ;  5  alternate  anthers  shorter.  P°^ 
flattened,  several-seeded.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  simple  leaves, 
and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  the  Celtic  gen,  a  bush.) 

1.  G.  tinctoria,  L.  (Dyer’s  Green-weed.)  Low,  not 
thorny,  with  striate-angled  erect  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers 
in  spiked  racemes ;  pods  smooth.  —  Slightly  naturalized  in  New  York 
and  E.  Massachusetts;  —  thoroughly  established  on  sterile  hills  in 
Essex  County,  Massachusetts.  June. 

24.  CROTALARIA,  L.  Rattle-box. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  somewhat  2-lipped.  Standard  large,  heart-shap¬ 
ed  :  keel  scythe-shaped.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens 


LEGUMINOS.E.  (PULSE  FAMILY.)  109 

cleft  on  the  upper  side  :  5  of  the  anthers  smaller  and  roundish. 
Pod  inflated,  oblong,  many-seeded. —Herbs  in  the  U.  S.,  with 
simple  leaves.  Flowers  racemed,  yellow.  (Name  from  tpirdkov, 
a  rattle;  the  loose  seeds  rattling  in  the  coriaceous  inflated  pods.) 

1.  C.  sagittalis,  L.  Annual,  hairy,  low ;  leaves  oval  or  ob¬ 
long-lanceolate,  scarcely  petioled ;  stipules  united  and  decurrent  on 
the  stem,  so  as  to  be  inversely  arrow-shaped;  peduncles  few-flower¬ 
ed  ;  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  — Sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to 
Penn.  July.  —  Plant  4'- 6'  high. 


25.  LUPIMIIS,  Tourn.  Lupine. 

Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.  Sides  of  the  standard  reflexed :  keel 
scythe-shaped,  pointed.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens 
entire  :  anthers  alternately  oblong  and  roundish.  Pod  coriaceous, 
oblong,  flattened,  often  knotty  by  constrictions  between  the  seeds. 
Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  Herbs,  with  palmately  3-7-  (1- 
15-)  foholate  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or 
sptkes  (Name  from  Lupus,  a  wolf,  because  these  plants  were 
thought  to  devour  the  fertility  of  the  soil.) 

erect  n'  ^  L™)  Somewhat  hairy;  stem 

lon  (  leaflets  7-11,  narrowly  obovate-oblong ;  flowers  in  a 

n  and  loose  terminal  raceme ;  pods  linear-oblong,  very  hairy.  - 
Sandy  soil,  common.  —  Flowers  showy,  purplish-blue,  rarely  pale  or 
oth  '  f  '  ,V>Rra  S-  EuroPean  Lupines  are  common  in  gardens,  and 
"‘  “slr°m  °regon  have  recently  been  introduced,  especially  L.  poly 


Tribe  V.  SOPHOREiE.  The  Sophora  Teibe. 

26.  BAPTisiA,  Vent.  False  Indigo. 

Calyx  4 -5-toothed.  Standard  not  longer  than  the  wings: 
keel-petals  somewhat  united.  Stamens  distinct.  Pod  stalked  in 
the  persistent  calyx,  roundish  or  oblong,  inflated,  pointed,  manv- 
seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  3-foliolate  (rarely  sim- 
P  e)  leaves,  which  generally  blacken  in  drying,  and  racemed  flow¬ 
ers.  (Named  from  /Sarmfcc,  to  dye,  from  the  economical  use  of 
some  species,  which  yield  a  sort  of  indigo.) 

*  tmctoria,  R.  Brown.  (Yellow-flowered  Wild  In- 
°'J  ,  fem°oth»  rather  glaucous ;  leaves  almost  sessile ;  leaflets 
to  we  ge-obovate ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous; 

C€mes  Jcw-floicered  terminating  the  numerous  branches ;  pods  oval- 


110 


LEGTTMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

globose,  on  a  stalk  longer  than  the  calyx.  — Sandy  dry  soil,  common. 
June- Aug.  —  Plant  2P -3°  high,  bushy,  slender.  Leaflets  $' long. 
Corolla  yellow,  47  long. 

2.  B.  australis,  R.  Brown.  (Blue  False  Indigo.)  Smooth, 
tall  and  stout  (4° -5°);  leaflets  oblong- wedge-form,  obtuse;  stipules 
lanceolate ,  as  long  as  the  petioles ,  rather  persistent ;  raceme  elongated , 
many-flowered ,  erect ;  bracts  deciduous  ;  stalk  of  the  oval-oblong  pods 
about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Penn,  and  westward: 
often  cultivated.  June.  —  Raceme  1°  long.  Flowers  1'  long,  indigo- 
blue.  Pods  2f  -  3'  long. 

3.  B.  lcucautlia,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Tall  White  False  In¬ 
digo.)  Smooth  ;  leaves  and  racemes  as  in  No.  2 ;  stipules  early  de¬ 
ciduous  ;  pods  oval-oblong ,  raised  on  a  stalk  fully  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Ohio  and  Michigan.  July.  —  Flowers  white , 
the  standard  short.  Pods  2f  long. 

4.  B.  leucoph&a,  Nutt.  (Pale  False  Indigo.)  Hairy,  low, 
with  divergent  branches;  leaves  almost  sessile;  leaflets  narrowly  ob- 
long-obovate  or  spatulate  ;  stipules  and  bracts  large  and  leafy ,  persist¬ 
ent;  racemes  long  and  reclined;  the  flowers  on  elongated  pedicels;  pods 
ovoid,  hoary.  —  Michigan  and  southward.  April.  —  Stout,  1°  high  • 
the  reclining  raceme  often  1°  long :  pedicels  1;  -  2',  the  cream-colored 
corolla  1',  in  length. 

2  7  •  €£R€IS,  L.  Red-bud.  Judas-tree. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  smaller  than  the  wings  :  the  keel- 
petals  larger  and  not  united.  Stamens  distinct,  rather  unequal. 
Pod  oblong,  flat,  many-seeded,, the  upper  suture  with  a  winged 
margin.  —  Trees,  with  rounded  heart-shaped  simple  leaves,  de¬ 
ciduous  stipules,  and  red-purple  flowers  in  little  umbel-like  clusters 
along  the  branches,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  acid  to  the  taste. 
(The  ancient  name  of  the  Oriental  Judas-tree.) 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (Red-bud.)  Leaves  rounded  heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  downy  at  the  origin  of  the  veins  underneath.  — 
Jersey  and  Penn,  to  Ohio.  March -May.  — A  small  ornamental 
tree,  often  cultivated :  the  blossoms  smaller  than  in  the  European 
species. 

Tribe  VI.  CASSlfciE.  The  Senna  Tribe. 

28.  CASSIA,  L.  Senna. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  united.  Petals  5,  unequal.  Stamens  5  - 
unequal,  and  some  of  them  often  imperfect,  spreading  :  anthers 


LEGUMINOSJE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.)  Ill 

mostly  opening  by  2  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex.  Pod  many- 
seeded,  often  with  cross  partitions.  —  Herbs  (in  the  United  States), 
with  simply  abrupt-pinnate  leaves  and  mostly  yellow  flowers. 
(An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 

♦  Perennial :  lower  anthers  fertile ,  7;  the  3  upper  ones  deformed  and 

imperfect. 

1.  C.  Maril&mlica,  L.  (Wild  Senna.)  Leaflets  6-9 
pairs,  lanceolate-oblong ;  petiole  with  a  club-shaped  gland  near  the 
base  ;  stipules  deciduous  ;  flowers  crowded  in  short  axillary  racemes, 
panicled  at  the  summit  of  the  branches ;  pods  linear,  slightly  curved’ 

flat,  at  first  hairy. —  Alluvial  soil,  common.  July _ Stem  3°-4° 

high  :  leaves  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  officinal  Senna. 

*  *  Annual,  low:  anthers  all  fertile  :  stipules  striate,  persistent :  gland 
beneath  the  loioest  pair  of  leaflets  cup-shaped :  leaves  sensitive  to  the 
touch :  floicers  in  small  clusters  above  the  axils :  pods  flat. 

2.  c.  Chamaecrista,  L.  (Partridge  Pea.)  Leaflets  10- 
pairs,  linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base  ;  flowers  {large)  on  slender 

pedicels;  anthers  10,  elongated,  unequal  (4  of  them  yellow,  the  others 

fnUrPioV  st?le  slender* —Sandy  fields,  common.  Aug.— Stems  spread- 

rn^l  °nf :  °f  the  showr  briSht  yellow  petals  often  with  a 

purple  spot  at  the  base. 

£  C-  L.  (Wild  Sensitive  Plant.)  Leaflets  10 

-.iO  pairs,  oblong-linear;  flowers  {small)  on  very  short  pedicels;  an- 
thers  5,  nearly  equal;  style  very  short.  — Sandy  fields,  especially 
southward.  Aug.  _  Corolla  yellow,  inconspicuous.  7 

29.  GYM  NO  Cl,  A  DUS,  Lam.  Coffee-tree. 
Flowers  dioecious,  regular.  Calyx  tubular  below,  5-cleft.  Pe- 
tols  5,  oblong,  equal,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube 
Stamens  10,  distinct,  short,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Pod  oblong 
flattened,  very  large,  pulpy  inside,  several-seeded.  Seeds  verJ 
large  flatUsh._A  rather  large  tree,  with  rough  bark,  stout 
ranchlets,  not  thorny,  and  very  large  unequally  2-pinnate  leaves, 
r  lowers  whitish,  in  axillary  racemes.  (Name  from  yvpvis,  naked, 

and  K\abos,  a  branch,  alluding  to  the  stout  branches  destitute  of 
spray.) 

Rioh  G'  fa"ad,‘“sis'  Lam-  (Kentucky  Coffee-bean  Tree  ) 
Rich  woods,  by  rivers,  W.  New  York  and  westward.  June.  -  Cub 
nvated  as  an  ornamental  tree  ;  timber  valuable.  Leaves  2°  -  lone 
lets^We >arge  parhal  leaf-stalks  bearing  7-13  ovate  stalked  leaf- 


112  LEGUMINOSiE.  (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

30.  OliEDITSCHIA,  L.  Honey  Locust. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  of  3  -  5  spreading  sepals,  united 
at  the  base.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  equalling  them, 
the  2  lower  sometimes  united.  Stamens  as  many,  distinct; 
„  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pod  flat,  1  - 
many-seeded,  a  sweet  pulp  usually  surrounding  the  flat  seeds.  — 
Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  1  -  2-pinnate  leaves,  and  inconspicu¬ 
ous  greenish  flowers  in  small  spikes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Pro¬ 
fessor  Gleditsch ,  a  botanist  contemporary  with  Linnaeus.) 

1-  C.  triacautlios,  L.  (Three-thorned  Acacia,  or  Hon* 
ey  Locust.)  Thorns  stout,  usually  triple  or  compound ;  leaflets 
lanceolate-oblong,  somewhat  serrate ;  pods  linear,  much  elongated, 
often  twisted,  filled  with  sweet  pulp  between  the  seeds.  —  Rich 
woods,  Penn,  and  south  westward.  July.  —  Common  in  cultivation  as 
an^ ornamental  tree,  and  for  hedges.  The  long  and  curved  flat  pods 
(1  “  li  *n  length)  appear  in  autumn  like  large  apple-parings,  pen¬ 
dent  from  the  branches. 

Order  38.  ROSACEA.  (Rose  Family.) 

Plants  with  regular  flowers ,  numerous  {rarely  few )  dis • 
tinct  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx ,  and  1  —  many  pistils , 
which  are  quite  distinct ,  or  {in  the  Pear  tribe)  united  and 
combined  with  the  calyx-tube .  Seeds  ( anatropous )  l -few 
in  each  ovary ,  without  albumen .  Leaves  alternate ,  with 
stipules.  Calyx  of  5  (rarely  3-4-8)  sepals,  united  at 
the  base,  often  appearing  double  by  a  row  of  bractlets  out¬ 
side.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  wanting),  imbri¬ 
cated  in  the  bud,  and  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the  edge 
of  a  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs. 
This  important  family  comprises  three  principal  suborders. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  AMYGDAlE^E.  (Almond  Family.) 

Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  solitary  ovary,  deciduous.  Stylo  ter¬ 
minal.  Fruit  a  drupe  (stone-fruit).  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple 
eav  es,  t  e  bark  exuding  gum,  and  the  bark,  leaves,  and  kernels  yield¬ 
ing  the  peculiar  flavor  of  prussic  acid. 

1.  Prunus.  Drupe  with  a  flattish  2-edged  smooth  stone. 

2.  Cerasus.  Drupe  globular,  with  a  rounded  smooth  stone. 


113 


R0SACE2E.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Suborder  II.  ROSACE  AS  proper. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovaries,  but  sometimes  inclosing  them  in  its 

tube.  Pistils  few -many  (occasionally  single). 

Tribe  1.  SPIR^E^E.  —  Pistils  mostly  5,  forming  few-seeded  folli¬ 
cles  in  fruit :  styles  terminal. 

3.  Spir^a.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  obovate,  equal. 

4.  Gillenia.  Calyx  elongated,  5-toothed.  Petals  slender,  unequal. 

Tribe  2.  DR  YADEA2.  —  Pistils  numerous  (rarely  1  -  2),  forming 
seed-like  achenia  or  little  drupes  in  fruit.  Calyx-tube  dry  in 
fruit ;  the  lobes  commonly  valvate  in  the  bud. 

Subtribe  1.  Sanguisorbea:.  — Calyx-tube  constricted  at  the  throat. 
Petals  often  wanting.  Stamens  4-15.  Pistils  1-4,  dry  in 
fruit,  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

5.  Agrimonia.  Petals  5.  Stamens  12- 15.  Pistils  2. 

6.  Sanguisorba.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4.  Pistil  1 :  style  terminal. 

7.  Alchemilla.  Petals  none.  Stamens  and  pistils  1-4 :  style  lateral. 

Subtribe  2.  Chamarhodea.  —  Calyx  open.  Stamens  and  pistils 
5  -  10 :  styles  lateral.  Fruit  dry  achenia. 

8.  Sibbaldia.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  minute  petals. 

Subtribe  3.  Eudryadea.—  Calyx  open.  Stamens  and  pistils  nu¬ 
merous.  Fruit  of  dry  achenia,  tipped  with  terminal  styles. 
Seed  erect.  (Radicle  inferior.) 

9.  Dryas.  Calyx  8 - 9-parted.  Petals  8-9.  Styles  persistent. 

10.  Geum.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Achenia  numerous  :  styles  persistent. 

11.  Waldsteinia.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Achenia  few  :  styles  deciduous. 

Subtnbe  4.  Fragarieje.  —  Calyx  open  and  flattish,  bracteolate. 
Stamens  and  pistils  numerous  :  styles  often  lateral,  deciduous. 
Fruit  of  dry  achenia.  Seed  suspended  or  ascending,  inserted 
next  the  base  of  the  style.  (Radicle  always  superior.) 

12.  Potentilla.  Receptacle  flattish,  dry.  Petals  deciduous,  obo¬ 

vate  or  obcordate. 

13.  Comarum.  Receptacle  convex,  spongy.  Petals  acute,  somewhat 

persistent. 

14.  Fragaria.  Receptacle  enlarged  and  juicy  in  fruit,  edible. 

Subtribe  5.  DALiBARDEiE.  —  Calyx  open,  not  bracteolate.  Sta¬ 
mens  and  usually  the  pistils  numerous  :  styles  terminal,  decid¬ 
uous.  Achenia  mostly  fleshy  or  becoming  little  drupes.  Seed 
suspended  (ovules  2,  collateral  :  radicle  superior). 

15.  Dalibarda.  Fruit  of  5-  10  almost  dry  cartilaginous  achenia. 

16.  Rubus.  Fruit  of  numerous  (rarely  few)  pulpy  drupaceous  ache- 

nia,  aggregated  on  a  conical  or  elongated  receptacle. 

10* 


114 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  3.  ROSE^E. — Pistils  numerous,  forming  long  achenia,  which 
are  inserted  on  the  hollow  receptacle  that  lines  the  urn-shaped 
and  fleshy  calyx-tube.  Calyx-segments  imbricated. 

17.  Rosa.  Leaves  pinnate  :  stipules  cohering  with  the  petiole. 

Suborder  III.  POME-dE. 

Calyx-tube  thick  and  fleshy  in  fruit  (forming  a  pome),  including 
and  cohering  with  the  2-5  ovaries. 

18.  Crataegus.  Carpels  bony  in  fruit,  1 -seeded. 

19.  Pyrus.  Carpels  thin  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit,  2-seeded. 

20.  Amelanchier.  Carpels  cartilaginous,  each  divided  into  2  cells 

by  a  partition  :  cells  1-seeded. 

Suborder  I.  AMYGDALEiE.  Almond  Family. 

1.  PRUNUS,  Tourn.  Plum. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  15  -  30.  Ovary 
with  2  pendulous  ovules.  Drupe  ovoid  or  oblong,  usually  covered 
with  a  bloom ;  the  stone  smooth,  sharp-edged  and  pointed,  and  the 
margins  mostly  grooved.  —  Small  trees  or  shrubs  ;  the  leaves  ser¬ 
rate,  rolled  up  in  the  bud.  Flowers  white,  usually  preceding  the 
leaves,  from  lateral  buds,  the  pedicels  in  simple  umbel-like  clus¬ 
ters.  (The  ancient  classical  name  of  the  Plum.) 

L  P«  Iliaritima,  Wang.  (Beach  Plum)  Low  and  straggling 
(2°  -  5°)  j  leaves  ovate  or  oval ,  finely  serrate ,  softly  pubescent  under¬ 
neath  ;  pedicels  short,  pubescent ;  fruit  globular,  purple  or  crimson 
with  a  bloom  (4;  — F  in  diameter).  (P.  littoralis,  Bigelow.)  —  ^  a‘ 
ries,  when  at  some  distance  from  the  coast,  with  the  leaves  smoother 
and  thinner,  and  the  fruit  smaller.  (P.  pygmaea,  Willd.)  —  Sea-beach 
and  the  vicinity,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey.  April,  May.  —  FrU,t 
pleasant-tasted  when  fully  ripe. 

2.  P.  Americana,  Marsh.  (Wild  Yellow  Plum.)  Leaves 
ovate  or  obovate ,  conspicuously  pointed ,  sharply  and  often  doubly  ser¬ 
rate,  very  veiny,  smooth  when  mature;  fruit  roundish-oval  (£*-*  F  10 
diameter),  nearly  destitute  of  bloom.  —  River-banks,  common  :  also 
cultivated,  when  the  juicy  fruit  becomes  pleasant-tasted,  though  with 
a  tough  acerb  skin.  It  is  yellow  or  orange,  often  tinged  with  red. 
Tree  or  bush  thorny,  8°-  15°  high. 

3*P*  spinosa,  L.  (Sloe.  Black  Thorn.)  Branches  thorny  > 
leaves  obovate-elliptical,  downy  beneath,  sharply  doubly-toothed 
pedicels  solitary  ;  fruit  (small)  globular.  —  Sparingly  naturalized  :  so 
also  is 

4.  P.  instltia,  L.  (Bullace  Plum.)  Branches  thorny  i 


115 


R0SACE2E.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

leaves  ovate  and  lanceolate,  downy  underneath ;  pedicels  in  pairs ; 
fruit  globular,  black  with  a  bloom.  —  Near  Boston  and  Cambridge. 

P.  domestica,  L.,  is  the  common  Cultivated  Plum. 

2.  CEKASUS,  Tourn.,  Juss.  Cherry. 

Flowers,  &c.,  as  in  the  Plum.  Drupe  globular,  without  a 
bloom;  the  stone  also  almost  globular,  smooth.  —  Leaves  folded  in 
the  bud.  (The  ancient  name,  from  a  town  on  the  Black  Sea.) 

§  1.  Cerasus  proper.  —  Flowers  in  clusters  from  lateral  buds ,  appear¬ 
ing  before  or  with  the  leaves ,  as  in  the  Plums. 

1.  C.  pumila,  Michx.  (Dwarf  Cherry.)  Smooth,  depress¬ 
ed  and  trailing ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolatey  tapering  to  the  base ,  some¬ 
what  toothed  near  the  apex,  whitish  underneath;  flowers  2-4  togeth¬ 
er;  fruit  ovoid,  dark  red.  —  Blue  hills  of  Milton,  Massachusetts, 
Greene ,  Rhode  Island,  Olney ,  and  from  Vermont  northward  to  Michi¬ 
gan.  May.  —  Trailing  over  rocks  or  sandy  banks  ;  branches  &  - 18' 
high. 

2.  C.  Pennsylvdnica,  Loisel.  (Wild  Red  Cherry.) 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate ,  pointed ,  finely  and  shaiply  serrate ,  shining , 
green  and  smooth  both  sides ;  flowers  many  in  a  cluster,  on  long  ped¬ 
icels  ;  fruit  globose,  light  red.  —  Rocky  woods,  common  northward. 
May.  —  Tree  20°  -30°  high,  with  light  red-brown  bark,  and  small 
fruit  with  thin  and  very  sour  flesh. 

§  2.  Pad  us  —  Flowers  in  racemes  at  the  end  of  leafy  branches. 

3.  C.  Virginiana,  DC.  (Choke  Cherry.)  Leaves  oval  or 
obovate ,  abruptly  pointed ,  very  sharply  {often  doubly )  serrate  with  slen¬ 
der  teeth ,  thin  ;  racemes  short  and  close  ;  petals  roundish ;  fruit  red 
turning  to  dark  crimson.  —  River-banks,  common.  May.  —  A  tall 
overhanging  shrub,  seldom  a  tree,  with  grayish  bark  ;  the  fruit  very 
austere  and  astringent  till  perfectly  ripe.  (P.  obov&ta,  Bigelow.  P. 
serotina,  of  many  authors.) 

4.  CL  serotilia,  DC.  (W^ld  Black  Cherry.)  Leaves  lan¬ 
ceolate-oblong  ,  taper-pointed ,  serrate  with  incurved  short  and  callous 
teeth ,  thickish,  shining  above  ;  racemes  elongated ;  petals  obovate ; 
fruit  purplish-black.  —  Woods,  common.  —  A  fine  large  tree,  with 
reddish-brown  branches,  furnishing  valuable  timber  to  the  cabinet¬ 
maker.  Fruit  slightly  bitter,  but  w  ith  a  pleasant  vinous  flavor. 

C.  vulgAris  and  C.  sylvestris  are  the  parents  of  the  various  cul¬ 
tivated  Cherries. 


ArmenIaca  vulgAris,  the  Apricot,  Persica  vulgAris,  the 
Peach,  and  P.  lA:vis,  the  Nectarine,  are  the  principal  remaining 
cultivated  representatives  of  this  suborder. 


116  ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Suborder  II.  ROSACEJE  proper. 

Tribe  I.  SPIR^LE.  The  Meadow-Sweet  Tribe. 

3*  SPIRAEA,  L.  Meadow-Sweet. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  obovate,  equal.  Stamens 
10  -  50.  Pods  (follicles)  3—  12,  several-  (2  —  15-)  seeded.  —  Flow¬ 
ers  white  or  rose-color,  rarely  dioecious.  (Name  probably  from 
(nmpdco,  to  wind ,  alluding  to  the  fitness  of  the  plants  to  be  formed 
into  garlands.) 

§  1.  Physocarpos,  Camb.  —  Shrubs ,  with  simple  lobed  leaves  and 
umbel-like  corymbs :  pods  inflated  and  diverging  when  grown ,  2-4- 
seeded. 

1.  S.  opullfolia,  L.  (Nine-Bark.)  Leaves  roundish,  some¬ 
what  3-lobed  and  heart-shaped ;  pedicels  very  slender ;  pods  3-5, 
membranaceous.  —  Rocky  river-banks,  Maine  to  Wisconsin.  June. 
—  Shrub  4° -10°  high,  much  branched,  with  white  flowers,  succeed¬ 
ed  by  membranaceous  pods  tinged  with  purple :  the  old  bark  loose 
and  separating  in  thin  layers. 

§  2.  Spiraea  proper.  —  Shrubs ,  with  simple  leaves ,  the  stipules  obso¬ 
lete:  pods  ( mostly  5)  not  inflated ,  several-seeded . 

2.  S.  corymbosa,  Raf.  (Flat-clustered  Meadow-Sweet.) 
Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex  ; 
corymbs  large  and  flat,  several  times  compound.  —  Alleghanies,  Penn, 
and  southward.  June.  —  Stems  little  branched,  1°  —  2°  high.  Flow¬ 
ers  white. 

3.  S.  salicifolia,  L.  (Willow-leaved  Meadow-Sweet.) 
Nearly  smooth;  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate, 
floicers  in  a  crowded  panicle  ;  pods  smooth.  (S.  alba,  Bigel.)  — Bushy 
meadows  along  streams:  also  cultivated.  July. — Shrub  2°-5°  high- 
flowers  white  or  tinged  with  purple. 

4.  S.  toinentbsa,  L.  (Hardback.  Steeple-bush.)  Stems 
and  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves  very  woolly  > 
flowers  in  short  racemes  crowded  in  a  dense  panicle;  pods  woolly-* 
Low  grounds  and  meadows,  commonest  in  New  England.  July. 
Shrub  3P  high,  the  thickish  leaves  deep  green  above,  and  white  or 
tawny  beneath.  Flowers  rose-color. 

§  3.  UlmAria,  Mcench.  —  Perennial  herbs ,  with  pinnate  leaves  and 
panided  cymose  flowers  :  pods  6-8,  1  -  2 -seeded. 

5.  S.  lob  at  a,  Murr.  (Queen  of  the  Prairie.)  Leaves  in¬ 
terruptedly  pinnate ;  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large,  7  -  9-parted,  the 
lobes  incised  and  toothed  ;  stipules  kidney-form  ;  panicle  compound- 


117 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

clustered  on  a  long  naked  peduncle,  calyx  reflexed.  —  Meadows  and 
prairies,  Penn,  to  Ohio  and  Michigan.  June.  —  Stem  4° -8°  high, 
smooth,  angled.  Flowers  deep  peach-blossom  color.  Very  hand¬ 
some  in  cultivation. 

§  4.  Aruncus,  Seringe.  —  Perennial  herbs ,  with  dioecious  flowers,  in 
slender  spikes  disposed  in  a  long  compound  panicle  ;  leaves  3 -pin¬ 
nate;  the  stipules  obsolete;  pods  3-5,  several-seeded;  pedicels  re¬ 
flexed  in  fruit. 

6.  S.  Aruncus,  L.  (Goat’s-beard.)  Smooth ;  leaflets  thin, 
lanceolate-oblong,  or  the  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-point¬ 
ed,  sharply  cut  and  serrate ;  flowers  very  numerous  (small,  white, 
the  fertile  greenish).  —  Rich  damp  woods,  Catskill  Mountains  and 
southwestward.  June.  —  A  widely  branched  herb,  3°  high. 

S.  Filipendula,  the  Dropwort,  S.  UlmAria,  the  Meadow- 
Sweet  of  Europe,  S.  hypericif6lia  (Italian  May),  and  one  or 
two  others,  are  common  in  gardens. 

©IJjIjENIAj  Mcench.  Indian  Physic. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  constricted  at  the  throat,  5-toothed  ; 
teeth  erect.  Petals  5,  somewhat  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  elon¬ 
gated,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  10  —  20,  in¬ 
cluded.  Pods  5,  included  in  the  calyx,  2  —  4-seeded.  — Perennial 
herbs,  with  almost  sessile  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  thin  leaflets 
doubly  serrate  and  incised.  Flowers  loosely  paniculate-corymbed, 
pale  rose-color  or  white.  (Derivation  of  the  name  unknown.) 

1.  O.  trifoliuta,  Moench.  (Bowman’s  Root.)  Leaflets  ovate- 
oblong,  pointed,  irregularly  cut-serrate;  stipules  small,  awl-shaped, 
entire.  — Rich  woods,  from  W.  New  York  southward,  and  sparingly 
in  the  Western  States.  Also  cultivated.  June  -  Aug. 

2.  ©.  stipulacea,  Nutt.  (American  Ipecac.)  Leaflets  lan¬ 
ceolate,  deeply  incised;  stipules  large  and  leaf-like,  doubly  incised. — 
W.  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  :  common  throughout  the  Western 
States.  June. 

Tribe  II.  DRYADE^E.  The  Bramble  Tribe. 

5.  AORHHONIA,  Tourn.  Agrimony. 
Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  armed  with 
hooked  bristles  above,  indurated  and  inclosing  the  fruit ;  the 
limb  5-cleft,  closed  after  flowering.  Petals  5.  Stamens  12  -  15. 
Achenia  2  :  styles  terminal.  Seed  suspended.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers  in  slender 


118 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

spiked  racemes  :  bracts  3-cleft.  (Name  a  corruption  of  Arge~ 
monia ,  of  the  same  derivation  as  Argemone.) 

1‘  Ewpatoiia,  L.  (Common  Agrimony.)  Stem  and 
stalks  hairy  ;  leaflets  5-7  with  minute  ones  intermixed ,  oblong-obovate , 
coarsely  toothed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Borders  of 
woods,  common.  July  -  Sept.  —  Root  sweet-scented. 

2.  A.  parvi flora,  Ait.  (Small-flowered  Agrimony.)  Stem 
and  stalks  bristly  with  brownish  spreading  hairs;  leaflets  crowded , 

1  - 19,  with  smaller  ones  intermixed ,  lanceolate ,  acute,  deeply  and 
regularly  cut-serrate,  as  well  as  the  stipules  ;  petals  small.  —  Woods 
and  glades,  Pennsylvania  and  southwestward.  July.  —  Plant  4°  -5° 
high. 

6.  SANOUISORBA,  L.  Great  Burnet. 

Calyx  petal-like,  3-bracted,  the  tube  4-angular,  constricted ; 
the  lobes  4,  spreading.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4  ;  the  filaments 
usually  enlarging  upwards.  Pistils  1,  rarely  2  :  style  slender, 
terminal :  stigma  pencil-form,  tufted.  Achenium  included  in  the 
indurated  4-winged  calyx-tube.  Seed  suspended.  —  Perennial 
(rarely  annual)  herbs,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  small 
flow  ers,  sometimes  polygamous,  in  close  spikes  or  heads.  (Name 
from  sanguis,  blood,  and  sorbeo,  to  absorb  ;  the  plants  having 
been  esteemed  as  vulneraries.) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  (Canadian  Burnet.)  Stamens  much 
onger  than  the  calyx;  spikes  oblong,  becoming  cylindrical  and 
e  ongated  in  fruit ;  leaflets  numerous,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  ser¬ 
rate,  obtuse,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  stipellate  ;  stipules  serrate,  ad- 

t  u°  Pet*°*e’  —  ®°gs  a°d  wet  meadows.  Aug.  -  Oct.  —  A 
ta  1  herb  ;  flowers  white,  sometimes  purple. 

Poterium  Sanguis6rba,  the  Common  Burnet  of  the  gardens,  has 
monmcious  polyandrous  flowers. 


Tourn.  Lady’s  Mantle. 
Calyx-tube  inversely  conical,  contracted  at  the  top ;  lhub  4- 
parted,  with  as  many  alternate  bractlets.  Petals  none.  Sta¬ 
mens  1-4.  Pistils  1  -  4  ;  the  slender  style  arising  from  near  the 
base  of  the  ovary  ;  the  achenia  included  in  the  persistent  calyx* 
Low  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  compound  leaves,  aud 
small  corymbed  greenish  flowers.  (From  Alkemelyeh ,  the  Arabic 
name.) 


119 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  Ulpina,  L.  Perennial;  leaves  all  from  the  rootstock, 
5-7-divided;  leaflets  wedge-lanceolate,  satiny  beneath,  serrate  to¬ 
wards  the  apex.  —  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  and  Green 
Mountains,  Vermont,  according  to  Pursh ;  but  no  one  else  has  found 
the  plant  in  the  country. 

8.  SIBBALDIA,  L.  Sibbaldia. 

Calyx  flattish,  5-cleft,  with  5  bractlets.  Petals  5,  linear-oblong, 
minute.  Stamens  5,  inserted  alternate  with  the  petals  into  the 
margin  of  the  woolly  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Achenia  5  -  10  ;  styles  lateral.  —  Low  and  depressed  mountain 
perennials.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Sibbald ,  Prof,  at  Edinburgh  at  the 
close  of  the  17th  century.) 

1  8.  procuillbdlS,  L.  Leaflets  3,  wedge-shaped,  3-tooth¬ 
ed  at  the  apex ;  petals  yellow,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Mountains 
of  Vermont,  according  to  Pursh  (?).  White  Mts.  of  New  Hampshire, 
Oakes ,  1846.  A  dwarf,  truly  alpine  plant,  resembling  a  Potentilla. 

9.  DRIAS,  L.  Dryas. 

Calyx  flattish,  8  -  9-parted.  Petals  8-9,  large.  Stamens 
numerous.  Achenia  many,  heaped  on  the  dry  receptacle  ;  the 
persistent  styles  forming  very  long  plumose  tails.  Seed  erect.  — 
Dwarf  and  matted  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  toothed 
leaves,  and  solitary  large  flowers.  (Name  from  Dryades ,  the 
nymphs  of  the  Oaks,  the  leaves  resembling  oak-leaves  in  minia¬ 
ture.) 

1.  I>.  integrrifolia,  Vahl.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  slightly 
heart-shaped,  with  revolute  margins,  nearly  entire,  whitened  with 
down  beneath,  concealing  the  veins;  flowers  white.  —  White  Moun¬ 
tains,  New  Hampshire,  Prof.  Peck ,  according  to  Pursh;  but  not  since 
met  with. 

10.  GEUM,  L.  Avens. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  flattish,  deeply  5-cleft,  usually  with  5 
small  bractlets  at  the  sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Ache¬ 
nia  numerous,  heaped  on  a  conical  or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle, 
the  long  persistent  styles  forming  hairy  or  jointed  tails.  Seed 
erect.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  or  lyrate  leaves.  (Name 
from  yevat,  to  give  an  agreeable  flavor ,  the  roots  being  rather  aro¬ 
matic.) 

§  l.  Geum  proper.  —  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle ,  the 


120 


ROSACE2E.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

loiccr  portion  smooth  and  persistent ,  hooked  at  the  end  after  the  defin¬ 
ed  and  mostly  hairy  upper  joint  falls  away :  head  of  fruit  sessile : 

calyx-lobes  reflexed. 

1-  Virginfanum,  L.  (White  Avens.)  Stem  rather 
hairy  below;  root-leaves  pinnate,  lyrate,  or  simple  and  rounded; 
those  of  the  stem  3  —  5-lobed  or  divided,  softly  pubescent ;  petals 
white,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  receptacle  of  the  fruit  hairy.  Also 
G.  album,  IVilld.  —  Woods  and  meadows,  very  common.  June- 
Aug-  Leaves  very  variable.  Flowers  many,  quite  small. 

2.  G,  Iliac l’opliy Hum,  Willd.  (Rough  Yellow  Avens.) 
Bristly-haired,  stout ;  root-leaves  lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate, 
with  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large  and  round-heart-shaped ;  lateral 
leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2-4,  minute,  the  terminal  roundish,  3- 
cleft,  the  lobes  wedge-form  and  rounded  ;  petals  yellow ,  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  receptacle  of  fruit  nearly  naked.  — Around  the  base  of  the 
White  Mountains,  N.  Hampshire.  June.  — Stems 2°-  3°  high,  leafy. 
Flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  3. 

3.  G.  Strictum,  Ait.  (Tall  Yellow  Avens.)  Somewhat 
airy  ,  root-leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  leaflets  wedge-obovate ; 
eaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  3-5,  rhombic-ovate  or  oblong ,  acute  ;  petals 
yellow,  longer  than  the  calyx;  receptacle  downy.  —  Moist  meadows, 
common  northward.  July.  -  Stem  3-5  feet  high,  with  rather  large 
loosely  pamcled  flowers. 

§  2.  St^lipus,  Raf.  —  Styles  smooth  :  head  of  fruit  conspicuously 
stalked .  bractlets  of  the  calyx  none  :  otherwise  as  §  1. 
v£riram,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Western  Early  Avens.) 
Somewhat  pubescent;  stems  ascending,  few-leaved,  slender;  root- 
leaves  roundish  heart-shaped  and  3 -5-lobed,  or  some  of  them  pin¬ 
nate,  with  the  lobes  cut;  petals  yellow,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx; 
receptacle  smooth.  —  Thickets,  Ohio  and  westward.  April -June. 
Flowers  small.  Head  of  carpels  soon  protruded  beyond  the  calyx  on 
its  slender  stalk. 

§  3.  CaryophyllAta,  Toum.  —  Style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle , 

-  ^  UM,er  j°*nt  plumose  :  flowers  large. 

*.  G.  rivale,  L.  (Water  or  Purple  Avens.)  Stems  near¬ 
ly  simple,  several-flowered,  reversely  hairy ;  root-leaves  lyrate  and 
interruptedly  pinnate ;  those  of  the  stem  1-2,  and  3-foliolate  or  3- 
obed  ,  petals  inversely  heart-shaped,  contracted  into  a  claw,  purplish- 
orange  ,  head  of  fruit  stalked.  —  Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  especially 
nort  ward.  May.  Stems  2°  high ;  the  blossoms  nodding,  but  the 
feathery  fruiting  heads  upright.  Calyx  brown-purple. 

§  .  ^ieversia,  Willd.  —  Style  not  jointed ,  wholly  persistent  and 

~  „  straight :  head  of  fruit  sessile  :  flowers  large. 

•  trlfloruna,  Pursh.  (Rock  Avens.)  Low,  softly  hairy ; 
flowering  stems  nearly  leafless ;  root-leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  the 


121 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 


leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  oblong-wedge-form,  deeply  cut¬ 
toothed  ;  flowers  3  or  more  on  long  peduncles  ;  bractlets  linear ,  longer 
than  the  calyx ,  as  long  as  the  oblong  purplish  petals ;  styles  very  long 
(2;),  strongly  plumose  in  fruit.  —  Rocks,  New  Hampshire  and  N.  New 
York  (Hr.  Craice)  northward  to  Wisconsin,  rare.  May,  June.  — 
Stems  6'  - 12'  high.  Calyx  purple. 

7.  G.  Peckii,  Pursh.  (Peck’s  Mountain  Avens.)  Some¬ 
what  smooth;  leaves  from  the  rootstock,  large,  roundish-kidney-form, 
crenately  cut-toothed,  with  a  set  of  minute  lateral  leaflets  down  the 
petiole  ;  flowering  stem  nearly  leafless,  3- 5-flowered ;  bractlets  mi¬ 
nute  ;  petals  round-obovate ,  spreading ,  yellow  ;  styles  hairy  towards  the 
base ,  naked  above.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mts.  of  New 
Hampshire.  Aug.  —  Stems  6'  -  20'  high ;  the  golden  flowers  hand¬ 
some. 

11.  WALDSTEINIA,  Willd.  (Comaropsis,  DC.) 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  with  5  often 
minute  and  deciduous  bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many,  in¬ 
serted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Achenia  2-6,  minutely 
hairy  ;  the  terminal  slender  styles  deciduous  from  the  base  by  a 
joint.  Seed  erect.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  radical 
3  -  5-lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on  bracted 
scapes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Francis  von  Waldstein ,  a  German 
botanist.) 

1.  w.  fragarioides,  Tratt.  (Barren  Strawberry.)  Low; 
leaflets  3,  broadly  wedge-form,  crenately  cut-toothed ;  scapes  several- 
flowered  ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Dalibarda  fragarioides, 
Michx.)  —  Wooded  hill-sides,  common  northward.  May. _ Leaf¬ 

stalks  and  scapes  4' -8'  high. 


12.  POTENTILLA,  L.  Cinque-foil.  Five-finger. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  with  as  many  bractlets  at  the  sinuses,  thus 
appearing  10-cleft.  Petals  4-5,  roundish  or  inversely  heart- 
shaped,  deciduous.  Stamens  many.  Achenia  many,  collected  in 
a  head  on  the  dry  hairy  receptacle  :  styles  lateral  or  terminal,  de¬ 
ciduous.  —  Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  compound  leaves,  and 
solitary  or  cymose  flowers.  Perennials,  except  No.  1.  (Name  a 
kind  of  diminutive  from  potens ,  powerful,  alluding  to  the  reputed 
medicinal  power,  of  which  in  fact  these  plants  possess  very  little, 
being  mild  astringents  merely,  like  the  rest  of  the  tribe.) 

§  1.  Style  terminal ,  or  attached  above  the  middle  of  the  ovary. 

11 


122 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

*  Leaves  'palmate :  leaflets  3  -  5 :  flowers  yellow. 

1.  p.  Norvegica,  L.  (Norway  Cinque-foil.)  Hairy, 
erect,  forked  above,  many-flowered  ;  leaflets  3,  obovate-oblong,  coarsely 
cut-serrate  ;  calyx  longer  than  the  pale  yellow  petals  ;  achenia  wrinkle 
or  ribbed.  —  A  coarse  and  homely  annual  or  biennial  weed,  in  fields 
and  cultivated  grounds,  certainly  native  northward.  July  -  Sept. 

2.  P.  minima,  Haller.  (Dwarf  Mountain  Cinque-foil.) 
Dwarf.  tufted,  pubescent ;  stems  mostly  1  -flowered;  leaflets  3,  obovate, 
very  obtuse,  cut-toothed  near  the  apex  ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx* 
(P.  Robbinsiana,  Oakes.)  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  New 
Hampshire.  July.  —  Plant  V  —  3f  high  :  flowers  small. 

3.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  (Common  Cinque-foil  or  Five- 
Finger.)  Hairy  or  pubescent,  procumbent  and  ascending ,  producing 
runners  ;  peduncles  axillary ,  elongated ,  1  -flowered;  leaflets  5,  oblong  or 
obovate- wedge-form,  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex  ;  petals  longer  t  lan 
the  calyx.  (P.  sarmentbsa,  Muhl.)  —  Var.  1.  pumila  is  a  dwa  , 
early-flowering  state,  in  sterile  soil.  Var.  2.  simplex  is  a  taller  an^ 
greener  state,  with  slender  ascending  stems.  (P.  simplex,  Michx.) 
Abounds  among  grass  in  dry  fields,  &c.  April  -  Oct. 

4.  P.  argentea,  L.  (Silvery  Cinque-foil.)  Low;  stems 
ascending,  cymose  at  the  summit ,  many-flowered ,  white-woolly , 

5,  wedge-oblong,  almost  pinnatifid,  entire  towards  the  base,  'V1 
revolute  margins,  green  above,  white  with  silvery  wool  beneath ,  pe  a 
longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Dry  barren  fields,  &c.  June  -  Sept. 

*  *  Leaves  odd-pinnate  :  flowers  yellow. 

5.  P.  Pennsylvania,  L.  (Hoary  Cinque-foil.)  ^ 

erect,  hairy  or  woolly  ;  cymose  at  the  summit,  many-flowere  »  ^ 

lets  5-9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid,  silky-woolly  with  w  U.t0  carce! 
especially  beneath,  the  upper  ones  larger  and  crowded  ;  peta  s 

ly  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Pennsylvania  ?  New  Hampshire,  fl  *■ 
and  northward.  July.  —  Plant  1° -2°  high. 

§  2.  Style  deeply  lateral ,  attached  near  or  below  the  middle  of  t  e  ^ 

6.  P.  argilta,  Pursh.  (Crowded  Cinque-foil.)  ^ ^ 

erect,  tall  and  stout,  brownish-hairy,  clammy  towards  the 
leaves  pinnate ,  the  lowest  7  -9-,  the  upper  3  -  7-foliolate  ,  lea  e  ^ 

or  ovate,  incised  or  doubly  serrate,  downy  underneath  ,  ^fWCTS^s . 
mose-clustered ;  petals  dull  yellowish-white ,  longer  than  tie 
disk  glandular,  thickened,  somewhat  5-lobed  ;  achenia  g  a  t0 

thickened  style  spindle-shaped. — Rocky  hills  and  banks, 

Michigan.  July.  —  Stem  mostly  simple,  2°  -  4°  high. 

7.  P.  Alisei'ina,  L.  (Silver  Weed.)  Creeping  by 
rooting  runners ;  ascending  stems  none;  leaves  all  radical,  p 
leaflets  9-19,  with  minute  pairs  interposed,  oblong,  pinnati 
green  and  nearly  smooth  above,  silvery-white  with  silky  down  u 
neath ;  stipules  many-cleft;  flowers  solitary  (yellow),  on  »cape 


123 


ROSACEA.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  achenia  very  hairy  at  the  insertion, 
otherwise  smooth.  —  Brackish  marshes  and  borders  of  rivers  and 
lakes,  especially  northward.  June  -  Sept.  —  Leaves  &  -  1 2r  long. 

8.  P.  frilticdsa,  L.  (Shrubby  Cinque-foil.)  Stem  erect, 
very  much  branched,  bvshy ;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5-7,  crowded, 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire ,  silky,  especially  beneath ;  stipules  scale¬ 
like  ;  flowers  numerous  (yellow),  terminating  the  branchlets  ;  achenia 
and  receptacle  thickly  clothed  with  very  long  hairs.  (P.  floribunda, 
Pursh.)  —  Bog-meadows,  more  common  northward.  June -Sept. 

—  Shrub  2°  -4°  high,  with  many  handsome  flowers. 

9.  P.  tridentata,  Ait.  (Mountain  Cinque-foil.)  Stems 
low,  rather  woody  and  creeping  at  the  base,  ascending,  several-flow¬ 
ered  ;  leaves  palmate ;  leaflets  3,  wedge-oblong,  nearly  smooth,  3- 
toothed  at  the  apex;  petals  white  ;  achenia  and  receptacle  very  hairy. 

—  Rocks,  on  mountains  (Catskill,  &c.),  and  in  Maine  near  the  level 
of  the  sea.  June. —  Stems  4#-  6'  high  :  leaves  thickish. 

13.  COmARVM,  L.  Marsh  Cinque-foil. 
Calyx  as  in  Potentilla,  but  dark-purplish  inside.  Petals  5,  much 

shorter  than  the  calyx,  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  somewhat  per¬ 
sistent.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  thickened  hairy 
disk  :  filaments  persistent.  Achenia  many,  heaped  on  the  con¬ 
vex  at  length  enlarged  and  spongy  hairy  receptacle :  styles  lateral, 
deciduous.  —  A  stout  perennial  herb,  ascending  from  the  creeping 
base,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  5  -  7  crowded  lanceolate-oblong 
leaflets,  minutely  silky,  and  large  purplish  flowers.  (Name  arbi¬ 
trarily  borrowed  from  that  applied  by  Theophrastus  to  an  Arbutus.) 

1.  C.  palustre,  L.  (Potentilla  palustris,  Scop.,  ^c.)  — Bogs, 
common  northward.  June.  —  Stems  1°  -2°  high :  root  astringent. 

14.  FRAOARIA)  Tourn.  Strawberry. 
Flowers  as  in  Potentilla.  Styles  deeply  lateral.  Receptacle  in 

fruit  much  enlarged  and  conical,  becoming  pulpy  and  scarlet,  bear¬ 
ing  the  minute  dry  achenia  scattered  over  its  surface.  —  Low 
perennials,  with  runners,  and  white  cymose  flowers  on  scapes. 
Leaves  radical :  leaflets  3,  obovate-wedge-form,  coarsely  serrate. 
Stipules  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petiole,  which  with  the 
scapes  are  usually  hairy.  (Name  from  the  fragrance  of  the  fruit.) 

—  The  two  species  are  indiscriminately  called  Wild  Straw¬ 
berry. 

L  Virginiiina,  Ehrh.  .Ichenia  imbedded  in  the  deeply  pit- 


124 


R0SACE2E.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

ted  receptacle.  —  Fields  and  rocky  places,  common  northward.  April 
-June.  —  Scapes  commonly  shorter  than  the  leaves,  which  are  of  a 
firm  texture.  Fruit  roundish-ovoid. 

2.  F.  vesca,  L.  Achenia  superficial  on  the  conical  or  hemispher¬ 
ical  fruiting  receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits).  —  Fields  and  rocks,  common 
and  indigenous.  —  Leaves  thinner ;  the  wild  fruit  often  long  and 
slender. 


15.  DALIBARDA,  L.  Dalibarda. 

Calyx  deeply  5  -  6-parted,  3  of  the  divisions  larger  and  toothed. 
Petals  5,  sessile,  deciduous.  Stamens  many.  Ovaries  5- 10,  be¬ 
coming  nearly  dry  seed-like  drupes :  styles  terminal,  deciduous. 
—  Low  perennials,  with  creeping  and  tufted  stems,  and  roundish 
heart-shaped  crenate  leaves  on  slender  petioles.  Flowers  1-2, 
white,  on  scape-like  peduncles.  (Named  in  honor  of  Dalibarda  a 
French  botanist.) 

1-  O.  re  pens,  L.  Depressed,  in  tufts,  downy ;  petals  spreading 
in  the  flower,  converging  and  inclosing  the  fruit.  —  Wooded  banks, 
common  northward.  June -Aug.  —  Leaves  much  like  those  of  a 
stemless  Violet. 

16.  RUBITS,  L.  Bramble. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Sta¬ 
mens  numerous.  Achenia  usually  many,  collected  on  a  conical  or 
oblong  spongy  or  succulent  receptacle,  becoming  small  drupes . 
styles  nearly  terminal. — Perennial  herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby 
plants,  with  white  (rarely  reddish)  flowers,  and  edible  fruit.  (Name 
from  the  Celtic  rub ,  red,  from  the  color  of  the  fruit  of  many  spe¬ 
cies.) 

§  1.  Fruity  or  collective  mass  of  drupesy  somewhat  hemispherical ,  and 
falling  off  whole  from  the  dry  receptacle  when  ripe ,  or  rarely  of  few 
grains  which  fall  separately.  (Raspberry.) 

*  Leaves  simple :  flowers  large :  prickles  none. 

1.  R.  odoratus,  L.  (Purple  Flowering  Raspberry  )  Stem 
shrubby;  branches ,  stalksy  and  calyx  bristly  with  glandular  clammy 
hairs;  leaves  3— 5-lobed,  the  lobes  all  pointed  and  minutely  toothed, 
the  middle  one  prolonged  j  peduncles  many-flowered ;  calyx-l°beS 
tipped  with  a  narrow  appendage  as  long  as  themselves  j  petals  round 
edy  purple  rose-color  ;  fruit  flat,  reddish.  —  Rocky  banks,  common : 
often  cultivated.  June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  4°  high.  Leaves  4 '  -  8'  broad. 
Flowers  very  showy,  2'  broad. 


125 


ROSACEA.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

2.  R.  Nutkanus,  Mo<jino.  (White  Flowering  Raspber¬ 
ry.)  Glandular ,  but  scarcely  bristly  ;  leaves  almost  equally  5-lobed, 
coarsely  toothed  ;  peduncles  few-flowered ;  petals  broadly  oval ,  white . 
(R.  parviflorus,  Nutt.)  —  Upper  Michigan,  and  northwestward  along 
the  Lakes.  Resembles  closely  No.  1 ;  but  usually  a  smaller  plant. 

3.  R.  C llama* llldrus,  L.  (Cloudberry.)  Nearly  herba¬ 
ceous r,  low ,  dioecious;  stem  simple ,  2 -3-leaved,  1-Jlowered;  leaves 
roundish  kidney-form,  somewhat  5-lobed,  serrate,  wrinkled;  calyx- 
lobes  pointless ;  petals  obovate,  white  ;  fruit  of  few  grains,  amber- 
color. —  White  Mountains  of  N.  Hampshire  near  the  limit  of  trees: 
also  Lubeck,  Maine,  Oakes.  July. 

*  *  Leaflets  ( pinnately )  3-5  :  'petals  small ,  erect ,  white. 

Stems  annual ,  herbaceous ,  not  prickly :  fruit  of  few  grains. 

4.  R.  f  rill o i'll S,  Richards.  (Dwarf  Raspberry.)  Stems  as¬ 
cending  or  trailing,  slender ;  leaflets  3  (or  pedately  5),  rhombic-ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  thin, 
nearly  smooth  ;  peduncle  1 -3-flowered.  (R.  saxatilis,  Bigelmc.)  — 
Wooded  hill-sides,  common  northward.  June.  —  Flowering  stems 
Sl  -  12r  high.  Sepals  and  petals  often  6-7. 

■*-  Stems  biennial ,  somewhat  shrubby,  prickly :  fruit  hemispherical. 

5.  R.  strigdsus,  Michx.  (Wild  Red  Raspberry.)  Stems 
upright,  and  with  the  stalks,  &c.,  beset  loith  stiff"  straight  bristles  (some 
of  them  becoming  weak  hooked  prickles),  glandular  when  young, 
somewhat  glaucous;  leaflets  3-5,  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  cut-serrate, 
whitish-downy  underneath  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  fruit  light 
red.  —  Thickets  and  hills,  common  northward.  May.  —  Fruit  ripening 
from  June  to  Aug.,  finely  flavored,  but  more  tender  and  watery  than 
the  Garden  or  European  Raspberry  ( R .  Idoeus )  which  it  closely  resem¬ 
bles.  End  leaflet  often  heart-shaped  ;  the  lateral  sessile. 

6.  R.  occidentals,  L.  (Black  Raspberry.  Thimble- 
berry.)  Glaucous  all  over ;  stems  recurved,  armed  like  the  stalks, 
&c.,  with  hooked  prickles,  not  bristly ;  leaflets  3  (rarely  5)  ovate,  point¬ 
ed,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  whitened-downy  underneath ;  the  lateral 
ones  somewhat  stalked  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  reflexed  sepals  ;  fruit 
nearly  black.  —  Thickets  and  fields,  especially  where  the  ground  has 
been  burned  over.  May.  —  Fruit  ripe  early  in  July,  pleasant. 

§  2.  Fruit,  or  collective  drupes ,  not  separating  from  the  juicy  recepta¬ 
cle,  mostly  ovate  or  oblong ,  blackish.  (Blackberry.) 

7.  R.  villostis,  Ait.  (Common  or  High  Blackberry.)  Shrub¬ 
by,  armed,  upright  or  reclining ,  with  stout  curved  prickles  ;  branchlets, 
stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  hairy  and  glandular  ;  leaflets  3 
(or  pedately  5),  ovate,  pointed,  unequally  serrate  ;  the  terminal  one 
somewhat  heart-shaped,  conspicuously  stalked  ;  flowers  racemed,  nu¬ 
merous,  bracts  short ;  sepals  linear-pointed,  much  shorter  than  the  obo- 
vate-oblong  spreading  petals. — Var.  1.  frond6sus  :  smoother  and 

11* 


126 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

much  less  glandular;  flowers  more  corymbose,  with  leafy  bracts; 
petals  roundish.  Var.  2.  humifItsus:  trailing,  smaller;  peduncles 
few-flowered.  —  Borders  of  thickets,  &c.,  common.  May,  June :  the 
pleasant  large  fruit  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Plant  very  variable  in 
size  and  aspect ;  the  stems  usually  tall  and  furrowed. 

8.  R.  Canadensis,  L.  (Low  Blackberry.  Dewberry.) 
Shrubby ,  extensively  trailing ,  slightly  prickly  ;  leaflets  3  (or  pedately 
5-7),  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  pointed,  thin,  nearly  smooth , 
sharply  cut-serrate  ;  flowers  racemed,  with  leaf-like  bracts.  (R.  tri- 
viklis,  Pursh ,  Bigel.,  fyc. ;  not  of  Michx  ,  which  is  a  Southern  species.) 
Bare  rocky  or  gravelly  soil,  common.  May  ;  ripening  its  very  large 
and  sweet  fruit  earlier  than  No.  7. 

9.  R.  hispidtis,  L.  (Running  Swamp  Blackberry.)  Stems 
slender ,  somewhat  shrubby ,  extensively  procumbent ,  beset  with  small 
prickles  turned  backward;  leaflets  3  (or  rarely  pedately  5),  smooth , 
thickish,  mostly  persistent,  obovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate,  entire 
towards  the  base ;  peduncles  leafless ,  several-flowered ,  often  bristly ; 
flowers  small.  (R.  obovalis,  Michx.,  R.  sempervirens  and  R.  setosus, 
Bigelow.)  —  Wet  woods,  common.  June.  —  Flowering  stems  or 
branches  short,  ascending,  the  sterile  forming  long  runners.  Fruit  of 
a  few  large  grains,  red  or  purple,  sour. 

10.  B.  cuneifolius,  Pursh.  (Sand  Blackberry.)  Shrub¬ 
by,  low,  upright ,  armed  with  stout  recurved  prickles ;  branchlets  and 
lower  surface  of  the  leaves  whitish-woolly ;  leaflets  3-5,  wedge-obo- 
vate,  thickish,  serrate  towards  the  apex;  peduncles  2-4-flowered; 
petals  large.  —  Sandy  woods,  New  York  and  southward  near  the 
coast.  May -July,  ripening  its  well-flavored  black  fruit  in  Aug. 
Stems  1°  —  3P  high. 

Tribe  m.  ROSEiE.  The  Rose  Tribe. 

17.  BOS  A,  Tourn.  Rose. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  becoming  fleshy 
in  fruit ;  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  5,  inserted,  with 
the  numerous  stamens,  into  the  edge  of  the  hollow  thin  disk  that 
lines  the  calyx-tube  and  bears  the  numerous  pistils  over  its  whole 
inner  surface.  Styles  nearly  included  :  ovaries  hairy,  becoming 
bony  achenia  in  fruit.  —  Shrubby  and  prickly,  with  odd-pinnate 
leaves,  and  stipules  cohering  with  the  petiole  :  stalks,  foliage, 
&c.,  often  bearing  aromatic  glands.  (The  ancient  Latin  name, 
from  the  Celtic  rhos ,  red.) 

*  Truly  wild  Roses.  Leaflets  smooth,  at  least  the  upper  surface,  not 
clothed  with  fragrant  glands. 


127 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

1.  R.  sctigcra,  Michx.  (Climbing  or  Prairie  Rose.)  Stems 
climbing ,  armed  icith  stout  nearly  straight  prickles ,  not  bristly  ;  leaflets 
3-5,  ovate ,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  smoothish  or  downy  beneath; 
stalks  and  calyx  glandular;  flowers  corymbed ;  sepals  pointed;  pe¬ 
tals  deep  rose-color  changing  to  white  ;  styles  cohering  in  a  column  as 
long  as  the  stamens;  fruit  (hip)  globular.  —  Borders  of  prairies  and 
thickets,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin.  July.  — A  fine  species,  the  only  Amer¬ 
ican  climbing  Rose  ;  the  strong  shoots  growing  15° -20°  in  a  season. 
Several  varieties  and  hybrid  forms  are  in  cultivation. 

2.  R.  Carolina,  L.  (Swamp  Rose.)  Armed  with  stout  hook¬ 
ed  prickles,  not  bristly;  leaflets  5-9,  elliptical,  often  acute,  dull  above 
and  pale  beneath  ;  stipules  narrow  ;  flotcers  in  corymbs  ;  calyx  and  pe¬ 
duncles  glandular-bristly,  the  former  with  leaf-like  appendages ;  fruit 
(hip)  depressed-globular,  somewhat  bristly. — Low  grounds,  common. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Bushes  6°  high,  many-flowered  ;  the  deep  rose-colored 
petals  inversely  heart-shaped,  as  in  the  others. 

3.  R.  lucida,  Ehrh.  (Low  Wild  Rose.)  Armed  with  une¬ 
qual  bristly  prickles ,  which  are  mostly  deciduous,  the  stouter  persistent 
prickles  nearly  straight,  slender;  leaflets  5-9,  elliptical,  shining  above , 
sharply  serrate ;  stipules  broad  ;  peduncles  1  -  3 -flowered,  and  w  ith  the 
appendaged  calyx-lobes  glandular-bristly ;  fruit  depressed-globular, 
smooth  when  ripe.  —  Common  in  dry  soil  or  borders  of  swamps. 
May- July.  —  Stems  2?  high  ;  the  flowers  large  in  proportion. 

4.  R.  Ilstida,  Willd.  (Shining  Dwarf  Rose.)  Stems  and 
stalks  thickly  clothed  with  very  slender  and  straight  bristly  prickles ; 
leaflets  5  —  9,  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  very  smooth  and  shining , 
serrate ;  stipules  broadish,  reaching  to  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets ; 
flowers  solitary ,  the  peduncle  and  calyx  bristly  ;  fruit  globose.  —  Low 

grounds,  from  Massachusetts  northward,  near  the  coast.  June. _ 

Stems  1°  high  ;  petals  deep  rose-color. 

5.  R.  bluilda,  Ait.  (Early  Wild  Rose.)  Nearly  unarmed, 
or  with  scattered  straight  deciduous  prickles ;  leaflets  5-7,  oval  or  ob- 
long,  obtuse ,  pale  on  both  sides  and  minutely  downy  or  hoary  beneath, 
serrate;  stipules  large;  flowers  1-3,  the  peduncles  and  calyx-tube 
smooth  and  glaucous  ;  fruit  globose,  crowned  with  the  persistent  erect 
and  connivent  entire  calyx-lobes.  —  Rocks  and  banks,  Vermont  to 
Wisconsin,  chiefly  northward.  May,  June.  —  Stems  l°-3°  high, 
prickly  only  towards  the  base  ;  the  branches  reddish,  like  the  Cinna¬ 
mon  Rose.  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  light  rose-color. 

*  *  Naturalized  species.  Leaflets  downy  and  beset  with  russet  glands 
underneath ,  fragrant. 

6.  R.  riibigindsa,  L.  (True  Sweet-Brier.)  Prickles  nu¬ 
merous,  the  larger  hooked,  and  the  smaller  aicl-shaped;  leaflets  doubly 
serrate,  rounded  at  the  base ;  fruit  pear-shaped  or  obovate,  crowned 
with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes.  —  Road-sides  and  thickets,  extensively 
naturalized.  June  -  Aug. 


128 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

7.  It.  micrautlia,  Smith.  (Small-flowered  Sweet-Bri¬ 
er.)  Prickles  all  uniform  and  hooked  ;  branchlets  sparingly  bristly  ; 
fruit  (small)  elliptical  and  ovate ,  the  calyx-lobes  deciduous.  —  Road¬ 
sides,  &c.,  in  E.  New  England,  with  No.  6,  which  it  too  closely  re¬ 
sembles,  but  is  regarded  as  distinct  by  most  British  Botanists. 

Suborder  III.  POMEiE.  The  Pear  Family. 

18.  CRATi«V$,  L.  Hawthorn.  White  Thorn. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  roundish. 
Stamens  many,  or  only  10  -  5.  Styles  1-5.  Fruit  (calyx-tube) 
fleshy,  containing  1  -  5  bony  1-seeded  carpels. — Thorny  shrubs 
or  trees,  with  simple  and  mostly  lobed  leaves,  and  white  (rarely 
rose-color)  blossoms.  (Name  from  Kpdros,  strength ,  on  account 
of  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

*  Corymbs  many-flowered. 

■*“  Fruit  small  ( deep  red).  Introduced. 

1.  C.  Oxyacuntha,  L.  (English  Hawthorn.)  Smooth; 
leaves  obovate,  cut-lobed  and  toothed,  wedge-form  at  the  base;  styles 
1  ~  ^  i  fruit  globose-ovoid.  —  More  or  less  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic 
States.  May. 

2.  C.  cordata,  Ait.  (Washington  Thorn.)  Smooth;  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  often  heart-shaped,  pointed,  variously  cut  and  serrate, 
mostly  3-lobed  near  the  base ;  styles  5 ;  fruit  depressed-globose  (not 
larger  than  peas).  —  Employed  for  hedges,  especially  in  the  Middle 
Slates  ;  probably  wild  in  W.  Penn.  Common  farther  south. 

■*--*-  Fruit  larger ,  globular  or  pear-shaped ,  often  eatable ;  calyx ,  with 
the  edges  of  the  leaves ,  often  glandular. 

3.  C.  coccinea,  L.  (Scarlet-fruited  Thorn.)  Smooth 
or  downy  ;  leaves  roundish-ovate ,  thin,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  5  -  A- 
lobed,  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  on  slender  petioles ;  spines 
stout ;  styles  3  -  5 ;  fruit  bright  red,  globose .  —  Rocky  banks,  com¬ 
mon.  May.  —  A  low,  round-headed  tree,  with  many  varieties. 

4-  C.  tomentosa,  L.  (Black  or  Pear  Thorn.)  Leases 
oval  or  ovate-oblong ,  narrowed  abruptly  at  the  base  into  a  short  mar¬ 
gined  petiole ,  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex,  smooth  and  furrowed 
above,  woolly  beneath  when  young,  like  the  corymbs ;  styles  3 ;  fruit 
orange-color,  or  yellow  marked  with  red,  pear-shaped.  (C.  pyrifolkh 
Hit.)  —  Thickets,  common.  May,  June.  —  A  tall  shrub  rather  than 
a  tree,  with  fragrant  flowers  and  large  leaves. 

5.  C.  punctata,  Jacq.  (Dotted  Thorn.)  Leaves  wedge- 
obovate ,  cut-serrate  towards  the  apex,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole , 


129 


KOSACEjE.  (rose  family.) 

furrowed  by  the  impressed  straight  veins,  downy  beneath  with  close- 
pressed  hairs  when  young  ;  styles  1  -  3 ;  fruit  globose ,  dull  red  and 
yellowish ,  dotted.  —  Thickets,  common  everywhere.  May.  —  A  low, 
round-headed  tree,  KP-20°  high,  with  small  dull  leaves  and  ash-col¬ 
ored  branches. 

6.  C.  C'rus-galli,  L.  (Cockspur  Thorn.)  Smooth  ;  leaxes 

shining ,  thickish ,  wedge-obovate,  toothed  towards  the  apex,  with  scarce¬ 
ly  any  petiole;  styles  1-3;  fruit  bright  red ,  round-pear-shaped. _ 

Thickets.  May,  June.  — Shrub  or  tree  l(P-20°  high;  with  firm 
dark  green  leaves  very  shining  above,  and  slender  sharp  thorns  often 
2'  long.  —  The  best  species  for  hedges  in  this  country. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  or  nearly  so  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

7.  C.  parvifolia,  Ait.  (Dwarf  Thorn.)  Leaves  thick  and 
firm,  oblong-wedge-form  or  spatulate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  crenate, 
nearly  sessile,  roughish-downy,  the  upper  surfiice  shining  when  old  ; 
flowers  short-stalked  ;  calyx-lobes  cut-toothed,  as  long  as  the  petals  ; 
fruit  roundish  pear-shaped,  greenish-yellow,  somewhat  hairy.  —  Dry 
or  sandysoil,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  May.  —  A  rugged  shrub, 

ftult5  WUh  a  fCW  l0ng  th0niS*  CalyX  half  “  lon§  as  the  ripe 

19.  PYRUS,  L.  Pear.  Apple. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  roundish  or 
obovate  Stamens  numerous.  Styles  2-5.  Fruit  (pome) 
fl  shy  or  berry-hke,  the  2  -  5  carpels  of  a  parchment-like  or  car¬ 
tilaginous  texture,  each  2-seeded—  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  hand- 

-rr  ln  C0Tymbed  CymeS‘  (The  ClaSSiCa‘  "ame  0f  the 

orate,  often  rather  heart-shaped,  cut-serrate  or  lei,  j  \  Uaxes 

S’.S.T,;”'"”'  ^  *-£- stss 

Uar  J^/a"SUSflmia’  Ait-  (N*™°w-leaved  Crab-Apple  1 


130 


ROSACEJE.  (ROSE  FAMILY.) 


§  2.  AdenorXchis,  DC. — Leaves  simple ,  the  midrib  beset  with  glands 
along  the  upper  side :  cymes  compound :  styles  united  at  the  bast . 
fruit  berry-like. 

3.  P.  arbutifdlia,  L.  (Choke-berry.)  Leaves  oblong  or 
obovate,  finely  serrate  with  callous  teeth  ;  fruit  pear-shaped,  or  when 
ripe  globular.  —  Var.  1.  erythrocarpa  has  the  flower-clusters  and 
lower  surface  of  the  leaves  woolly,  at  least  when  young,  and  red  or 
purple  fruit.  Var.  2.  melanocarpa  is  nearly  smooth,  with  purplish- 
black  fruit. —  Damp  thickets,  common.  May,  June.  —  Shrub  2° -3° 
high.  Flowers  white,  or  tinged  with  purple.  Fruit  small,  mawkish. 

§  3.  Sorbus,  Tourn.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate  :  cymes  compound :  styles 
separate :  fruit  berry-like . 

4.  P.  Americana,  DC.  (American  Mountain-Ash.)  Leaf¬ 
lets  13  -  15,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate  with  pointed 
teeth,  smooth  when  full-grown  ;  cymes  large  and  flat.  —  Swamps  and 
mountain  woods,  common  northward  :  also  a  low,  smaller-fruited  va¬ 
riety  on  the  Alleghanies  southward.  June.  —  A  slender  shrub  or 
low  tree,  with  white  blossoms ;  greatly  prized  in  cultivation  for 
its  ornamental  clusters  of  scarlet  fruit  in  autumn,  remaining  through 
the  winter.  —  Very  much  like  the  European  Rowan-tree  (P- 
aucuparia). 


20.  AMELANCHIER,  Medic.  June-berry. 


Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  oblong,  elongated.  Stamens  numerous, 
short.  Styles  5,  united  below.  Fruit  (pome)  berry-like,  the  5 
cartilaginous  carpels  each  imperfectly  divided  into  2  cells  by  a  par* 
tition  from  the  back  ;  the  divisions  1-seeded.  —  Small  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  simple  sharply  serrated  leaves  and  white  flowers  m 
racemes.  ( Amelancier  is  the  popular  name  of  A.  vulgaris  m 
Savoy.) 


1.  A.  Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Shad-bush.  Service-ber¬ 
ry.)  Woolly  when  young,  at  length  smooth :  calyx-lobes  triangular- 
lance-form;  fruit  globular,  purplish,  edible  (sweet,  ripe  in  June). — 
Varies  exceedingly ;  the  leading  forms  are,  Var.  1.  BotryA.pi^m  •  a 
tree,  with  the  leaves  soon  smooth,  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  pointed,  very  sharply  serrate ;  flowers  in  l°nS 
drooping  racemes  ;  the  oblong  petals  4  times  the  length  of  the  ca  yx* 
(Pyrus  Botryapium,  Willd .)  Var.  2.  oblongif6lia  :  a  shrub,  wit 
oblong  leaves,  usually  woolly  during  flowering,  the  racemes  and  p€ 
tals  shorter.  Var.  3.  rotcndif6lia  :  a  shrub  or  tree,  with  broader 
leaves,  6  -  10-flowered  racemes,  and  smaller  petals  than  in  var.  L 
Var.  4.  alnif6lia  :  shrub,  with  the  roundish  leaves  very  obtuse  or 
notched  at  both  ends,  and  serrate  above  the  middle  only,  the  racemes 


MELASTOMACEJE.  (MELASTOMA  FAMILY.)  131 

dense  and  many-flowered;  stamens  very  short.  Var.  5.  oligocarpa: 
the  most  distinct  of  all,  a  shrub,  growing  in  deep  mountain  swamps, 
with  thin  narrowly  oval  or  oblong  leaves,  nearly  smooth  from  the 
first,  2-4-flowered  racemes,  and  broader  petals  scarcely  thrice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  —  River-banks,  rocks,  and  low  grounds.  April, 
May. 


Cydonia  vulgAris,  the  Quince,  differs  from  the  rest  of  the  fam¬ 
ily  in  having  several  seeds  in  each  carpel. 

Calycanthus,  the  Carolina  Allspice,  common  in  cultivation, 
represents  a  family  near  Rosaceae,  with  fruit  much  like  a  rose-hip, 
although  dry,  but  with  opposite  leaves,  and  coiled  cotyledons. 

Order  39.  MELASTOMACEJE.  (Melastoma  Fam.) 

Myrtle-like  plants ,  with  opposite  ribbed  leaves ,  and  an¬ 
thers  opening  by  pores  at  the  apex ;  otherwise  much  as  in 
the  Evening  Primrose  Family. — All  tropical,  except  the 
genus 

1.  RHEXIA,  L.  Deer-Grass.  Meadow  Beauty. 

Calyx-tube  um-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below,  at  least 
at  its  angles,  and  continued  above  it,  persistent,  4-cleft  at  the 
apex.  Petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  oblique,  inserted,  along  with 
the  8  stamens,  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Anthers  long, 
curved,  1 -celled,  mostly  with  a  little  spur  on  the  back  just  at  the 
attachment  of  the  filament  near  the  base,  inverted  in  the  bud. 
Style  1  :  stigma  1.  Pod  invested  by  the  permanent  calyx,  4- 
celled,  with  4  many-seeded  placentae  projecting  from  the  central 
axis.  Seeds  coiled  like  a  snail-shell,  without  albumen.  —  Low 
perennial  herbs,  often  bristly,  with  sessile  3  -5-nerved  and  bristle- 
edged  leaves,  and  showy  cymose  flowers  ;  the  petals  falling  early. 
(Name  from  prj£is,  a  I'upture ,  applied  to  this  genus  for  no  obvious 
reason.) 

1.  R.  Virgin!  C  a,  L.  Stem  square,  with  wing-like  angles; 
leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acute  ;  petals  bright  purple.  —  Sandy  swamps, 
Massachusetts  southward,  along  the  coast.  July. — Flowers  IV  broad. 

2.  R.  Mariana,  L.  Stem  cylindrical;  leaves  linear-oblong, 
narrowed  towards  the  base  ;  petals  pale  purple.  —  Sandy  swamps, 
N.  Jersey  southward. 


132 


LYTHRACEiE.  (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.) 


Order  40.  LYTHRACEJ3.  (Loosestrife  Family.) 

Herbs ,  with  mostly  opposite  entire  leaves ,  no  stipules ,  the 
calyx  inclosing,  but  free  from,  the  1  -  4 -celled  many-seeded 
ovary  and  membranous  pod,  and  bearing  the  4-7  decidu¬ 
ous  petals  and  4-14  stamens  on  its  throat ;  the  latter  low¬ 
er  down .  Style  1  :  stigma  capitate,  or  rarely  %-lobed. 
Flowers  rarely  irregular,  axillary  or  whorled.  Petals  some¬ 
times  wanting.  Pod  often  1 -celled  by  the  early  breaking 
away  of  the  thin  partitions :  placentae  in  the  axis.  Seeds 
anatropous,  without  albumen.  —  Branches  usually  4-sided. 

Synopsis. 


*  Flowers  regular,  or  very  nearly  so. 

1.  Ammannia.  Calyx  short,  4-angled,  not  striate.  Stamens  4. 

2.  Lythrum.  Calyx  cylindrical,  striate.  Stamens  5-14,  nearly  equa 

3.  Decodon.  Calyx  short,  bell-form.  Stamens  10,  the  5  opposite 

the  petals  shorter  or  later. 

*  *  Flowers  irregular :  petals  unequal. 

4.  Cuphea.  Calyx  spurred  or  gibbous  at  the  base.  Stamens  12. 


1.  AMMANNIA,  Houston.  Ammannia. 


Calyx  globular  or  bell-shaped,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  with  a  little 
horn-shaped  appendage  at  each  sinus.  Petals  4  (purplish),  small 
and  deciduous,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4,  short.  P°d 
globular,  4-celled.  —  Low  and  inconspicuous  smooth  herbs,  with 
opposite  narrow  leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  their  axils* 
(Named  after  Ammann ,  a  Russian  botanist  anterior  to  Linn  a?  us.) 


1.  A.  tftlimilis,  Michx.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblonj, 
tapering  into  a  slight  petiole,  or  the  base  somewhat  arrow-shape  , 
flowers  solitary  or  3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  sessile  ,  sty  1 ® 
very  short.  (Also  A.  ramosior,  Michx.  Isnardia  adscendens,  H  • 
in  Eat.)  —  Wet  places  near  the  coast,  Connecticut  southward,  an  * 
Michigan.  Aug.  —  Stems  3'  -  8'  high. 


2.  LYTHRUM,  L.  Loosestrife. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  4  -  7-toothed,  with  as  many  little  pio 
cesses  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  4-7.  Stamens  as  many  as 
petals  or  twice  the  number,  inserted  low  down  on  the  calyx,  near 
ly  equal.  Pod  oblong,  2-celled.  —  Slender  herbs,  with  opposi*e 


LYTHRACEiE.  (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.)  133 

or  scattered  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and  purple  (rarely  white)  flow¬ 
ers.  (Name  from  Xvdpov,  blood ;  perhaps  from  the  crimson  blos¬ 
soms  of  some  species.) 

*  Stamens  and  petals  5  -  7 :  flmcers  solitary  and  nearly  sessile  in  the 

axils  of  the  mostly  scattered  upper  leaves :  proper  calyx-teeth  often 

shorter  than  the  intermediate  processes  :  smooth. 

1.  Li.  Hyssopifolla,  L.  (Low  Loosestrife.)  Leaves  ob¬ 
long-linear ,  obtuse ,  longer  than  the  inconspicuous  flowers ;  petals  (pale 
purple)  5-6.  (D  —  Marshes,  coast  of  Massachusetts  (and  New 
York  ?),  perhaps  introduced.  —  Pale,  6'  -  10r  high. 

2.  Li.  alalum,  Pursh.  (Slender  Loosestrife.)  Tall  and 

wand-like ;  branches  with  margined  angles  ;  leaves  varying  from  ob¬ 
long-ovate  to  lanceolate ,  mostly  acute,  the  upper  not  longer  than  the 
flowers  ;  petals  (deep  purple)  6.  1J.  —  Michigan  and  southward. 

3.  Li.  lineare,  L.  (Narrow-leaved  Loosestrife.)  Stem 
slender  and  tall,  bushy  at  the  top,  two  of  the  angles  margined ;  leaves 
linear ,  short ,  chiefly  opposite ,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute  and  scarcely 
longer  than  the  flowers ;  calyx  obscurely  striate ;  petals  (whitish)  6. 
U  —  Brackish  marshes,  N.  Jersey.  Aug.  —  Stem  3? -4°  high. 

*  *  Stamens  12-14 ^  twice  the  number  of  the  petals  :  flowers  crowded 

and  whorled  in  an  interrupted  wand-like  spike. 

4.  Li.  Salic  aria,  L.  (Spiked  Loosestrife.)  Leaves  lance¬ 
olate,  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  —  Wet  meadows,  Maine,  E.  Massa¬ 
chusetts,  and  Orange  County,  New  York  :  also  commonly  cultivated. 
July.  —  Plant  more  or  less  downy,  tall :  flowers  large,  purple. 

3.  DECODON,  Gmel.  Swamp  Loosestrife. 

Calyx  short,  broadly  bell-shaped,  with  5  erect  teeth  and  5 
longer  and  spreading  horn-like  processes  at  the  sinuses.  Petals  5, 
wedge-lanceolate.  Stamens  10,  five  very  long,  the  alternate  five 
shorter  and  later.  Pod  globose,  3-celled.  —  A  perennial  herb, 
with  recurved  or  reclining  stems,  and  opposite  or  whorled  lanceo¬ 
late  almost  sessile  leaves,  with  clustered  pedicelled  flowers  in  their 
axils.  (Name  from  bUa,  ten ,  and  68ovs,  a  tooth ,  from  the  10-tooth¬ 
ed  calyx.) 

1.  D.  verticillatum,  Ell.  (Lythrum  verticiilatum,  L.)  — 
Marshes,  common.  July-Sept. —  Smooth  at  the  North,  or  downy : 
stems  2P-&3  long,  4  -  6-sided  ;  the  flowers  purple,  rather  large. 

4.  CtlPHEA,  Jacq.  ClJPHEA. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  somewhat  inflated  below,  gibbous  or 
spurred  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  6-toothed  at  the  apex,  and 
12 


134  LYTHRACEiE.  (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.) 

usually  as  many  little  processes  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  6,  very  un¬ 
equal.  Stamens  mostly  12,  approximate  in  two  sets,  included, 
unequal.  Ovary  with  a  curved  gland  at  the  base  next  the  spur  of 
the  calyx,  1  -  2-celled  :  style  slender  :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  ob¬ 
long,  few-seeded,  early  opening  through  one  side.  —  Flowers 
solitary,  stalked.  (Name  from  Kv<pos ,  curved ,  from  the  shape  of 
the  calyx,  &c.) 

1.  C.  viscosissima,  Jacq.  (Clammy  Cuphea.)  Annual,  very 
viscid-hairy,  branching ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  long-stalked,  rough ) 
petals  ovate,  short-clawed,  purple.  —  Dry  fields,  New  York  to  Penn., 
common  southward.  Aug.  —  Seeds  rather  large,  borne  on  one  sk  e 
of  the  placenta  (the  partitions  early  vanishing),  which  is  forced  out 
the  pod  and  the  investing  calyx  through  a  longitudinal  rupture,  be  ore 
the  seeds  are  ripe. 

Order  41.  ON AGRACEiE.  (Evening  Primrose  Fam.) 

Herbs ,  with  4 -merous  ( sometimes  2  -  S-merous)  flowers , 
the  tube  of  the  calyx  cohering  with  the  2  —  4- celled  ovary , 
its  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud ,  or  obsolete ,  the  petals  convolute 
in  the  bud ,  and  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as 
the  petals  or  calyx-lobes .  —  There  are  two  suborders,  viz. 

Suborder  I.  ONAGRACEjE  proper. 

Calyx- tube  often  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  petals  (rarel) 
wanting)  and  stamens  inserted  on  its  summit.  Pollen-grains  connec 
ed  by  cobwebby  threads.  Style  single,  slender :  stigma  2  -  4-  o  e 
or  capitate.  Pod  loculicidally  4-celled  and  4-valved,  or  indehiscent . 
placentae  in  the  axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  no  albumen. 

1.  Epilobium.  Stamens  8.  Petals  4.  Seeds  with  a  downy  tuft  at 

the  apex.  , 

2.  GEnothera.  Stamens  8.  Petals  4.  Calyx-tube  prolonged.  bee  3 

naked,  numerous.  , 

3.  Gaura.  Stamens  8.  Petals  4.  Calyx-tube  much  prolonged.  01 

1  -  4-seeded,  indehiscent. 

4.  Ludwigia.  Stamens  4.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Calyx-tube  not  pr 

longed.  Pod  many-seeded. 

5.  Circjea.  Stamens  2.  Petals  2.  Pod  2-seeded. 

Suborder  II.  HALORAGEjE. 

Calyx-tube  not  at  all  prolonged,  the  lobes  obsolete  or  none. 
often  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Pod  or  nut  indehiscent,  1-4-ce  e  i 


ONAGRACEJE.  (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)  135 

with  a  solitary  suspended  seed  in  each  cell.  Albumen  thin.  —  Marsh 
or  water  plants,  with  very  small  axillary  sessile  flowers,  often  monoe¬ 
cious  or  dioecious. 

6.  Proserpinaca.  Stamens  3.  Fruit  3-sided,  3-celled. 

7.  Myriophyllum.  Stamens  4-8.  Fruit  4-angled,  4-celled. 

8.  Hippuris.  Stamen  1.  Fruit  1-celled.  Style  slender. 

Suborder  I.  ONAGRACEA2  proper. 

I-  EPILOBIUM,  L.  Willow-herb. 
Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  limb  4-cleft,  de¬ 
ciduous.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8 :  anthers  short.  Pod  long  and 
linear,  many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  end. 

—  Perennials,  with  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  violet,  purple,  or 
white  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  «ri  Xo^oO  top,  viz.,  a  violet 
on  a  pod.) 

*  Flowers  large  in  a  long  spike  or  raceme :  petals  widely  spreading , 
clawed :  stamens  and  style  turned  to  one  side  :  stigma  with  4  long 
lobes :  leaves  scattered. 

1.  E.  anglistifdlium,  L.  (Great  Willow-herb.)  Stem 
simple,  tall  (4° -7°);  leaves  lanceolate;  style  at  length  deflexed. 

—  Fields,  and  especially  in  newly  cleared  land.  July.  —  Flowers 
pink-purple,  very  showy.  Pods  hoary. 

*  *  Flowers  small ,  corymbed  or  panicled  :  petals  (white  or  rose-color ), 

stamens ,  and  style  erect :  stigma  club-shaped :  lower  leaves  opposite , 
entire  or  denticulate.  — 

2.  E.  alpilllim,  L.  (Alpine  Willow-herb.)  Low ;  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  simple  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong ;  flowers  solitary  or  few. 

—  High  mountains  of  New  Hampshire  and  N.  New  York. 

3.  E.  coloratum,  Muhl.  (Purple-veined  Willow-herb.) 
Nearly  smooth;  stem  roundish,  much  branched ,  many-flowered;  leaves 
chiefly  opposite,  lanceolate,  acute,  purple-veined  or  turning  reddish ; 
petals  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  — Ditches,  &c.  July -Sept.  —  Plant  l°-3 9 
high. 

4.  E.  Ill  olio,  Torr.  (Downy  Willow-herb.)  Soft-downy  all 
over ,  strait,  at  length  branching ;  leaves  crowded ,  linear-oblong  or 
lanceolate ,  blunt ;  petals  notched.  —  Bogs,  Rhode  Island  to  Michigan. 
Sept.  —  Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  3. 

5.  E*  palustre,  L.  (Swamp  Willow-herb.)  Minutely  hoary 
with  a  crisped  pubescence  ;  stem  slender,  roundish,  at  length  much 
branched ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear ,  acutish  at  both  ends ;  pods 
hoary. —  Bogs,  chiefly  northward,  principally  the  narrow-leaved  va¬ 
riety  with  white  flowers.  (E.  rosmarinifblium,  Pursh.  E.  squama- 
tum,  Nutt.) 


136  ONAGRACEJE.  (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 


2 •  CE NOTH  ERA,  L.  Evening  Primrose. 
Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous ;  the  lobes 
4,  reflexed.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  mostly  linear.  Pod 
4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  naked. — Leaves  alternate.  (Name 
from  olvos,  wine ,  and  6f]pa,  a  chase :  application  uncertain.) 

§  1.  OnJLgra,  Tourn.  —  Annuals  or  biennials:  flotcers  nocturnal, 
odorous ,  opening  but  once ,  often  fading  pink  or  rose-color  :  pods  cy¬ 
lindrical,  closely  sessile. 

1.  CE.  biennis,  L.  (Common  Evening  Primrose.)  Erect, 
mostly  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed ;  flow¬ 
ers  in  a  terminal  rather  leafy  spike ;  calyx-tube  much  prolonged  ;  pe¬ 
tals  inversely  heart-shaped  (light  yellow) ;  pods  oblong ,  somewhat 
tapering  above.  — Varies  greatly  ;  as  Var.  1.  muricata,  with  rough- 
bristly  stem  and  pods,  and  petals  rather  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Var.  2.  grandiflora,  with  larger  and  more  show  y  petals.  Var.  3. 
parviflora,  with  petals  about  the  length  of  the  stamens.  "V  ar.  4. 
crcciXta,  with  singularly  small  and  narrow  linear-oblong  petals, 
shorter  than  the  stamens,  and  smooth  pods.  —  Common  everywhere* 
June  -  Sept. 

2.  CE.  simmta,  L.  (Small  Evening  Primrose.)  Hairy,  low, 
ascending,  or  at  length  procumbent ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sm- 
uate-toothed,  often  pinnatifid,  the  lower  petioled ;  flowers  (small) 
axillary ;  petals  not  longer  than  the  stamens  (pale  yellow  fading  rose- 
color);  pods  cylindrical,  elongated. —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jerseyan 
southward,  principally  a  dwarf  state.  June. 

§2.  CEnotherium,  Seringe.  —  Biennials  or  perennials  :  flowers  diur¬ 
nal  ( yellow )  :  pods  club-shaped ,  with  4  strong  or  winged  angles  an 
4  intermediate  ribs. 

3.  CE.  fruticbsa,  L.  (Sundrops.)  Hairy  or  nearly  smooth , 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  raceme  corymbed,  naked  below , 
tals  broadly  obcordate,  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  and  stamens ;  poa s 
oblong-club-shaped ,  4-winged,  longer  than  the  pedicels.  U  ^30 
places,  common,  especially  westward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  1°  - 
high,  with  several  varieties.  Corolla  1^'  broad. 

4.  CE.  riparia,  Nutt.  (River  Sundrops.)  Scarcely  pubes 
cent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  below  and  some 
what  stalked ;  flowers  (large)  in  a  rather  leafy  at  length 
raceme ;  petals  slightly  obcordate  ;  pods  oblong-club -shaped ,  slcn  cr 
pedicelled ,  scarcely  4-winged.  (2)  —  River-banks  and  swamps,  una 
ker-bridge,  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

5.  CE.  linearis,  Michx.  (Narrow-leaved  Evening  Pri^ 
rose.)  Slender,  minutely  hoary-pubescent;  leaves  linear;  fl0VN 


ONAGRACEJE.  (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.)  137 

(rather  large)  somewhat  corymbed  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  pods 
obovate ,  hoary,  scarcely  4-winged  at  the  summit ,  tapering  into  a  slender 
pedicel.  —  Montauk  Point,  Long  Island.  June.  —  Plant  1°  high, 
bushy-branched  :  flowers  1'  wide. 

6.  CE.  clirysautlia,  Michx.  (Low  Golden  Evening  Prim¬ 
rose.)  Slender,  smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate,  rather 
blunt ;  flowers  crowded  or  at  first  corymbed ;  petals  obovate ,  notched  at 
the  end  ( orange-yellow ),  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  pods  all  pedicelled , 
oblong-club-shaped ,  scarcely  wing-angled  (g)  ?  —  Banks,  Oswego,  New 
York,  to  Michigan.  July. —  Stem  12'-  15'  high;  flowers  larger  than 
in  No.  7. 

7.  <E.  piimila,  L.  (Dwarf  Evening  Primrose.)  Almost 
smooth,  small ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  mostly  obtuse ; 
flowers  in  a  loose  and  prolonged  leafy  raceme  ;  petals  obcordate  ( pale 
yellow)  scarcely  longer  than  the  stamens ;  pods  almost  sessile ,  oblong- 
club-shaped,  scarcely  wing-angled,  (g)  or  IJ.  ?  —  Dry  fields,  common 
northward.  June.  —  Stems  mostly  simple,  5' -12' high:  the  corolla 
4'  broad. 

3.  C  AIT  It  A,  L.  Gaura. 

Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous  ;  the 
lobes  4  (rarely  3)  reflexed.  Petals  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to 
the  upper  side.  Stamens  mostly  8,  often  turned  down,  as  also  the 
long  style.  Stigma  4-lobed.  Fruit  hard  and  nut-like,  3 -4-rib- 
bed  or  angled,  indehiscent  or  nearly  so,  usually  becoming  1-celled 
and  nearly  1  -  4-seeded.  Seeds  naked.  —  Leaves  alternate,  ses¬ 
sile.  Flowers  rose-color  or  white,  changing  to  reddish,  in  wand¬ 
like  spikes  or  racemes ;  in  our  species  quite  small,  so  that  the 
name,  from  yavpos,  superb ,  does  not  appear  very  appropriate. 

1*  O*  bieilllis,  L.  Soft-hairy  or  downy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo¬ 
late ,  acute,  denticulate ;  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile ,  ribbed. 
@ — Dry  banks,  New  York  and  westward.  Aug.  —  Stem  3? -8° 
high,  the  flowers  crowded. 

2.  O.  filipes,  Spach.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  slender;  leaves 
linear ,  mostly  toothed,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  branches  of  the  panicle 
very  slender,  naked;  fruit  obovate-club-shaped,  4-angled  at  the  sum¬ 
mit,  slender-pedicelled.  —  Open  places,  Ohio  and  westward.  Aug.  — 
Stem  2P  -  4°  high  :  flowers  loose. 

4.  Ll  DWKil  i,  L.  False  Loosestrife. 

Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  at  all  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  lobes  4, 
usually  persistent.  Petals  4,  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens 
12* 


138  ONAGRACEiE.  (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

4.  Pod  short  or  cylindrical,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  naked. 
—  Perennial :  flowers  axillary.  (Named  in  honor  of  Ludwig , 
Professor  of  Botany  at  Leipsic,  contemporary  with  Linnaeus.) 

*  Leaves  alternate ,  sessile :  flowers  peduncled  :  petals  large ,  yellow. 

1.  L •  altcmifdlia,  L.  (Seed-box.)  Smooth  or  nearly  so, 
branched ;  leaves  lanceolate ,  acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends ;  petals 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  pointed  calyx-lobes  ;  pods 
cubical,  rounded  at  the  base,  wing-angled.  —  Swamps,  chiefly  south¬ 
ward  or  near  the  coast.  Aug.  —  Plant  3?  high.  Pods  opening  first 
by  a  hole  at  the  end  where  the  style  falls  off,  afterwards  splitting  in 
pieces. 

2.  1*.  hirtella,  Raf.  (Hairy  Seed-box  )  Hairy  all  over ; 
stems  nearly  simple ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate, 
blunt  at  both  ends ;  petals  rather  longer  than  the  lance-ovate  calyx- 
lobes  ;  pods  slightly  wing-angled,  shaped  nearly  as  in  the  last.  —  Moist 
pine  barrens.  New  Jersey  and  southward:  not  common.  June- 
September. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate ,  sessile  :  flowers  sessile  :  petals  minute  or  none. 

3.  1..  spliaerocarpa,  Ell.  Nearly  smooth,  much  branched; 

leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  at  the  base ;  flowers  solitary,  tcithout 
bractlets  ;  petals  mostly  wanting  ;  pods  globular ,  not  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes,  very  small.  —  Wet  swamps,  Massachusetts  (Tewksbury, 
Greene ),  New  York  (Peekskill,  R.  I.  Brovme),  and  New  Jersey; 
thence  southward. 

4.  L.  polycurpa,  Short  &  Peter.  Smooth,  much  branched , 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends;  flowers  often  clustered 
in  the  axils,  without  petals ;  bractlets  on  the  base  of  the  4-sided  top¬ 
shaped  pod,  which  is  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Swamps  from 
Michigan  southward.  Aug. —  Stem  l°-3?  high,  sometimes  with 
runners. 

5.  I j.  linearis,  Walt.  Smooth,  low  and  slender,  often  branch¬ 
ed,  with  narrow  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves ;  bearing  short  runners 
with  obovate  leaves ;  flowers  solitary,  usually  with  {greenish-yellow ) 
petals  ;  bractlets  minute  ;  pods  elongated  top-shaped,  4-sided ,  much  lon¬ 
ger  than  the  calyx.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  south¬ 
ward.  Aug. 

*  *  *  Leaves  opposite,  petioled :  flowers  sessile,  solitary :  petals  none 
or  small.  (Isn&rdia,  L.) 

6.  li.  pal  list  ris.  Ell.  (Water  Purslane.)  Smooth,  low; 
stems  procumbent  at  the  base,  rooting  or  floating ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole;  calyx-lobes  very  short;  pod® 
oblong,  4-sided,  not  tapering  at  the  base.  (Isnardia  palustris,  L  ) 
Ditches,  common,  July  —  Oct.  —  Petals  rarely  present,  small  and  red 
dish  when  the  plant  grows  out  of  water. 


ONAGRACEjE.  (evening  primrose  family.)  139 

5*  CIRCLE  A,  Tourn.  Enchanter’s  Nightshade. 
Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged,  the  end  filled  by  a  cup-shaped 
disk,  deciduous  :  lobes  2.  Petals  2,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Sta¬ 
mens  2.  Pod  reflexed,  obovate,  2-celled,  2-seeded,  bristly  with 
hooked  hairs.  —  Low  inconspicuous  perennials,  with  opposite  thin 
leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  small  whitish  flowers  in  racemes. 
(Named  from  Circe ,  the  enchantress.) 

1.  C.  Lutetiana,  L.  Stem  mostly  pubescent;  leaves  ovate , 
slightly  heart-shaped ,  pointed,  slightly  toothed ;  bracts  none  ;  hairs  of 
the  fruit  bristly.  —  Moist  woodlands.  July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 

2.  C.  alpina,  L.  Low ,  smooth  and  weak  ;  leaves  heart-shaped , 
shining ,  coarsely  toothed ;  bracts  minute ;  hairs  of  the  fruit  soft  and 
slender.  —  Cold  woods  among  mosses,  common  northward.  July.  — 
Plant  3' -8'  high,  with  very  thin  leaves  on  longer  stalks  than  in  No.  1. 

Suborder  II.  HALORAGEjE.  The  Water-Milfoils. 

6.  PROSERPINACA,  L.  Mermaid-weed. 
Calyx-tube  3-sided,  the  limb  3-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens 

3.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  nut-like. 

—  Low'  perennial  herbs,  with  the  stems  creeping  at  the  base 
(whence  the  name,  from  proserpo,  to  creep),  alternate  leaves,  and 
small  perfect  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils,  solitary  or  3  -  4  together. 

1.  p.  palustris,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate ,  sharply  serrate ,  the 
lower  pectinately-cut  when  immersed  in  water ;  fruit  sharply  3-angled. 

—  Wet  swamps.  June  -  Aug. —  Stigmas  purple,  cylindrical. 

2.  P.  pectinsicea,  Lam.  Leaves  all  pectinate ,  the  divisions 
linear-awl-shaped;  fruit  rather  obtusely  angled. — Sandy  swamps, 
chiefly  eastward.  Smaller  than  the  last. 

7.  MTBIOPHtLLrM,  Vaill.  Water-Milfoil. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers 
4-parted,  of  the  fertile  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Stamens 
4-8.  Fruit  nut-like,  4-celled,  deeply  4-lobed  :  stigmas  4,  recurv¬ 
ed. —  Mostly  immersed  aquatics,  perennial.  Leaves  crowded, 
often  whorled  ;  those  under  water  pinnately  parted  into  capillary 
divisions.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  the 
uppermost  staminate.  (Name  from  pvpios,  a  thousand ,  and  <f>v\\ov , 
a  leaf.) 


140  ONAGRACEJE.  (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

*  Stamens  8 :  petals  deciduous :  carpels  even  :  leaves  whorled  in  threes. 
X.  Iff.  spicatum,  L.  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  capil¬ 
lary,  except  the  floral  ones  or  bracts ,  which  are  ovate  and  entire  or 
toothed ,  chiefly  shorter  than  the  flowers ,  which  thus  appear  to  form  an 
interrupted  leafless  spike. — Deep  water,  common.  July,  Aug.— 
Stems  long,  slender. 

2.  IH.  verticillatum,  L.  Lower  leaves  as  in  No.  1;  the 
floral  ones  much  longer  than  the  flowers ,  pectinate-pinnatifid.  Ponds, 
New  York  and  westward.  Stouter  than  the  last. 

*  *  Stamens  4 :  petals  rather  persistent  :  carpels  1-2 -ridged  and  rough¬ 
ened  on  the  back :  leaves  whorled  in  fours  and  fives ,  the  lower  w 
very  slender  capillary  divisions. 

3.  HI.  lieteropliyllum,  Michx.  Stem  rather  stout ;  flora 
leaves  ovate  and  lanceolate ,  thick,  crowded,  sharply  serrate,  the  low 
est  pinnatifid  ;  fruit  obscurely  roughened.  —  N.  New  York  and  west 
ward  along  the  Great  Lakes.  —  Stouter  than  the  foregoing. 

4.  HI.  scabratum,  Michx.  Stem  rather  slender ;  lower  leaves 
pinnately  parted  with  few  capillary  divisions  ;  floral  leaves  linear 
(rarely  scattered)  pectinate-toothed  or  cut-serrate  ;  carpels  strong  y  ' 
ridged  and  roughened  on  the  back.  —  Shallow  ponds,  Ohio  and  sout  l 
ward.  Block  Island,  Rhode  Island,  Robbins. 

*  *  *  Stamens  4  :  petals  rather  persistent :  carpels  even  on  the  back . 
leaves  chiefly  scattered  or  wanting. 

5.  HI.  aillbiglllllll,  Nutt.  Immersed  leaves  pinnately  parte 
into  about  10  very  delicate  capillary  divisions;  the  emerging  ones  pec 
tinate ,  or  the  upper  floral  linear  and  sparingly  toothed  or  entire  ,  flow 
ers  mostly  perfect;  fruit  (minute)  smooth.  —  Var.  1.  nAtans  .  stems 
floating,  prolonged.  Var.  2.  capillaceum  :  stems  floating,  long  an 
very  slender;  leaves  all  immersed  and  capillary.  Var.  3.  limoscm  . 
small,  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  all  linear,  incised,  toothed,  or  en 
tire.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  and  I  enn., 
near  the  coast. 

6.  M.  tenellum,  Bigelow.  Stems  nearly  leafless  and  scape 
like,  tufted  and  rooting  at  the  base,  upright,  simple ;  bracts  small,  en 
tire  ;  flowers  alternate,  monoecious  ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Border  of  pon  s> 
Maine  to  New  York,  chiefly  near  the  coast.  July.  —  A  pecu  iar 
plant,  4'  -  KF  high,  with  shorter  sterile  shoots. 

8.  HIPPLBIS,  L.  MareVtail. 

Calyx  entire.  Petals  none.  Stamen  1,  inserted  on  the  edge 
of  the  calyx.  Style  single,  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  down  one 
side,  received  in  the  groove  between  the  lobes  of  the  anther. 
Fruit  nut-like,  1-celled,  I-seeded.  —  Perennial  aquatics,  with  sim 


141 


CACTACEJE.  (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

pie  entire  leaves  in  whorls,  and  minute  flowers  sessile  in  the 
axils,  perfect  or  polygamous.  (Name  from  Imros ,  a  horse ,  and 
ovpa ,  a  tail.) 

1.  H.  viilgariSj  L.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  8  or  12,  linear, 
acute.  — Ponds  and  springs,  New  York,  &c.,  northward,  rare.  — Plant 
1°  high,  fleshy. 

Order  42.  CACTACEiE.  (Cactus  Family.) 

Fleshy  and  thickened  leafless  plants  of  peculiar  aspect, 
globular  or  columnar  and  many-angled,  or  flattened  and 
jointed,  usually  with  prickles.  Flowers  solitary,  sessile ; 
the  sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  several  rows, 
adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  —  Stamens  numerous,  with 
long  and  slender  filaments,  inserted  on  the  inside  of  the 
tube  or  cup  formed  by  the  union  of  the  sepals  and  petals. 
Style  1:  stigmas  numerous.  Fruit  a  1-celled  berry,  with 
numerous  seeds  on  several  parietal  placentae.  Albumen 
none. 

1.  OPtntfTIA,  Tourn.  Prickly  Pear. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  prolonged  into  a  tube,  spreading,  the 
inner  roundish.  Berry  often  prickly.  —  Stem  composed  of  flat 
and  usually  broad  joints,  bearing  clusters  of  bristles  often  with 
spines  intermixed,  arranged  in  a  spiral  order.  (A  name  of  The¬ 
ophrastus,  originally  applied  to  some  very  different  plant.) 

1.  O*  vulgaris,  Mill.  Stems  low,  prostrate-spreading,  of  ob- 
ovate  joints,  armed  with  short  barbed  bristles,  rarely  with  a  few 
spines;  flowers  sulphur-yellow;  fruit  nearly  smooth,  eatable. — 
Sandy  fields  and  dry  rocks,  Nantucket  to  New  Jersey  and  southward, 
usually  near  the  coast.  June. 

Order  43.  GROSSUGACE.E.  (Currant  Family.) 

Low  shrubs,  sometimes  prickly,  with  alternate  palmately 
lobed  leaves,  a  5-lobed  calyx  cohering  with  the  \-celled 
ovary,  and  bearing  5  small  petals  and  5  stamens.  Fruit 
a  \-celled  berry,  with  2-parietal  placenta,  crowned  with  the 
shrivelled  remains  of  the  calyx.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a 
minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  hard  albumen. 


142 


GROSSULACEJE.  (CURRANT  FAMILY.) 

1.  KIBES,  L.  Currant.  Gooseeerry. 
Stamens  mostly  short  and  included,  inserted  alternately  with 
the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Styles  2,  distinct  or  united. 
Ripe  seeds  (numerous)  enveloped  in  a  gelatinous  coat.  —  Leaves 
often  clustered  in  the  axils,  with  the  flowers  from  the  same  clus¬ 
ters  or  from  separate  buds.  (Name  of  Arabic  origin.) 

§  1.  GrossulXria,  Tourn.  (Gooseberry.)  —  Stems  mostly  bearing 

thorns  at  the  base  of  the  leafstalks  or  clusters ,  and  often  with  scat¬ 
tered  bristly  prickles  :  berries  prickly  or  smooth. 

*  Peduncles  1  -  & flowered  :  leaves  roundish ,  heart-shaped,  3  -  5-lobed. 

1.  It.  Cyn6sbati,  L.  (Prickly  Gooseberry.)  Leaves  pu¬ 
bescent;  peduncles  slender,  2- 3-flowered ;  stamens  and  undivided 
style  not  longer  than  the  broad  calyx.  —  Rocky  woods,  very  common 
northward.  May.  —  Spines  various,  strong.  Berry  large,  armed 
with  long  prickles  like  a  burr,  or  rarely  smooth. 

2.  It.  hirtellum,  Michx.  (Short-stalked  Wild  Goose¬ 
berry.)  Leaves  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  ;  peduncles  very  short, 
1  -  2-flowered,  deflexed  ;  stamens  and  2-cleft  style  scarcely  longer  than 
the  bell-shaped  ( purplish )  calyx  ;  fruit  smooth.  —  N.  England  to  Mich¬ 
igan,  common.  May.  —  Stems  either  smooth  or  prickly,  and  with 
very  short  thorns,  or  none.  Berry  purple,  pleasant.  —  This  is  the 
commonest  smooth  gooseberry  of  N.  England,  &c.,  and  usually 
passes  for  R.  triflorum,  Willd .,  which  name  belongs  to  the  next. 

3.  It.  rotundilblium,  Michx.  (Slender-stalked  Smooth 
Gooseberry.)  Leaves  nearly  smooth  ;  peduncles  slender ,  1  -  2-flow 
ered ;  stamens  and  2-parted  style  slender ,  longer  than  the  narrow  cyhn 
drical  calyx;  fruit  smooth.  Rocks,  W.  Massachusetts  to  Penn,  an 
Michigan.  June. —  Leaves  rounded,  with  very  short  and  blunt 
lobes,  often  rather  wedge-form  at  the  base.  Thorns  short.  Berries 
sweet  and  pleasant. 

*  *  Racemes  5 -^-flowered,  loose,  slender,  nodding. 

4.  It.  lacustre,  Poir.  (Swamp  Gooseberry.)  Young  stems 
clothed  with  bristly  prickles,  and  with  several  weak  thorns ;  leaves 
heart-shaped,  3  -  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  deeply  cut ;  calyx  broa 
and  flat ;  stamens  and  style  not  longer  than  the  petals ;  fruit  bris  ) 
(small,  unpleasant).  —  Cold  woods  and  swamps,  common  northwar 
June. 

§  2.  Ribesia,  Berl.  (Currant.)  —  Neither  prickly  nor  thorny :  floW 
ers  in  racemes :  berries  never  prickly.  (Flowers  greenish  ) 

5.  R.  prostratum,  L’Her.  (Fetid  Currant.)  ®temf  ^ 

dined ;  leaves  deeply  heart-shaped,  5  -  7-lobed,  smooth ;  the  0 
ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate  ;  racemes  erect,  slender;  calyx  Ha  1  ' 

pedicels  and  the  (pale-red)  fruit  glandular -bristly.  (R-  rigens,  Mic  • 


GROSSULACEJE.  (CURRANT  FAMILY.)  143 

—  Cold  damp  woods  and  rocks,  common  northward.  May.  —  The 
bruised  plant  and  berries  exhale  an  unpleasant  odor. 

6.  R.  florid  uni,  L.  (Wild  Black  Currant.)  Leaves 
sprinkled  with  resinous  dots ,  slightly  heart-shaped,  sharply  3-5-lobed, 
doubly  serrate  ;  racemes  drooping ,  downy ;  bracts  longer  than  the  ped¬ 
icels  ;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped  (yellowish-green)  smooth  ;  fruit 
round-ovoid ,  blackt  smooth.  —  Woods,  common.  May.  —  Much  like 
the  Garden  Black  Currant ,  which  the  berries  resemble  in  smell  and 
flavor.  Flowers  large. 

7.  R,  rubriim,  L.  (Red  Currant.)  Stems  straggling  or  re¬ 
clined  ;  leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed,  serrate, 
downy  beneath  when  young  ;  racemes  from  lateral  buds  distinct  from 
the  leaves ,  drooping ;  calyx  flat ;  fruit  globose ,  smooth ,  red.  —  Cold 
damp  woods  and  bogs,  N.  Hampshire  to  Wisconsin,  exclusively 
northward.  Same  as  the  common  Red  Currant  of  the  gardens. 

R.  aureum,  Pursh,  the  Yellow-flowered  or  Missouri  Currant, 
now  a  very  common  ornamental  shrub  in  cultivation,  is  remarkable 
for  the  spicy  fragrance  of  its  early  blossoms. 

Order  44.  PASSIFLORACEJE. 

Vines ,  climbing  by  tendrils ,  with  perfect  flowers ,  5  mon - 
adelphous  stamens ,  and  a  stalked  l-celled  ovary  free  from 
the  calyx ,  with  3  or  4  parietal  placentae ,  and  as  many  club- 
shaped  styles ;  represented  by  the  typical  genus, 

1.  PASSIFEORA,  L.  Passion-flower. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
the  throat  crowned  with  a  double  or  triple  fringe.  Petals  5,  aris¬ 
ing  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5  :  their  filaments 
united  in  a  tube  which  sheathes  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary,  sep¬ 
arate  and  spreading  above  :  anthers  large,  fixed  by  the  middle. 
Fruit  a  large  fleshy  berry,  many-seeded  ;  the  anatropous  albumi¬ 
nous  seeds  invested  by  a  pulpy  covering.  Seed-coat  brittle,  groov¬ 
ed. —  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed,  generally  with  stipules. 
Peduncles  axillary,  mostly  1-flowered,  jointed.  (Name,  from 
passio ,  passion,  and  flos ,  a  flower,  given  by  the  early  missionaries 
in  S.  America  to  these  flowers,  in  which  they  fancied  a  repre¬ 
sentation  of  the  implements  of  the  crucifixion.) 

1-  P.  lutea,  L.  Smooth,  slender;  leaves  obtusely  3-Iobed  at 
the  summit,  the  lobes  entire ;  petiole  glandless ;  stipules  minute  ; 


144  PASSIFLORACEJE.  ( PASSION-FLOWER  FAMILY.) 

flowers  greenish-yellow  (small) ;  petals  narrow.  —  Damp  thickets, 
Ohio,  and  southward.  July -Sept.  —  Flowers  1/,  the  fruit  £'  in  di¬ 
ameter.  —  The  handsome  P.  incarnA.ta  of  the  South  is  to  be  sought 
in  W.  Pennsylvania. 

Order  45.  CUCURBIT  ACEJE,  (Gourd  Family.) 

Herbaceous  mostly  succulent  vines,  with  tendrils ,  dioecious 
or  monoecious  ( often  monopetalous)  flowers ,  the  calyx-tube 
cohering  with  the  1-3 -celled  ovary,  and  the  5  ( rarely  3) 
stamens  more  or  less  united  by  their  tortuous  anthers  as 
well  as  by  the  filaments.  Fniit  (pepo)  fleshy,  sometimes 
membranaceous .  —  Ovary  more  or  less  perfectly  3-  (rarely 
2-)  celled  by  the  approximation  or  meeting  of  the  partitions 
which  bear  the  placentse,  these  diverging  and  revolute  so  as 
commonly  to  bring  the  apex  of  the  seeds  back  nearly  into 
contact  with  the  walls  of  the  ovary ;  sometimes  strictly  1- 
celled  :  stigmas  2 -3.  Fruit  often  1-celled  by  obliteration. 
Seeds  large  and  flat,  anatropous,  with  no  albumen.  Co¬ 
tyledons  leaf-like.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or 
veined. 

1.  SICYOS,  L.  One-seeded  Star-Cucumber. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  5,  united  below  into  a  bell-shaped 
or  flattish  corolla.  Stamens  5,  all  cohering  in  a  tube,  or  at  length 
separating  into  2  parcels  of  two  each  and  an  odd  one.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule  :  style  slender :  stigmas  3. 
Fruit  ovate,  membranaceous,  filled  by  the  single  seed,  covered 
with  barbed  prickly  bristles  which  are  readily  detached.  —  Climb¬ 
ing  annuals,  with  whitish  flowers ;  the  sterile  and  fertile  mostly 
from  the  same  axils,  the  former  corymbed,  the  latter  in  a  capitate 
cluster,  long-peduncled.  (The  Greek  name  for  the  Cucumber.) 

1.  S.  anglllatus,  L.  Leaves  roundish  heart-shaped  and  5 
angled-lobed,  the  lobes  minutely  toothed,  pointed ;  stem,  stalks,  an 
fruit  beset  with  clammy  hairs.  —  River-banks.  July -Sept. 

2.ECHINOCTSTIS,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Wild  Balsam-apple* 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  6,  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base 
into  an  open  spreading  corolla.  Stamens  3,  separable  into  2  sets. 


CUCTTRBITACEJE.  (GOURD  FAMILY.)  145 

Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect  ovules  in  each  cell :  stigma  broad. 
Fruit  a  large  globose-ovoid  membranaceous  pod,  clothed  with 
weak  prickles,  dry  when  ripe,  bursting  at  the  end,  2-celled, 
4-seeded,  the  inner  part  fibrous-netted.  Seeds  large,  obovate- 
oblong.  —  An  annual  rank  and  tall-climbing  plant,  nearly  smooth, 
with  sharply  5-lobed  thin  leaves,  and  very  numerous  and  small 
greenish-white  flowers  ;  the  sterile  in  compound  racemes  often 
1°  long,  the  fruitful  in  small  clusters  or  solitary,  from  the  same 
axils.  (Name  composed  of  i^ivos,  a  hedgehog ,  and  kvotls ,  a 
bladder ,  from  the  prickly  covering  of  the  bladdery  fruit.) 

1.  E.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Sicyos,  Michx .  Momordica  echi- 
nkta,  Muhl  )  —  Rich  soil  along  rivers,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin. 
July  -  Oct.  —  Lobes  of  the  leaves  triangular,  pointed.  Fruit  1^' 
long. 


Cucumis  satIvus,  the  Cucumber;  C.  Melo,  the  Musk-melon,  C. 
Citrullus,  the  Water-melon  ;  CuctjRBiTA  Pepo,  the  Pumpkin,  C. 
Melopepo,  the  Round  Squash,  C.  Verrucosa,  the  Long  Squash  ; 
C.  aurantia,  the  Orange  Gourd  ;  LagenIria  vulgaris,  the  Bot¬ 
tle  Gourd,  and  Momordica  Balsamina,  the  Balsam  Apple,  are 
the  most  familiar  cultivated  representatives  of  this  family. 

Order  46.  CRASSUEACEiE.  (Orpine  Family.) 
Succulent  herbs ,  with  perfectly  symmetrical  flowers ;  viz. 
the  petals  and  pistils  equalling  the  sepals  in  number  (3-20), 
and  the  stamens  the  same  or  double  their  number.  —  Sepals 
persistent,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base.  Petals  imbri¬ 
cated  in  the  bud  (rarely  wanting),  inserted,  with  the  distinct 
stamens,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pistils  distinct  (united 
below  in  Penthorum),  usually  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base 
of  each.  Pods  (follicles)  opening  along  the  inner  suture. 
Seeds  anatropous ;  the  embryo  surrounded  by  thin  albumen. 
Flowers  usually  cymose,  small.  Leaves  chiefly  sessile. 
Synopsis. 

*  Pistils  entirely  separate.  (True  Crassulaceae.) 

1.  Tilljea.  Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4,  distinct. 

2.  Sedum.  Sepals,  petals,  and  pistils  5  -  4,  distinct.  Stamens  10- S. 

*  *  Pistils  united  below  into  a  5-celled  pod. 

3.  Penthorum.  Sepals  5.  Petals  none.  Stamens  10. 

13 


146 


CRASSTJLACEiE.  (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 


1.  TILLiE A,  L.  Till^a. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3-4.  Pods  2  -  many-seeded. 

—  Very  small  tufted  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and 
axillary  flowers.  (Named  in  honor  of  Tilli ,  an  early  Italian 
botanist.) 

1.  X.  simplex,  Nutt.  Rooting  at  the  base;  leaves  linear- 
oblong,  their  bases  somewhat  confluent;  flowers  solitary,  nearly 
sessile  ;  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  (greenish- white)  petals  and 
narrow  8  -  10-seeded  pods,  the  latter  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of 
each.  (T.  ascendens,  Eaton.)  —  Muddy  river-banks,  Nantucket 
( Oakes ),  and  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  to  Philadelphia.  July -Sept. 

—  Plant  1'  -  2'  high. 


2.  SEDUM,  L.  Stone-crop.  Orpine. 

Sepals  and  petals  5,  or  rarely  4.  Stamens  10,  or  rarely  8. 
Pods  many-seeded ;  a  little  scale  at  the  base  of  each.  —  Chiefly 
perennial,  smooth  and  thick-leaved  herbs,  with  the  flowers  cy- 
mose  or  one-sided.  (Name  from  sedeo ,  to  sit,  alluding  to  the  man¬ 
ner  in  which  these  plants  fix  themselves  upon  rocks  and  walls.) 

1.  S*  torn  a tu  111,  Michx.  (Three-leaved  Stone-crop.)  L°" 
and  spreading,  creeping  at  the  base  ;  lower  leaves  whorled  in  threes, 
wedge-obovate ;  the  uppermost  scattered,  oblong ;  cyme  3-spike  , 
spreading,  with  the  1-sided  flowers  octandrous,  the  solitary  centra 
flower  10-androus;  stamens  shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  (white) 
petals.  Rocky  woods,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio :  also  common  in  gar 
dens.  May,  June. 

2.  S.  telcpluoides,  Michx.  (American  Orpine.)  Stems 
stout,  erect  (6'  - 12'  high),  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  scattered,  lance 
olate  or  obovate,  sparingly  toothed  or  entire,  tapering  to  the  base, 
flowers  in  a  terminal  capitate  cyme,  10-androus ;  petals  ovate-  a 
ceolate,  purplish-white.  —  Rocks  throughout  the  Alleghanies  from 
Maryland  southward,  and  probably  in  Pennsylvania :  but  in  e' 
York  naturalized  specimens  of  the  following  nearly  allied  species 
have  probably  been  mistaken  for  it. 

3.  S.  Telepllilllll,  L.  (Garden  Orpine,  or  Live-for-e' er0 
Stems  erect,  leafy  to  the  top,  tall ;  leaves  scattered,  oval,  °  tu  ’ 
serrate,  somewhat  tapering  at  the  base  ;  cymes  dense,  compoun^ 
petals  purple.  —  Straying  from  gardens,  and  naturalized  in  a  t 
places. 

S.  pulchellum,  Michx.,  a  handsome  species  with  linear  leaves 
and  rose-purple  flowers,  is  to  be  sought  in  S.  W.  Pennsylvania. 


CRASSULACEJE.  (ORPINE  FAMILY.)  147 

3.  PENTHOBUM,  Gronov.  Ditch  Stone-crop. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  rare,  if  any.  Stamens  10.  Pistils  5,  united 
below,  so  as  to  form  a  5-angled,  5-horned,  and  5-celled  pod,  which 
opens  by  the  separation  of  the  beaks,  many-seeded.  —  Upright 
weed-like  perennials,  not  fleshy  like  the  rest  of  the  family,  with 
scattered  leaves,  and  yellowish-green  flowers  loosely  spiked  along 
the  upper  side  of  the  naked  branches  of  the  cyme,  which  are  coil¬ 
ed  at  the  end  as  in  a  Heliotrope.  (Name  from  7 revrc,  five ,  and  oposy 
a  rule  or  mode ,  probably  from  the  quinary  order  of  the  flower.) 

1.  P#  sedoidcs,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends. — 
Ditches  by  road-sides  and  wet  places  everywhere.  July -Oct. — 
About  1°  high,  homely. 

Order  47.  SAXIFRAgAcEAE.  (Saxifrage  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs ,  with  the  pistils  fewer  than  the  petals  or 
divisions  of  the  calyx  ( usually  2,  united  below  and  separate 
or  separating  at  the  top) ;  and  the  petals  with  the  ( mostly 
5-10)  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx ,  which  is  either  free 
or  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary.  —  Calyx  withering- 
persistent.  Petals  rarely  none.  Pods  several  -  many-seed- 
ed.  Seeds  small,  anatropous,  with  a  slender  embryo  in 
the  albumen. 


Synopsis. 

Suborder  1.  SAXIFRAGE  AE.  The  True  Saxifrage  Fam. 

Herbs  j  the  petals  imbricated  (very  rarely  convolute)  in  the  bud. 
Pod  2-beaked.  Calyx  free  or  partly  adherent. 

*  Petals  5  (or  rarely  4-6). 

1.  Saxifraga.  Stamens  10.  Pod  2-celled,  or  2  nearly  separate  pods. 

2.  Sullivantia.  Stamens  5.  Pod  2-celled.  Seeds  wing-margined. 

3.  Heuchera.  Stamens  5.  Pod  1-eelled.  Seeds  oval,  marginless. 

4.  Mitella.  Stamens  10.  Pod  1-celled.  Petals  pinnatifid. 

5.  Tiarella.  Stamens  10.  Pod  1-celled.  Petals  entire. 

*  *  Petals  wanting. 

6.  Chrysosplenium.  Stamens  8  — 10.  Pod  1-celled,  obcordate. 

Suborder  2.  ESCALLONIEA5  ? 

Shrubs  :  leaves  alternate.  Petals  valvate  in  the  bud. 

7.  Itea.  Calyx  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary.  Petals  and  stamens  5. 


148 


SAXIFRAGACEJE.  (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 


Suborder  3.  HYDRANGEAS.  The  Hydrangea  Family. 

Shrubs :  leaves  opposite.  Petals  valvate  in  the  bud.  Calyx-tube 
coherent  with  the  ovary. 

8.  Hydrangea.  Calyx  4 -5-toothed.  Stamens  8-10.  Pod2-beaked. 

The  Suborder  4.  Philadelphia.®  consists  of  the  genus  Philadel¬ 
phia  (Mock  Orange,  also  wrongly  named  Syringa ),  of  which  two 
or  three  species  are  commonly  cultivated  as  ornamental  shrubs. 

Suborder  I.  SAXIFRAGES.  The  True  Saxifrage  Fam. 

1*  SAXIFRAGA,  L.  Saxifrage. 

Calyx  free  from,  or  cohering  with,  the  base  of  the  ovary,  deeply 
5-cleft.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  2-beak- 
ed,  2-celled,  opening  down  or  between  the  beaks ;  or  sometimes  2 
almost  separate  follicles.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  close  coat.  — 
Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  the  root-leaves  clustered,  those  of 
the  stem  alternate.  (Name  from  sarum ,  a  rock,  and  frango,  to 
break  ;  most  species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.) 

*  Stems  leafy :  calyx  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  pod. 

^  *  I  ivului'is,  L.  (Alpine  Brook  Saxifrage.)  Small  J 
stems  weak,  ascending,  3-5-flowered ;  lower  leaves  rounded ,  3-o* 
o  erf,  on  slender  petioles,  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  petals  white ,  ovate.  — 
Alpine  region  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire,  Oakes.  Very 
rare.  r 

—  S.  aizoides,  L.  (Yellow  Mountain  Saxifrage.)  Low, 
in  tufts;  stems  ascending,  very  leafy  below,  with  few  or  several  co¬ 
rymbose  flowers  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate ,  fleshy,  more  or  less  ciliate ; 
petate  yellow ,  spotted  with  orange ,  oblong.  —  Rocky  moist  banks  of 
Fish  Creek  at  Taberg,  Oneida  County,  New  York,  Knieskem  and 
Vasey ,  1846.  J 

*  *  Leaves  all  clustered  at  the  root :  flowers  on  a  scape;  the  panicle 
clammy-pubescent. 

3.  S.  Aizoon,  Jacq.  Leaves  persistent ,  spatulate ,  with  while 
cartilaginous  toothed  margins  ;  calyx  partly  adherent ;  petals  obovate, 
cream-color,  often  spotted  at  the  base.  — Moist  rocks,  Upper  Michi¬ 
gan,  Pitcher.  Scapes  5^- 10/  high,  sometimes  few-leaved  below. 

4.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.  (Early  Saxifrage.)  Low  , 
leaves  obovate  or  oval-spatulate ,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole,  crenate- 
toothed,  thickish  ;  flowers  in  a  clustered  cyme  which  is  at  length 
open  and  loosely  panicled  ;  lobes  of  the  slightly  adherent  calyx  ered , 
not  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  obtuse  (white)  petals  ;  pods  2,  united 


SAXIFRAGACEJE.  (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  149 

merely  at  the  base,  divergent.  —  Exposed  rocks,  common.  April  - 
June.  —  A  well-known  and  pretty  species:  tips  of  the  calyx  and  fruit 
purplish. 

5.  S.  Pennsylvdllica,  L.  (Swamp  Saxifrage.)  Large; 
leaves  oblanceolate ,  obscurely  toothed ,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short 
and  broad  petiole;  cymes  in  a  large  oblong  panicle,  at  first  clustered ; 
lobes  of  the  nearly  free  calyx  recurved ,  about  the  length  of  the  linear - 
lanceolate  ( greenish )  small  petals;  filaments  awl-shaped ;  pods  at  length 
divergent.  —  Bogs,  common.  May,  June.  —  Leaves  4'  -  8;,  the  scape 
at  length  2?  long.  A  homely  species. 

6.  S.  erosa,  Pursh.  (Lettuce  Saxifrage.)  Leaves  oblong  or 
oblanceolate ,  obtuse ,  sharply  toothed ,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  ; 
scape  slender ;  panicle  elongated,  loosely  flowered,  pedicels  slender  ; 
calyx  reflexed ,  entirely  free,  nearly  as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  {white)  pe¬ 
tals  ;  filaments  club-shaped;  pods  2,  nearly  separate,  diverging.  (S. 
Wolle&na,  Torr.  Gr .)  Cold  mountain  brooks,  Penn,  (near  Beth¬ 
lehem,  Mr.  IVolle),  and  throughout  the  Alleghanies  southward.  June. 

—  Leaves  8'-12f,  the  upright  scape  high. 

2.  SULLIVANTIA,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Sullivantia. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  cohering  below  with  the  base  of  the  ovary, 
5-cleft.  Petals  5,  entire,  acutish.  Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the 
petals.  Pod  2-celled,  2-beaked,  many-seeded,  opening  between 
the  beaks  :  the  seeds  wing-margined,  imbricated  upwards.  —  A 
low  and  reclined-spreading  perennial  herb,  with  rounded  and  cut¬ 
toothed,  or  slightly  lobed,  smooth  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and 
small  white  flowers  in  a  branched  loosely  cymose  panicle  on  a 
nearly  leafless  slender  scape.  Peduncles  and  calyx  glandular : 
pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  bota¬ 
nist  who  discovered  it.) 

1.  S.  Ollionis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  ( Gray ,  Chloris  Bor. -Jim .,  tab.  6.) 

—  Limestone  cliffs,  Highland  County,  Ohio.  June.  Scapes  8'- 12' 
long.  Leaves  2'  across. 

3.  HE  U  CHER  A,  L.  Alum-root. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  cohering  at  the  base  with  the  ovary,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  spatulate,  small,  entire,  erect.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2. 
Pod  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  many-seeded  placentae,  2-beaked, 
opening  between  the  beaks.  —  Perennials,  with  the  round  heart- 
shaped  leaves  principally  from  the  rootstock  ;  those  on  the  scapes, 
if  any,  alternate.  Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  a  prolong- 
13* 


150 


SAXIFRAGACEJE.  (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 


ed  mostly  loose  panicle,  greenish- white,  tinged  with  purple. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Heucher ,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1.  II.  Amcricstna,  L.  Hairy-pubescent,  the  scape  with  some¬ 
what  clammy  hairs ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  short  and  rounded  ;  panicle 
loose  ;  stamens  at  length  muck  longer  than  the  regular  calyx.  —  Rocky 
woodlands,  Connecticut  to  Ohio  southward.  June.  — Scape  2° -4° 
high  :  flowers  quite  small. 

II.  pilbescens,  Pursh.  Scape  minutely  granular-pubescent , 
or  smooth  below,  often  2 -4-leaved;  lobes  of  the  leaves  rounded, 
sharply  toothed  with  broad  pointed  teeth,  ciliate  with  bristly  hairs, 
otherwise  almost  smooth;  panicle  contracted ;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
somewhat  unequal  erect  lobes  of  the  calyx.  —  Mountains  of  Penn,  and 
southward.  June.  —  Flowers  thrice  the  size  of  No.  1. 


4.  MITE  EE  A,  Tourn.  Mitre-wort.  Bishop’s-cap. 

Calyx  short,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Pe¬ 
tals  o,  slender,  pinnatifid.  Stamens  10,  included.  Styles  2,  very 
short.  Pod  short,  2-beaked,  1-celled  with  2  parietal  or  rather  ba¬ 
sal  several-seeded  placentae,  2 -valved  at  the  summit. — Low  and 
slender  perennials,  with  round  heart-shaped  leaves  from  the  root- 
stock  or  runners,  on  slender  petioles;  those  on  the  scapes  oppo- 
sitt,  if  any.  Flowers  small,  in  a  simple  slender  raceme  or  spike, 
(i  ame  a  diminutive  from  pirpa,  a  mitre,  or  cap ,  from  the  form  of 
the  young  pod.) 


k.  (Common  Mitre-wort.)  Leaves  hear t- 
ed-scai)^^6'  8°mewhat  3-5-lobed,  toothed,  those  on  the  many -flower • 
woods  w  7Te\n7ly  Se*sUe  O2'-20'  high). -Hill-sides  in  rich 
rsceme  &  ^  ^  *  * 

/earMr!L„^!!**a;  (s*au.  Mitre-wort.)  Small  and  slender; 

ally  leafless  feu:  n“  nty'J°rm'  deeP*y  and  doubly  crenate  ;  scape  usu- 
¥  '  Ter^  9lender  (4'-6'  high).  (M.  cordifilia, 

to  Wisconsin  il*  M  ^  ^~I)eeP  IIIOist  woods  with  mosses,  Maine 
shooU^Zb’  D°rthward-  -  July.  _  A  delicate  little  plant, 

fonh  rUnnere  *"  ^mtner.  Blossoms  greenish. 


p  L.  False  Mitre-wort. 

5  with  i-l  **aPed>  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  5-parted.  Petal 
Stamens  10,  long  and  slender.  Styles  2 
1 -ceiled,  2-valved,  the  valves  very  unequal 
**  tbW>  St  the  base  each  placenta,  globular.  -  Perennial. 


SAXIFRAGACEJE.  (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  151 

flowers  white.  (Name  a  diminutive  from  riapa ,  a  tiara ,  or  Orien¬ 
tal  head-dress,  or  turban,  from  the  form  of  the  pod,  or  rather  pis¬ 
til,  which  is  like  that  of  Mitella,  to  which  the  name  of  Mitre-wort 
properly  belongs.) 

1.  T*  cordifolia,  L.  Leaves  from  the  rootstock  or  summer 
runners  heart-shaped,  sharply  lobed  and  toothed,  sparsely  hairy 
above,  downy  beneath;  scape  leafless;  raceme  simple;  petals  oblong. 
— Rich  rocky  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  chiefly  northward.  April, 
May.  —  A  handsome  plant  in  flower,  6'  -12'  high. 

6.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM,  Tourn.  Golden  Saxifrage. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary  ;  the  blunt  lobes  4-5,  yel¬ 
low  within.  Petals  none.  Stamens  8-10,  very  short,  inserted 
on  a  conspicuous  disk.  Styles  2.  Pod  inversely  heart-shaped  or 
2-lobed,  flattened,  very  short,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae, 
2-valved  at  the  top,  many-seeded.  —  Low  and  small  smooth  herbs 
growing  in  brooks  and  springy  places,  with  fleshy  leaves,  and 
small  solitary  or  leafy-cymed  flowers.  (Name  compounded  of 
Xpvaos,  golden ,  and  cm\r]u,  the  spleen ,  probably  from  some  reputed 
medicinal  qualities. ) 

1.  C.  Americantim,  Schwein.  (American  Golden  Saxi¬ 
frage.)  Stems  slender,  diffusely  spreading,  forking ;  leaves  princi¬ 
pally  opposite,  roundish  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obscurely  crenate- 
lobed ;  flowers  distant,  inconspicuous,  nearly  sessile  (greenish  tinged 
with  yellow  or  purple).  JJ.  —  Common,  April,  May.  —  An  incon¬ 
spicuous  plant,  smaller  than  the  European  C.  oppositifolium.  An¬ 
thers  orange. 

Suborder  II.  ESCALLONIEiE  ? 

7.  ITEA,  L.  Itea. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  lanceolate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  5  stamens.  Pod  ob¬ 
long,  2-grooved,  2-celled,  tipped  with  the  2  united  styles,  2  part¬ 
ed  (septicidal)  when  mature,  several-seeded.  —  Shrub,  with  sim¬ 
ple  alternate  and  minutely  serrate  oblong  pointed  leaves,  and  white 
flowers  in  simple  spike-like  racemes.  (The  Greek  name  of  the 
Willow.) 

1.  I.  Virginica,  L. —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey  and  south¬ 
ward.  June.  —  Shrub  3?  - 6?  high. 


152  SAXIFRAGACEJE.  (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

Suborder  III.  HYDRANGEA.  The  Hydrangea  Family. 


8.  HYDRANGEA,  Gronov.  Hydrangea. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  8-  10-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  ova¬ 
ry  ;  the  limb  4 -5-toothed.  Petals  ovate.  Stamens  8-  10,  slen¬ 
der.  Pod  crowned  with  the  2  diverging  styles,  2-celled  below, 
many-seeded,  opening  by  a  hole  between  the  styles.  —  Shrubs, 
with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  numerous  flowers  in  compound 
cymes.  The  marginal  flowers  are  usually  sterile  and  radiant, 
consisting  merely  of  a  membranaceous  and  colored  flat  and  dilated 
calyx,  showy.  (Name  from  vbcap,  water,  and  ayyos,  a  vase,  prob¬ 
ably  in  allusion  to  the  vase-like  shape  of  the  pods.) 

1.  H.  arborescens,  L.  (Wild  Hydrangea.)  Smooth,  or 
nearly  so;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  green 
both  sides ;  cymes  flat.  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  Penn,  (on  the  Susque- 
hannah,  Carey)  and  southward.  July.  —  Flowers  often  all  fertile, 
rarely  all  radiant,  like  the  Garden  Hydrangea. 

Order  48.  HAMAMELACEA1.  (Witch-Hazel  Fam.) 

Shrubs ,  with  alternate  simple  leaves ,  the  calyx  cohering 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  which  consists  of  2  pistils 
united  at  the  base ,  and  forms  a  2-beaked  woody  pod 
opening  at  the  summit ,  2- celled  below ,  with  a  single  pendu¬ 
lous  bony  ( anatropous )  seed  in  each  cell.  —  Petals  4-5, 
and  stamens  4-24,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Embryo  sur¬ 
rounded  by  albumen.  Flowers  clustered,  often  polyga¬ 
mous. 


1.  II A  HA  ME  LI  S,  L.  Witch-Hazel. 
flowers  in  little  axillary  clusters  or  heads,  usually  surrounded 
y  a  SCiale~Uke  3-leaved  involucre.  Calyx  4-parted,  and  with  2  or 
ctlets  at  its  base.  Petals  4,  strap-shaped,  long  and  narrow. 
^  mens  8,  very  short;  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  anther- 
earing,  the  others  imperfect  and  scale-like.  Styles  2,  short, 
pening  loculicidally  from  the  top  ;  the  outer  coat  separating 
e  inner,  which  incloses  the  seeds,  but  soon  bursts  elastically 
ito  two  pieces.  Tall  shrubs,  with  short-petioled  straight-veined 
leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.  (From  tike  to,  and  « 


HAMAMELACE2E.  (WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY.)  153 

apple-tree ;  a  name  anciently  applied  to  the  Medlar  or  some  other 
tree  resembling  the  Apple,  which  the  Witch-Hazel  does  not.) 

1.  H.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  with  wavy- 
toothed  margins,  somewhat  downy  when  young.  —  Damp  woods, 
common  :  blossoming  in  Oct.  and  Nov.,  when  the  leaves  are  falling, 
and  maturing  its  seeds  the  next  summer. 

Order  49.  UMBELLIFERtE.  (Parsley  Family.) 

Herbs ,  with  the  flowers  in  umbels ,  the  calyx  entirely  ad¬ 
herent  to  the  ovary,  the  5  petals  and  5  stamens  inserted  on 
the  disk  that  crowns  the  ovary  and  surrounds  the  base  of 
the  2  styles .  Fruit  consisting  of  2  sefid-like  dry  carpels.  — 
Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  a  mere  5-toothed  border. 
Petals  mostly  with  the  point  indexed.  Fruit  of  2  carpels 
(called  mericarps)  cohering  by  their  inner  face  (the  com¬ 
missure ),  when  ripe  separating  from  each  other  and  usually 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  a  slender  prolongation  of  the 
axis  ( carpophore )  :  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with  5 
primary  ribs,  and  often  with  5  intermediate  ( secondary ) 
ones  ;  in  the  interstices  or  intervals  between  them  are  com¬ 
monly  lodged  the  oil-tubes  ( vittce )  which  are  longitudinal 
canals  in  the  substance  of  the  fruit,  containing  aromatic  oil.* 
Seeds  solitary  and  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell, 
anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  in  hard  horn-like  albu¬ 
men.  —  Stems  usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly 
compound,  the  petioles  expanded  or  sheathing  at  the  base. 
Umbels  usually  compound,  when  the  secondary  ones  are 
termed  umbellets :  both  often  subtended  by  a  whorl  of 
bracts  ( involucre  and  involucels). 

Synopsis* 

I.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  flat  or  nearly  so  (not  excavated). 

*  Umbels  simple  or  imperfect,  sometimes  proliferous. 

1.  Hydrocotyle.  Fruit  orbicular,  flattened.  Leaves  roundish. 

2.  Crantzia.  Fruit  globular.  Leaves  linear,  fleshy. 

*  These  are  brought  into  view  in  a  cross-section  of  the  fruit. 


154 


TJMBELLlFERiE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Umbels  or  umbel  lets  capitate,  imperfect.  Calyx-lobes  large. 

3.  Sanicula.  Fruit  clothed  with  hooked  prickles. 

4.  Eryngium.  Fruit  clothed  with  scales.  Flowers  in  thick  heads. 

*  *  *  Umbels  compound  and  perfect. 

Fruit  beset  with  bristly  prickles,  not  flat. 

5.  Daucus.  Fruit  with  weak  prickles  in  single  rows  on  the  ribs. 
Fruit  smooth:  the  carpels  strongly  flattened  on  the  back  and 

winged  at  the  edge  (next  to  the  commmissure). 

**■  Margin  of  the  fruit  single-winged. 

6.  Polytsnia.  Fruit  surrounded  with  a  broad  and  tumid  corky 

margin,  nearly  ribless  on  the  back. 

7.  Heracleum.  Fruit  broadly  wing-margined  :  the  carpels  minute¬ 

ly  5-ribbed  on  the  back :  lateral  ribs  close  to  the  margin. 
Flowers  white,  the  marginal  somewhat  radiant. 

8.  Pastihaca.  Fruit  wing-margined  :  ribs  of  the  carpels  as  in  No. 

7.  Flowers  yellow,  not  radiant. 

9.  Archemora.  Fruit  broadly  winged  :  the  5  ribs  on  the  back  ap¬ 

proximate  and  equidistant.  Flowers  white. 

Margin  of  the  fruit  double-winged. 

10.  Archangelica.  Carpels  merely  3-ridged  on  the  back.  Seed 

coated  with  oil-tubes. 

11.  Conioselincm.  Carpels  narrowly  3-winged  on  the  back. 

**""*“"*“  Frnit  smooth,  not  flattened,  the  cross-section  nearly  orbicular  J 

the  carpels  each  with  5  equal  wings  or  strongly  projecting  ribs. 

12.  iETHusA.  Fruit  ovate-globose:  carpels  with  5  sharply  keeled 

ridges,  and  single  oil-tubes  in  the  interstices. 

13.  Ligusticum.  Fruit  elliptical :  carpels  with  5  sharp  almost  wing- 
r  e(*  ridges,  and  several  oil-tubes  in  each  interstice. 

Thaspium.  Fruit  elliptical  or  ovoid :  carpels  5-winged.  Flowers 

yellow  or  dark-purple. 

Fnnt  smooth,  compressed  laterally  or  contracted  at  the  sides, 
wingless. 

15.  Zizia.  Flowers  yellow.  Fruit  oval  or  somewhat  twin,  5-ribbed. 
Leaves  dissected. 

36.  Bupleurum.  Flowers  yellow.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong :  the  carpels 

somewhat  5-ribbed.  Leaves  simple. 

17.  Discopleura.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  ovoid:  the  lateral  ribs 
united  with  a  corky  margin.  Leaves  very  finely  cut. 

1«.  Ciccta.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  subglobose,  twin.  Leaves  2- 

3-teraate. 

19.  Sidm.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  ovate-globose.  Leaves  all  simply 

pinnate. 

20.  Cryptot^nia.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  oblong.  Leaves  3-parted. 


UMBELLIFEILE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.)  155 

II.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  out  lengthwise,  or  the 
margins  involute.  (Umbels  compound.) 

21.  Chjerophyllum.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  apex. 

22.  Osmorrhiza.  Fruit  linear-club-shaped,  tapering  below. 

23.  Conium.  Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides  :  ribs  wavy. 

24.  Eulophus.  Fruit  ovoid,  somewhat  twin,  nearly  ribless. 

III.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  in  the  middle,  or  the 
margins  curved  inwards  at  the  top  and  bottom. 

25.  Erigenia.  Fruit  twin  ;  carpels  nearly  kidney-form.  Umbellets 

few-flowered. 

I.  HYDROCOTTLE,  Tourn.  Marsh  Pennywort. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  orbicular  or 
shield-shaped  ;  the  carpels  5-ribbed,  two  of  the  ribs  (the  lateral) 
enlarged  and  often  forming  a  thickened  margin  :  oil-tubes  none. 
—  Low  and  smooth  marsh  perennials,  with  slender  stems  creeping 
or  rooting  in  the  mud,  and  round  shield-shaped  or  kidney-form 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  simple  umbels  or  clusters,  which 
are  either  single  or  proliferous.  (Name  from  v8<op,  water ,  and 
KOTikr),  a  bowl  or  flat  cup,  the  peltate  leaves  of  several  species  be¬ 
ing  somewhat  cup-shaped.) 

*  Stems  spreading  and  branching  :  umbels  and  flowers  nearly  sessile. 

1.  H.  American^  L.  Leaves  rounded  kidney-form,  doubly 
crenate,  somewhat  lobed;  flowers  3-5  together  in  sessile  clusters; 
fruit  orbicular.  —  Shady  springy  places.  June  -  Aug.  —  Branches  pro¬ 
longed  and  slender,  runner-like.  Leaves  very  thin. 

*  *  Umbels  on  scape-like  naked  peduncles  arising ,  with  the  leaves,  from 
the  joints  of  the  prolonged  creeping  and  rooting  stems. 

2.  H.  ranuncnloldes,  L.  Leaves  round-reniform,  3-5- 
deft,  the  lobes  crenate ;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles ; 
umbel  5  -10-flowered ;  pedicels  very  short;  fruit  orbicular,  scarcely 
ribbed.  —  Penn,  and  southward. 

3.  BL  ilftterrapta,  Muhl.  Leaves  peltate  in  the  middle,  or- 
bicular-crenate ;  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves,  bearing 
dusters  of  few  and  sessile  floicers  interruptedly  along  its  length  ; 
fruit  broader  than  long,  and  notched  at  the  base.  —  New  Bedford, 
Massachusetts  :  common  in  the  S.  States. 

4.  H.  umbellata,  L.  Leaves  peltate  in  the  middle,  orbicu¬ 
lar,  notched  at  the  base,  doubly  crenate ;  peduncle  elongated,  bearing  a 
single  many-flowered  umbd  (sometimes  proliferous  with  2  or  3  um- 


156  UMBELL1FERJE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

bels) ;  pedicels  slender ;  fruit  notched  at  the  base  and  apex.  Massa¬ 
chusetts  and  Albany,  New  York,  thence  southward  near  the  coast. 
Scapes  3*  -  9*  high. 

2.  CRANTZIA,  Nutt.  Crantzia. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  globose  ;  the  carpels  hollowed 
on  the  inner  face,  5-ribbed,  three  of  the  ribs  on  the  back,  narrow, 
the  lateral  ones  thickened  and  corky  :  an  oil-tube  in  each  inter¬ 
stice. —  Minute  plants,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud,  with 
the  aspect  of  Hydrocotyle,  but  with  fleshy  nearly  terete  leaves, 
marked  with  cross  divisions.  Umbels  few-flowered,  simple. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Crantz ,  an  Austrian  botanist  of  the 
18th  century.) 

1.  C.  liucata,  Nutt.  (Hydrocotyle  lineata,  Michx.)  Uea'ves 
somewhat  club-shaped,  very  obtuse.  —  Brackish  marshes,  Massachu¬ 
setts  to  N.  Jersey.  July.  —  Leaves  and  scapes  U- 2' long:  flowers 
white,  pedicelled. 

3.  SANICUIiA,  Tourn.  Sanicle.  Black  Snake-root. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Fruit  globular,  the  carpels 
not  separating  spontaneously,  ribless,  thickly  clothed  with  hooked 
prickles,  each  with  5  oil-tubes.  — Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately 
lobed  or  parted  leaves,  those  from  the  root  long-petioled.  I 
irregular  or  compound,  the  flowers  (greenish  or  yellowish)  cap¬ 
itate  in  the  umbellets,  perfect,  with  staminate  ones  intermixed. 
Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved.  (Name  from  sano,  to  heal.) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  Leaves  3-5-  (the  upper  only  3-) 
parted ;  sterile  flowers  few,  scarcely  pedicelled ,  shorter  than  the  ter 
tile  ones ;  styles  shorter  than  the  prickles  of  the  fruit.  —  Copies. 
June- Aug.  — Plant  l°-2°  high,  with  thin  leaves;  their  division* 
wedge-obovate  or  oblong,  sharply  cut  and  serrate,  the  lateral  m06  } 
2-lobed.  Fruits  about  3  in  each  umbellet. 

2.  §.  jVIarildntlica,  L.  Leaves  all  5- 7-parted;  sterile  fl** 
ers  numerous ,  on  slender  pedicels ,  about  the  length  of  the  fer  1  ; 
styles  elongated  and  conspicuous ,  recurred.  —  Woods  and  copses,  c0  ^ 
mon.  —  Stem  2P  -  2P  high  ;  the  leaves  more  rigid  and  with  narrow  ^ 
divisions  than  in  the  former,  with  almost  cartilaginous  teeth.  r 
several  in  each  umbellet. 

ERltlHOIUMj  Toum.  Button  Snake-root. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Styles  slender.  Fruit  top- 


157 


UMBELLIFERJE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

shaped,  covered  with  little  scales  or  tubercles,  without  ribs  or 
oil-tubes.  —  Chiefly  perennials,  with  coriaceous,  toothed,  cut,  or 
prickly  leaves,  and  blue  or  white  bracted  flowers  closely  sessile 
in  dense  heads.  (A  name  used  by  Dioscorides,  of  uncertain 
origin.) 

1.  E.  aquatiCllHl,  L.  Leaves  linear,  taper-pointed,  grass¬ 
like ,  nerved ,  bristly-fringed ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  mostly  entire 
and  shorter  than  the  heads.  1J.  —  Moist  barrens,  &c.,  New  Jersey 
to  Ohio.  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high,  nearly  simple. 

2.  E.  Virginia YlU ill,  Lam.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate 
uith  hooked  or  somewhat  spiny  teeth  ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  cleft 
or  spiny-toothed,  longer  than  the  heads.  ®  —  Swamps,  New  Jersey 
and  southward.  — Heads  cymose  at  the  summit  of  the  simple  stem, 
pale  blue,  or  nearly  white.  Leaves  less  rigid  than  in  the  preceding, 
veined. 


5.  DAITCUS,  Toum.  Carrot. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong ; 
the  carpels  scarcely  flattened  on  the  back,  with  5  primary  slender 
bristly  ribs,  two  of  which  are  on  the  inner  face,  and  4  equal 
more  ot  less  winged  secondary  ones,  each  bearing  a  single  row 
of  slender  bristly  prickles  :  an  oil-tube  under  each  of  these  ribs. 

_ Biennials,  with  finely  2  -  3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  cleft 

involucres,  and  concave  umbels,  dense  in  fruit.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name.) 

1.  D*  Carota,  L.  (Common  Carrot.)  Stem  bristly;  invo¬ 
lucre  pinnatifid,  nearly  the  length  of  the  umbel;  fruit  oblong-oval-  — 
Naturalized  in  fields.  July  -  Sept.  —  Flowers  white  or  cream-color, 
the  central  one  of  each  umbellet  abortive  and  dark  purple.  Umbel 
in  fruit  resembling  a  bird’s  nest. 

6.  POEYTJENIA,  DC.  Polytasnia. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  with  an  entire  broad 
and  thickened  corky  margin,  very  obscurely  ribbed  on  the  im¬ 
pressed  back :  oil-tubes  2  in  each  interstice,  and  many  also  in 
the  corky  margin.  —  A  smooth  herb,  resembling  a  Parsnip,  with 
2-pinnate  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  and  3-cleft,  no  invo¬ 
lucres,  bristly  involucels,  and  bright  yellow  flowers.  (Name 
from  iro\vs,  many,  and  raiv'ia,  a  fillet,  alluding  to  the  numerous 
vittae  or  oil-tubes.) 


14 


158  TJMBELLIFERiE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  Nilttallii.  DC.  —  Prairies,  Michigan,  and  southward  and 
westward.  May.  —  Stem  2P-3P  high. 

7.  llERACLEl'M,  L.  Cow-Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  as  in  Pastinaca,  but  the  oil-tubes 
shorter  than  the  carpels  and  club-shaped.  Petals  (white)  inverse¬ 
ly  heart-shaped,  the  outer  commonly  larger  and  radiant,  appearing 
2 -cleft.  —  Stout  perennials,  with  broad  sheathing  petioles  and 
large  flat  umbels.  Involucre  deciduous  :  involucels  many-leaved. 
(Dedicated  to  Hercules.) 

1.  H.  laii.itiuii,  Michx.  Woolly;  stem  grooved;  leaves 
1  - 2-ternateIy  compound;  leaflets  somewhat  heart-shaped;  fruit 
nearly  orbicular.  —  Moist  ground.  June.  —  A  very  large  strong- 
scented  plant,  4°  -8°  high,  in  some  places  wrongly  called  Mastencort. 

8.  pastinAca,  Tourn.  Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  a  thin  entire 

winged  margin ;  the  carpels  minutely  5-ribbed,  three  of  the 
ribs  equidistant  on  the  back,  the  lateral  ones  distant  from  them 
and  contiguous  to  the  margin  :  an  oil-tube  in  each  interstice 
running  the  whole  length  of  the  fruit.  Petals  yellow,  roundish, 
entire,  none  radiant.  —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  spindle-shaped 
roots,  and  pinnately  compound  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels 
small  or  none.  (The  Latin  name,  from  pastus,  food.) 

1.  P.  saliva,  L.  (Common  Parsnip.)  Stem  grooved,  smooth ; 
leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  cut-toothed,  somewhat  shining  above. 
—  Fields,  &c.,  escaped  from  cultivation,  naturalized.  July. 

9.  ARCHEMORA,  DC.  COWBANE. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  with  a  broad  winged  margin,  oval , 

the  carpels  with  5  obtuse  and  approximated  equidistant  ribs  on 
the  back  :  oil-tubes  one  in  each  interstice,  and  4  —  6  on  the  inner 
—  Smooth  perennials,  with  rather  rigid  leaves  of  3  —  9  lan¬ 
ceolate  or  linear  leaflets.  Involucre  nearly  none  :  involucels  of 
numerous  small  leaflets.  Flowers  white.  (Name  applied  to  this 
poisonous  umbelliferous  plant  in  fanciful  allusion  to  Archemorus , 
who  is  said  to  have  died  from  eating  parsley.  DC.) 

1.  A.  rigida,  DC.  Leaves  simply  pinnate;  leaflets  3-9, 
varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  entire  or  remotely  toothed, 
or,  in  \  ar.  ambigua,  linear,  long  and  narrow.  —  Swamps,  N.  Jersey 


TJMBELLIFERJE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.)  159 

and  W.  N.  York  to  Michigan.  Aug.  — Plant  2? -5°  high,  the  foli¬ 
age  variable. 

10.  ABCHANGELICA,  Hoffm.  Archangelica. 

Calyx-teeth  short.  Fruit  flattened ;  the  carpels  each  3-ribbed 

on  the  back  and  winged  at  the  margins,  forming  a  double  winged 
border  to  the  fruit :  the  seed  separating,  and  coated  all  over  with 
the  numerous  oil-tubes.  —  Stout  and  often  very  large  perennials, 
with  1  -  2-pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  usually  ample  inflated 
petioles :  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  toothed.  Involucre  scarcely 
any  :  involucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  greenish  or  white.  (So 
named  from  its  highly  esteemed  qualities.) 

1.  A.  atropurpiirea,  Hoffm.  (Great  Angelica.)  Smooth; 
stem  dark  purple  ;  leaves  2  -  3-ternately  compound  ;  the  leaflets  pin¬ 
nate,  5-7,  sharply  cut-serrate,  acute,  pale  beneath ;  petioles  much 
inflated;  involucels  very  short;  fruit  smooth.  (Angelica  triquinkta, 
Michx.) —  Low  river-banks.  June.  —  Stem  very  stout,  30-6°  high, 
hollow.  Flowers  greenish- white.  Plant  strong-scented;  a  popular 
aromatic. 

2.  A.  peregrrlna,  Nutt.  Stem  downy  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
ternately  divided,  the  leaflets  5,  ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate  ;  involucels 
about  as  long  as  the  umbellets ;  fruit  with  thickened  but  scarcely 
winged  lateral  ribs.  —  Coast  of  Massachusetts,  Dr.  Pickering.  Little 
known. 

3.  A.  llirsuta,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Woolly  or  downy  at  the  top, 
rather  slender ;  leaves  twice  pinnately  or  ternately  divided ;  leaflets 
thickish,  ovate-oblong,  often  blunt,  serrate  ;  involucels  nearly  as  long 
as  the  umbellets  ;  peduncles  and  fruit  downy.  (Angelica  triquinkta, 
Nutt.)  —  Dry  open  woods,  New  York  to  Ohio,  July.  —  Stem  2P  — 5° 
high  :  flowers  white. 

Angelica  Curtisii,  Buckley,  which  has  been  detected  as  far  north 
as  Cheat  Mountain,  Virginia,  is  to  be  sought  in  the  high  mountains 
of  Pennsylvania. 

11. CONIOSELINIJM,  Fischer.  Hemlock  Parsley. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval ;  the  carpels  convex-flattish 

and  narrowly  3-winged  on  the  back,  and  more  broadly  winged 
at  the  margins :  oil-tubes  in  the  substance  of  the  pericarp  1-3 
in  each  of  the  interstices  and  several  on  the  inner  face.  —  Smooth 
herbs,  with  finely  2  -  3-pinnately  compound  thin  leaves,  inflated 
petioles,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre  scarcely  any :  leaflets  of 
the  involucels  awl-shaped.  (Name  compounded  of  Cbnium,  the 


160  UMBELLIFERJE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

Hemlock,  and  Seftnum ,  Milk-Parsley,  from  its  resemblance  to 
these  two  genera.) 

1.  C.  Cauadcnse,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Leaflets  pinnatifid,  the  lobes 
linear-oblong,  acute  ;  fruit  longer  than  the  pedicels,  lj.  —  Swamps, 
Vermont  to  Wisconsin  northward.  Aug.  —  Plant  2° -4°  high,  in 
foliage  somewhat  resembling  the  Poison  Hemlock. 

12.  JETHirSA,  L.  Fool’s  Parsley. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-globose  ;  the  carpels  each 
with  5  thick  sharply-keeled  ridges  :  interstices  with  single  oil-tubes. 
—  Annual  poisonous  herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  and 
many-cleft  leaves,  the  divisions  pinnate,  and  white  flowers.  (Name 
from  atOa>,  to  bum ,  from  the  acrid  taste.) 

1.  AE.  Cynapium,  L.  Divisions  of  the  leaves  wedge-lance¬ 
olate,  rather  obtuse ;  involucre  none ;  involucels  3-leaved,  long  and 
narrow,  hanging.  —  About  cultivated  grounds,  naturalized.  July. — 
A  fetid  poisonous  herb,  with  much  the  aspect  of  Poison  Hemlock, 
but  with  dark-green  foliage,  long  hanging  involucels,  and  unspotted 
stem. 

13.  iLIGtSTICUM,  L.  Lovage. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  minute.  Fruit  elliptical,  round  on  the 
cross  section,  or  slightly  compressed  :  the  carpels  each  with  5 
sharp  and  projecting  or  narrowly  winged  ridges :  interstices  and 
inner  face  with  many  oil-tubes.  —  Perennials,  with  aromatic  roots 
and  fruit,  2  -  3-temately  compound  leaves,  and  wThite  flowers. 
(Named  from  the  country  Liguria ,  where  the  officinal  Lovage  of 
the  gardens,  L.  Levtsticum ,  abounds.) 

1.  L.  Sctiticiim,  L.  (Scotch  Lovage.)  Stem  nearly  sim¬ 
ple  ;  leaves  2-ternate ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  coarsely  toothed  or 
cut ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  and  involucels  linear ;  calyx-teeth  dis¬ 
tinct.  —  Edge  of  salt  marshes,  from  Rhode  Island  to  Maine.  Aug.— 
Plant  smooth,  2°  high  :  root  acrid  but  aromatic. 

2.  L.  actteifollum,  Michx.  (Nondo.  Angelico.)  Stem 
tall,  branched  above ;  the  numerous  umbels  forming  a  loose  and 
naked  somewhat  whorled  panicle,  all  the  lateral  ones  mostly  barren , 
leaves  3-ternate ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  equally  serrate,  the  end 
ones  often  3-parted  ;  calyx-teeth  minute  ;  ribs  of  the  fruit  wing-like. 

Topsfield  and  Scituate,  Massachusetts,  Oakes  and  Russell.  I  have 
not  seen  it  from  N.  England :  it  doubtless  grows  in  S.  W.  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  as  it  abounds  in  the  mountains  southward.  July. — Plant  3P- 
tP  high,  with  a  long,  very  aromatic  root. 


161 


TTMBELLIFERiE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 


14.  THASPIUM,  Nutt.  Meadow  Parsnip. 


Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Fruit  elliptical,  or  ovoid,  the  cross 
section  roundish,  not  contracted  at  the  sides  :  the  carpels  with  5 
equidistant  winged  ribs :  interstices  with  single  oil-tubes.  In¬ 
volucre  none  :  involucels  few-leaved.  —  Perennials  with  1-3- 
ternately  compound  leaves,  and  yellow  or  dark-purple  flowers. 
(Name  a  play  upon  that  of  the  allied  genus  Thapsia ,  which  was 
so  called  because  it  was  found  on  the  island  Thapsus.) 


*  Dorsal  icings  of  the  fruit  often  alternately  shorter. 
x.  X.  l>arl>indde,  Nutt.  Stem  tall  and  branching,  downy  on 
the  joints;  leaves  2-3-ternately  compound;  leaflets  wedge-ovate, 
acute,  unequally  cut-serrate,  entire  towards  the  base;  flowers  yel¬ 
low  ;  fruit  elliptical.  —  River-banks,  \V.  New  Aork  and  N.  Penns) 
vania,  to  Wisconsin.  June. 


*  *  Wings  of  the  fruit  equal. 

2.  T.  atireum,  Nutt.  Stem  smooth;  leaves  ternately,  or  the 
middle  ones  2-ternately  divided,  with  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets, 
finely  serrate  with  cartilaginous  teeth  ;  the  root-leaves  often  simp  e 
and  rounded  heart-shaped  ;  flowers  yellow  ;  fruit  oval.  (Also  n|yr 
nium  cord&tum,  Walt.,  c .)  —  Banks  and  moist  meadows,  W.  New 
York  to  Wisconsin.  June.  —  Leaflets  very  smooth,  thickish;  the 
larger  often  heart-shaped,  and  the  upper  wedge-shaped  at  the  base. 

3.  T.  atropurpiireum,  Nutt.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubes¬ 
cent  ;  root-leaves  simple  and  heart-shaped,  or  often  like  the  others 
ternately  divided,  with  the  leaflets  heart-ovate  and  oblong-ovate 
crenate-serrate;  flowers  dark  purple  ;  fruit  strongly  winged,  as  broad 
as  long.  —  Rocky  hills  and  woods,  S.  New  York  to  Penn.  June. 
Plant  l°-2°  high. 


15.  ZIZIA,  Koch.  Golden  Alexanders. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Fruit  ovate  or  oval,  flattened  later¬ 
ally  or  contracted  at  the  junction  of  the  carpels,  so  as  to  appear 
somewhat  twin  ;  each  carpel  with  5  equal  narrow  ribs,  which  are 
not  at  all  winged:  oil-tubes  1-3  in  each  interstice.  —  Smooth 
yellow-flowered  perennials,  with  the  aspect  and  characters  of 
Thaspium,  except  the  fruit.  (Named  in  honor  of  Zizn ,  a  Ger¬ 
man  botanist.) 

*  Interstices  of  the  fruit  with  single  oil-tubes. 

1.  Z.  cordata,  Koch.  Root-leaves  simple,  heart-shaped,  rarely 

lobed,  crenate-serrate  ;  those  of  the  stem  scarcely  petioled,  3-divi  e  , 
the  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  ;  fruit  short  oval.  Copses,  com 
14* 


162 


UMBELLIFERJE.  ( PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 


mon,  especially  southeastward.  May,  June.  —  Plant  with  much  the 
appearance  of  Thaspium  aureum. 

2.  Z.  aiirca,  Koch.  Lower  and  root-leaves  once ,  the  upper 
twice ,  ternately  divided  ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  ser¬ 
rate  and  often  cut,  the  end  ones  tapering  into  a  wedge-form  base  or 
winged  stalk  ;  fruit  oval.  —  Woods  and  river-banks,  Massachusetts  to 
Michigan.  June.  —  Plant  2°  high  :  umbel  rather  dense. 

*  *  Oil-tubes  3  in  each  interstice  of  the  scarcely  ribbed  fruit. 

3.  Z.  fntcg£rrillia,  DC.  Leaves  all  2-  3-ternately  divided; 
leaflets  ovate  or  oblongs  entire ,  obtuse,  pale  beneath  ;  rays  of  the  umbel 
long  and  slender ;  fruit  rather  narrow-oval.  —  Rocky  copses,  W.  Ver¬ 
mont  to  Michigan.  June. 


16.  BUPLEURUM,  Tourn.  Thorough-wax. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  flattened  laterally  or 
somewhat  twin,  the  carpels  5-Tibbed,  with  or  without  oil-tubes. 
Plants  with  simple  entire  leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from 
3our,  cm  os ?,  and  n-Xfopov,  a  rib  ;  it  is  uncertain  why  so  called.) 

1  •  B.  l'Otiimlifoliuiu,  L.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  perfoliate ; 
involucre  none ;  involucels  of  5  ovate  leaflets,  longer  than  the  urn- 
bellets.  Escaped  from  gardens,  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania. 


H18COPEE1JRA,  DC.  Mock  Bishop-weed. 

Calyx-teeth  awl-shaped.  Fruit  ovate  ;  the  carpels  each  with  3 
slender  sharp  ribs  on  the  back,  and  2  broad  lateral  ones  united 
"  ^  a  '^tokened  corky  margin  :  interstices  with  single  oil-tubes. 

Smooth  and  slender  branched  annuals,  with  the  leaves  finely 
dissected  into  bristle-form  divisions,  and  white  flowers.  (Name 
from  $tW>r,  a  disk ,  and  irXfvpoV,  a  rib.) 

1  B.  capill&cea,  DC.  Umbel  few-rayed  ;  leaflets  of  the 
involucre  3 -5-cleft ;  involucels  longer  than  the  umbellets.  —  Brack- 
~  swa™P9»  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  and  southward.  July- 
Qct  -  Plant  (P  -20'  high  :  flowers  and  fruit  small. 


18.  CICi  TA,  L.  Water  Hemlock. 

^alyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Fruit  subglobose,  a  little  contracted 
.  8ides,  the  carpels  with  5  flattish  and  strong  ribs  :  interstices 
Sln°^e  tu^es*  Marsh  smooth  perennials,  very  poisonous, 
, 1  i  T  Pinnately  0T  ternately  compound  leaves,  the  veins  of 
the  lanceolate  leaves  terminating  in  the  notches.  Involucre  few- 


163 


TJMBELLIFERJE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

leaved  :  involucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  white.  (The  ancient 
Latin  of  the  Hemlock.) 

1.  ۥ  maculata,  L.  (Spotted  Cowbane.  Musquash-root, 
&c.)  Stem  streaked  with  purple,  stout;  leaflets  oblong -lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  pointed.  —  Swamps,  common.  Aug. 
—  Plant  3°  -6°  high,  coarse ;  the  root  a  deadly  poison. 

2.  C.  Imlbifera,  L.  (Bulb-bearing  Water  Hemlock.) 
Leaflets  linear ,  remotely  toothed  or  cut-lobed ;  upper  axils  bearing 
clusters  of  bulblets.  —  Swamps,  rather  common  :  but  seldom  ripening 
fruit. 


19.  Stinffi,  L.  Water  Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  minute.  Fruit  ovate  or  globular,  flattish 
or  contracted  at  the  sides  ;  the  carpels  with  5  rather  obtuse  ribs  : 
interstices  usually  with  several  oil-tubes.  —  Marsh  or  aquatic  per¬ 
ennials,  poisonous,  with  grooved-angled  stems,  simply  pinnate 
leaves,  and  lanceolate  serrate  leaflets,  or  the  immersed  ones  cut 
into  capillary  divisions.  Involucre  several-leaved.  Flowers  white. 
(Name  supposed  to  be  from  the  Celtic  siu,  water,  from  their  hab- 
itation.) 

1  S.  latifolium,  L.  Leaflets  broadly  lanceolate,  pointed, 
serrate;  involucre  many-leaved;  calyx-teeth  conspicuous.  —  Wet 
swamps.  July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  2°  -  5°  high.  Leaflets  7- 11. 

2  S  lincare,  Michx.  Leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate;  calyx-teeth  minute;  fruit  very  strong, 
ribbed.  — Wet  swamps.  July  -  Sept.  —  Probably  the  plants  of  the 
United  States  principally  belong  to  this  species,  rather  than  to  the 
preceding. 


20.  CRTPTOTiMIA,  DC.  Honewort. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  contracted  at  the  sides ; 
the  carpels  equally  5-ribbed  :  oil-tubes  very  slender,  one  in  each 
interstice  and  one  under  each  rib. -A  perennial  smooth  herb, 
with  thin  3-foliolate  leaves,  umbels  and  umbellets  with  very  une¬ 
qual  rays,  no  involucre  and  few-leaved  involucels.  Flowers  white. 
(Name  composed  of  Kpvirros,  hidden,  and  raivia,  a  fillet,  from  the 
concealed  oil-tubes.) 

1.  C.  Canadcnse,  DC.  (Sison  Canadense,  L.)  Rich  woods, 
common.  June  — Sept.  —  Plant  2?  high.  Leaflets  large,  ov  ate,  pom 
ed,  doubly  serrate,  the  lower  lobed. 


164  UMBELLIFERJE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

91.  CH^BOPHYLLtM,  L.  Chervil. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  or  oblong,  pointed  but  not 
beaked,  contracted  at  the  sides  ;  the  carpels  5-ribbed  :  inner  face 
deeply  furrowed  lengthwise  :  interstices  with  single  oil-tubes.  — 
Leaves  decompound  ;  the  leaflets  lobed  or  toothed  :  involucre 
scarcely  any  :  involucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  chiefly  white. 
(Name  from  xatp<o,  to  gladden ,  and  <pv\\ov,  a  leaf ,  alluding  to  the 
agreeable  aromatic  odor  of  the  foliage.) 

L  C.  pro€tifliiil)cil$,  Lam.  Stems  slender  (6^  - 18^),  spread¬ 
ing,  a  little  hairy;  lobes  of  the  pinnatifid  leaflets  obtuse,  oblong; 
umbels  few-rayed  (sessile  or  peduncled)  ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong, 
with  narrow  ribs.  —  Moist  copses,  New  Jersey  to  Ohio;  not  com¬ 
mon.  May. 

22.  OSUIORRHiZA,  Raf.  Sweet  Cicely. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  angled,  tapering 
downwards  into  a  stalk-like  base,  contracted  at  the  sides,  crowned 
with  the  styles  ;  the  carpels  with  sharp  upwardly  bristly  ribs,  in¬ 
ner  face  with  a  deep  bristly  channel :  oil-tubes  none.  — Perenni¬ 
als,  with  thick  very  aromatic  roots,  and  large  2  —  3-ternately  com¬ 
pound  leaves ;  the  leaflets  ovate,  pinnatifid-toothed  or  cut.  Invo¬ 
lucre  and  involucels  few-leaved.  Flowers  white.  (Name  from 
00707,  a  scent ,  and  p/fa,  a  root ,  in  allusion  to  the  sweet  anise-like 
flavor  of  the  latter.) 

^  a  istylis,  DC.  (Smoother  Sweet  Cicely.)  Styles 

sen  er,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  leaflets  sparingly  pubescent  or 
smoot  1  vUien  old,  short-pointed ,  cut-toothed,  sometimes  lobed.— 
Rich  moist  woods,  commonest  northward.  May,  June.  — Plant  3P 
high,  branching. 

frrevlstylis,  DC.  (Hairy  Sweet  Cicely.)  Styles 
conical,  not  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  ovary;  fruit  somewhat  ta¬ 
pering  at  the  summit;  leaflets  downy-hairy,  taper-pointed,  pinnatifid- 

cut.  Moist  rocky  woods,  commoner  than  the  last,  which  it  much 

resembles. 

23.  CONUIJI,  L.  Poison  Hemlock. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides,  the 
carpels  with  5  prominent  wavy  ribs,  and  no  oil-tubes  :  inner  face 
w  ith  a  deep  narrow  groove.  —  Biennial  poisonous  herbs,  with  large 
decompound  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels  3  -  5-leaved,  the 


165 


UMBELLIFERJE.  (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

latter  1-sided.  Flowers  white.  (Kuvciov,  the  Greek  name  of  the 
Hemlock  by  which  criminals  and  philosophers  were  put  to  death 
at  Athens.) 

1.  C.  macillatUHl,  L.  Smooth;  stem  spotted;  leaflets  lan¬ 
ceolate,  pinnatifid  ;  involucels  shorter  than  the  umbellets.  —  Waste 
places,  naturalized.  July.  —  A  large  branching  herb ;  the  pale  green 
leaves  exhale  a  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised.  A  virulent  narco- 
tico-acrid  poison,  used  in  medicine. 

24.  EtlOPHUS,  Nutt.  Eulophus. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  sides  and  some¬ 
what  twin ;  the  carpels  smooth,  indistinctly  ribbed,  and  with  a 
close  row  of  oil-tubes  :  inner  face  channelled  :  the  cross  section  of 
the  seed  semilunar.  —  A  slender  and  smooth  perennial,  with  the 
leaves  2-ternately  divided  into  narrow  linear  leaflets  or  lobes.  In¬ 
volucre  scarcely  any  :  involucels  short  and  bristle-form.  Flowers 
white.  (Name  from  ev,  well ,  and  \6(fios,  a  crest ,  not  well  applied 
to  a  plant  which  has  no  crest  at  all.) 

1.  E.  A  meric  aims,  Nutt.  —  Darby  plains,  near  Columbus, 
Ohio,  Sullivant.  July.  — Root  a  cluster  of  small  tubers.  Stem  2P- 
4°  high. 

25.  ERIOiJNIA,  Nutt.  Erigenia. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  entire. 
Fruit  twin  ;  the  carpels  nearly  kidney-form,  with  5  very  slender 
ribs,  and  several  small  oil-tubes  in  the  interstices  :  inner  face  hol¬ 
lowed  into  a  broad  deep  cavity.  —  A  small  and  smooth  vernal 
plant,  producing  a  simple  stem  from  a  deep  round  tuber  bearing 
one  or  two  2  -  3-ternately  divided  leaves,  and  a  somewhat  imper¬ 
fect  and  leafy  bracted  compound  umbel.  Flowers  few,  white. 
(Name  from  rjpiyevrjs,  bom  in  the  spring ,  vernal.) 

1.  E.  Imlbosa,  Nutt.  —Alluvial  soil,  Wisconsin  to  W.  Penn, 
and  Buffalo,  New  York.  March,  April. 


The  cultivated  representatives  of  th.s  family,  not  enumerated 
above,  are  chiefly  the  Parsley  ( Apium  Pelrosdmum),  Celery  (^S. 
graviolens),  Dill  ( Jtn&thum  gravlolcns).  Fennel  (A.  Fvmculum), 
Caraway  ( C&rum  Cdrui),  and  Coriander  (  Coridndrum  sativum 


166 


ABA  LI  ACE  JE.  (SPIKENARD  FAMILY.) 

Order  50.  ARALIACEiE.  (Spikenard  Family.) 
Herbs  or  shrubs ,  with  the  same  characters  as  Umbelli- 
ferae,  but  with  usually  more  than  2  styles ,  and  the  fruit  a 
3  -  sever al-celled  drupe.  Albumen  nearly  fleshy.  Petals  flat 

1*  ARALIA,  L.  Spikenard.  Wild  Sarsaparilla. 

Flowers  mostly  perfect.  Calyx-teeth  5,  short.  Petals,  sta¬ 
mens,  and  styles  5.  Fruit  a  berry-like  5-lobed,  5-celled,  and  5- 
seeded  (blackish)  drupe.  —  Shrubs,  low  trees,  or  perennial  herbs, 
with  large  2  -  3-temately  or  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  pani- 
cled  umbels.  Flowers  greenish  white.  (Derivation  unknown.) 

1.  A.  racemdsa,  L.  (Spikenard.)  Herbaceous ;  stem  wide¬ 
ly  branched,  leafy;  leaflets  heart-ovate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  slight¬ 
ly  downy ;  umbels  small  and  very  numerous ,  clustered  in  large  doubly 
compound  racemed  panicles.  —  Rich  woodlands.  July.  —  Well 
known  for  its  spicy  aromatic  large  roots. 

2.  A,  nudicanlis,  L.  (Wild  Sarsaparilla.)  Herbaceous , 
smooth  ;  stem  very  short ,  the  single  long-stalked  leaf  next  the  ground ; 
eaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  pointed,  serrate,  5  on  each  division; 

scape  naked ,  bearing  3  umbels.  -  Moist  woodlands.  May,  June.  - 
,  e  somatic  horizontal  roots,  which  are  several  feet  long,  are  em- 
high  ^  8  8Ub8titUte  for  the  officinal  Sarsaparilla.  Leaf-stalk  1° 

3.  A.  hispida,  Michx.  (Bristly  Sarsaparilla.)  Bristly 

Shrubby  01  the  hasei  8tem  low;  leaves  twice  pinnate; 
eaHets  oblong-ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate  ;  umbels  several  in  a  stalked 
corymb.  Rocky  places.  June.-Stem  high. 

.  A.  spinosa,  L.  (Angelica-tree.)  Shrub,  or  a  low  tree ; 
stem  and  stalks  of  the  very  large  2  -  3-pi  nn  ate  leaves  prickly;  leaflets 
ovate  pomted,  serrate,  pale  beneath;  umbels  in  a  branched  panicle. 
».  Pennsylvania  and  southward:  common  in  cultivation.  July, 


2.  pAutaX,  L.  Ginseng. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  and  sta¬ 
mens  5.  Styles  2-3.  Fruit  a  2  -  3-lobed,  2  -  3-celled,  and  2  - 
3-seeded  drupe,  often  fleshy.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with 
greenish-white  flowers  ;  our  species  with  single  simple  umbels  on 
a  long  peduncle,  and  only  3  stem-leaves  in  a  whorl.  (Name  from 
Trap,  all ,  and  <W,  a  medicine ,  i.  e.  a  panacea.) 


167 


C0RNACE2E.  (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  quinquefoliilili,  L.  (Ginseng.)  Root  spindle-shaped , 
often  forked  ;  leaflets  5,  or  7,  long-stalked ,  obovate-oblong,  pointed, 
the  lateral  ones  smaller ;  peduncle  as  long  as  the  leaf-stalks ;  styles 
2 ;  fruit  flattened,  crimson.  —  Rich  woods,  and  mountain-sides,  not 
common.  July. 

2.  P.  trifolilim,  L.  (Dwarf  Ginseng.  Ground-nut.)  Root 
globular ;  leaflets  3-5,  lanceolate-oblong,  not  stalked ;  peduncle  as 
long  as  the  leaves ;  styles  3 ;  fruit  yellowish.  —  Moist  woods,  com¬ 
mon  northward.  —  Stem  4' -8' high:  the  tuber  deep  in  the  ground, 
pungent  to  the  taste,  but  not  aromatic  like  the  Ginseng. 

Order  51.  CORNACEiE.  (Dogwood  Family.) 

Shrubs ,  low  trees ,  or  rarely  herbaceous ,  with  simple  most¬ 
ly  opposite  and  entire  leaves :  the  calyx  coherent  with  the 
ovary ,  which  bears  upon  the  margin  of  the  disk  which 
crowns  its  summit  the  4  petals  ( valvate  in  the  bud)  and  4 
stamens .  —  Style  single,  slender  :  stigma  capitate  :  ovary 
2-celled  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from 
the  apex  of  each  cell.  Fruit  a  globose  2-celled  and 
2-seeded  drupe.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  fleshy 
albumen. 

1.  CORNPS,  Tourn.  Dogwood.  Cornel. 

Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Petals  oblong,  spreading.  Fila¬ 
ments  slender.  Drupes  berry-like,  separate.  — Flowers  white  or 
whitish.  Bark  bitter  and  tonic.  (Name  from  cornu ,  a  horn,  on 
account  of  the  hardness  of  the  wood,  or,  perhaps,  of  the  stone  of 
the  fruit.) 

*  Flowers  in  open  cymes :  involucre  none :  fruit  globose :  shrubs . 

1.  C.  alternifolia,  L.  (Alternate-leaved  Cornel.) 
Branches  greenish  streaked  with  white ,  alternate  ;  leaves  crowded  and 
somewhat  alternate ,  oval,  long-pointed,  acute  at  the  base,  whitish 
and  minutely  pubescent  underneath  ;  fruit  deep  blue.  —  Hill-sides  in 
copses.  May,  June.  — Shrub  8P-200  high,  tree-like,  generally  throw¬ 
ing  its  branches  to  one  side  in  a  flattish  top,  and  with  broad,  very 
open  cymes.  Differs  from  all  the  rest  in  the  somewhat  alternate 
leaves. 

2.  C.  circinata,  L’Her.  (Round-leaved  Cornel.)  Branch¬ 
es  greenish ,  warty-dotted ;  leaves  round-oval ,  abruptly  pointed ,  woolly 
underneath;  cymes  flat;  fruit  light  blue.  —  Copses.  June.  Shrub 


168  CORNACEJE.  (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

63-10phigh.  Leaves  larger  than  in  the  other  species,  4'  -  5'  in  di¬ 
ameter. 

3.  C*  sericea,  L.  (Silky  Cornel.)  Branches  purplish ;  the 
brancklets ,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  narrowly  ovate  or  elliptical 
pointed  leaves  silky-downy  (often  rusty)  cymes  flat,  close  ;  calyx-teeth 
lanceolate ;  fruit  pale  blue.  —  Wet  places  along  streams,  common. 
June.  Shrub  4° -10°  high.  Leaves  pale  and  dull.  Flowers  yellow¬ 
ish-white. 

4.  C.  stolonifera,  Michx.  (Red-osier  Cornel.)  Branch- 
eS)  especially  the  osier-like  annual  shoots  bright  red-purple ,  smooth; 
leaves  ovate ,  rounded  at  the  base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish 
with  a  minute  close  pubescence  on  both  sides,  whitish  underneath; 
cymes  small  and  flat ,  nearly  smooth ;  fruit  white  or  lead-color.  — 
Bogs,  and  wet  banks  of  streams,  common,  especially  northward ; 
the  “  Osier  rouge  ”  of  the  Canadians.  It  multiplies  by  prostrate  or 
subterranean  suckers,  and  forms  large  dense  clumps,  3?  —  6°  high. 
June. 

5.  C,  panic u lata,  LTIer.  (Panicled  Cornel.)  Branches 
gray,  smooth;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ,  taper-pointed,  acute  at  the  base, 
whitish  but  not  downy  beneath ;  cymes  convex ,  loose ,  often  panicled ) 
fruit  white ,  depressed-globose.  —  Thickets  and  hill-sides.  June.  — • 
Shrub  4°  -8°  high,  very  much  branched,  bearing  a  profusion  of  pure 
white  blossoms. 

*  Flowers  in  heads ,  or  close  clusters ,  which  are  surrounded  by  a  petal¬ 
like  4-leaved  involucre  ;  fruit  bright  red. 

6.  C.  florid  a,  L.  (Flowering  Dogwood.)  Leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  acutish  at  the  base,  when  young  downy  beneath ;  leaves  of 
the  involucre  inversely  heart-shaped ,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with 
rose-color ;  flowers  and  fruit  in  a  close  head.  —  Rocky  woods.  May, 
June.  Tree  12P-300  high,  very  showy  in  flower,  scarcely  less  so 
in  fruit. 

7.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (Dwarf  Cornel.  Bunchberry.) 
Stems  tow  and  simple  (o'  -7'  high)  from  a  slender  creeping  and  sub¬ 
terranean  rather  woody  trunk ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  the  lower 
scale-like ;  the  upper  apparently  whorled  in  sixes  or  fours,  ovate  or 
oval,  pointed ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  ovate ,  surrounding  the  incon¬ 
spicuous  capitate  cluster  of  flowers }  fruit  globular.  —  Damp  cold 
woods.  May  — July.  —  Involucre  greenish- white  1'  broad:  flowers 
greenish.  Fruit  berry-like,  nearly  tasteless. 


CAPRIFOLIACEJE.  (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.)  169 


Division  II.  MONOP^TALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the 
latter  composed  of  more  or  less  united  petals,  that  is,  mono- 
petalous.  (The  calyx  in  Composite,  &c.,  is  mostly  reduced 
to  a  pappus,  or  to  teeth,  scales,  or  a  mere  border,  or  even 
to  a  mere  covering  of  the  surface  of  the  ovary.  In  some 
plants  of  the  Heath  and  Holly  Families,  and  in  the  Thrift, 
&c.,  the  petals  are  nearly  or  quite  separate.) 

Order  52.  CAPRIFOLIACEiE.  (Honeysuckle  Fam.) 

Shrubs ,  or  rarely  herbs ,  with  opposite  leaves ,  no  stipules , 
the  calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  2  -  5 -celled  ovary ;  the  sta¬ 
mens  as  many  as  (or  one  fewer  than)  the  lobes  of  the  tubu¬ 
lar  or  wheel-shaped  corolla ,  and  inserted  on  its  tube. — 
Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  pod.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a 
small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  1.  LONICEREiE.  —  Corolla  tubular,  often  irregularly  cleft. 
Style  slender  :  stigma  capitate. 

1.  Linnjea.  Stamens  4,  one  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Fruit  dry,  3-celled,  1-seeded. 

2.  Symphoricarpus.  Stamens  4-5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 

bell-shaped  regular  corolla.  Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded. 

3.  Lonicera.  Stamens  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  or 

irregular  corolla.  Berry  several-seeded. 

4.  Diervilla.  Stamens  5.  Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  regular. 

Pod  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

5.  Trjosteum.  Stamens  5.  Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base.  Fruit  a 

3  -  5-celled  bony  drupe. 

Tribe  2.  SAMBUCEA1.  —  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  urn-shaped, 
regular,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stigmas  3,  rarely  5,  sessile.  Flowers 
in  cymes. 

6.  Sambucus.  Fruit  berry-like,  containing  3  seed-like  nutlets. 

Leaves  pinnate. 

7.  Viburnum.  Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  flattish  drupe,  with  a  thin 

pulp.  Leaves  simple. 

15 


170  CAPRIFOLIACEJE.  (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  I.  LONICfeREJS.  The  Honeysuckle  Tribe. 

1.  IjINNJEA,  Gronov.  Linna:a.  Twin-flower. 

Calyx-teeth  5,  awl-shaped,  deciduous.  Corolla  narrow  bell¬ 
shaped,  almost  equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter, 
inserted  towards  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  3-celled,  only 
one  of  the  cells  with  a  fertile  ovule  ;  so  that  the  small  dry  pod 
is  3-celled  but  only  1-seeded,  two  of  the  cells  being  empty.  — 
A  slender  creeping  and  trailing  little  evergreen,  somewhat  hairy, 
with  rounded-oval  sparingly  crenate  leaves  contracted  at  the  base 
into  short  petioles,  and  thread-like  upright  peduncles  forking  into 
2  pedicels  at  the  top,  each  bearing  a  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding 
flower.  Corolla  purple  rose-color  and  whitish,  reddish  and  hairy 
inside.  (Dedicated  to  the  immortal  Linnaeus,  who  first  pointed 
out  its  characters,  and  with  whom  this  humble  but  charming  plant 
was  an  especial  favorite.) 

1  l,,  borealis,  Gronov.  —  Moist  mossy  woods;  common  north¬ 

ward,  but  towards  the  south  only  found  along  mountains  or  in  cold 
bogs.  June. 

2.  SYMPHORICARPUS,  Dill.  (Symphoria, Pers.) 

Calyx-teeth  short,  persistent  on  the  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped, 
nearly  regularly  4  -  5-lobed,  with  as  many  short  stamens  inserted 
into  its  throat.  Ovary  4-celled,  only  2  of  the  cells  with  a  fertile 
ovule ;  the  berry  therefore  4-celled  and  2-seeded.  Seeds  bony.  — 
Low  and  branching  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short-petioled 
leaves,  which  are  downy  underneath  and  entire,  or  wavy-toothed 
on  the  young  shoots.  Flowers  white,  tinged  with  rose-color,  in 
close  short  spikes  or  clusters.  (Name  composed  of  c rvfu£opea>>  to 
bear  together ,  and  Kapros,  fruit;  from  the  clustered  berries.) 

1<  S.  occidentalis,  R.  Brown.  (Wolf-berry.)  Flowers 
in  dense  terminal  and  axillary  spikes ;  corolla  much  bearded  within  ; 
the  stamens  and  style  protruded;  berries  white.  —  Fort  Gratiot,  Mich¬ 
igan,  and  northwestward.  —  Flowers  larger  and  more  funnel-form,  and 
stamens  longer,  than  in  the  next. 

2.  S.  racemosus,  Michx.  (Snow-berry.)  Flowers  collected 
in  a  loose  and  someichat  leafy  interrupted  spike  at  the  end  of  the 
branches;  corolla  bearded  inside;  berries  large ,  bright  white.-Kockj 
banks,  from  the  Vermont  shore  of  L.  Champlain  to  Wisconsin  :  com¬ 
mon  in  cultivation.  June -Sept.  Berries  remaining  till  winter. 


CAPRIFOLIACEJE.  (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.)  171 

3.  S.  VlllgariS,  Michx.  (Indian  Currant.  Coral-berry.) 
Flowers  in  small  close  clusters  in  the  axils  of  nearly  all  the  leaves  j 
corolla  sparingly  bearded ;  berries  small ,  dark  red .  —  Rocky  banks, 
W.  New  York  and  Penn,  to  Wisconsin  :  also  cultivated.  July. 

3.  LONICERA,  L.  Honeysuckle.  Woodbine. 

Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often 
gibbous  at  the  base,  irregularly  or  nearly  Tegularly  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled.  Berry  several-seeded.  Leaves 
entire.  Flowers  often  showy  and  fragrant.  (Named  in  honor 
of  Lonicer,  a  German  botanist  of  the  16th  century.) 

§  1.  Caprifolium,  Juss.  —  Climbing  or  twining  shrubs ,  with  the  flow¬ 
ers  in  sessile  whorled  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  ( often  connate ) 

upper  leaves ,  and  forming  interrupted  terminal  spikes :  calyx-teeth 

persistent  on  the  berry. 

*  Corolla  trumpet-shaped ,  almost  regularly  and  equally  5-lobed. 

1.  L.  sempervirens,  Ait.  (Trumpet  Honeysuckle.)  Flow¬ 
ers  in  somewhat  distant  whorls ;  leaves  oblong,  pale  beneath  ;  the 
lower  petioled,  the  uppermost  pairs  united  round  the  stem.  —  Copses, 
New  York  (near  the  city)  and  southward  :  common  also  in  cultiva¬ 
tion.  May  — Oct.  —  Leaves  deciduous  at  the  north.  Corolla  ino¬ 
dorous,  nearly  2'  long,  scarlet  outside,  yellowish  within  :  a  variety 
has  pale  yellow  blossoms. 

*  *  Corolla  ringent :  the  lower  lip  narrow ,  the  upper  broad  and  4 -loled . 

2.  Tt.  grata.  Ait.  (American  Woodbine  )  Leaves  obovate, 
smooth ,  glaucous  beneath ,  the  2  or  3  upper  pairs  united,  flowers  whorl¬ 
ed  in  the  axils  of  the  uppermost  leaves  or  leaf-like  connate  bracts  ; 
corolla  smooth  ( whitish  with  a  purple  tube ,  fading  yellowish),  not  gib¬ 
bous  at  the  base.  —  Rocky  woodlands,  New  York  and  Penn.,  and 
south  westward :  also  cultivated.  May.  —  Flowers  fragrant. 

3.  L,.  Hava,  Sims.  (Yellow  Honeysuckle.)  Leaves  smooth , 
pale  and  glaucous  both  sides ,  thickish,  obovate  or  oval,  the  2-4  upper 
pairs  united ;  flowers  in  closely  approximate  whorls ;  tube  of  the 
smooth  ( light  yellow)  corolla  slender,  not  gibbous  j  filaments  smooth. 
—  Rocky  banks.  Catskill  Mountains  ( Pursh ),  Ohio,  and  Wiscon¬ 
sin  :  a  variety  with  rather  short  flowers.  June. 

4.  Iu.  parviflora,  Lam.  (Small  Honeysuckle.)  Leaves 
smooth ,  elliptical  or  oblong,  green  above ,  very  glaucous  beneath ,  the 
upper  pairs  united,  all  closely  sessile )  flowers  in  2  or  3  closely  ap¬ 
proximate  whorls  raised  on  a  peduncle ;  corolla  short ,  gibbous  at  the 
base ,  smooth  outside  ( grecnish-yelloio  tinged  with  dull  purple)  ;  fila¬ 
ments  rather  hairy  below. —  Var.  Douglasii  has  the  leaves  greener 
and  more  or  less  downy  underneath  when  young,  and  the  more  purple 


172  CAPRIFOLIACEJE.  (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

corolla  often  sparingly  pubescent.  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  New  England 
to  Wisconsin  :  the  variety  chiefly  in  the  North  and  West.  June.  —  A 
low  species  :  leaves  thickish  ;  the  margins  often  wavy  and  revolute. 

5.  L.  liirsuta,  Eaton.  (Hairy  Honeysuckle.)  Leaves  pale, 
not  glaucous ,  downy-hairy  beneath,  and  slightly  so  above,  as  well  as 
the  branches,  veiny,  broadly  oval ;  the  uppermost  united,  the  lower 
short-petioled ;  flowers  in  approximate  whorls  ;  tube  of  the  ( pale  yel- 
loro)  clammy-pubescent  corolla  gibbous  at  the  base,  slender ;  filaments 
hairy  at  the  base.  —  Damp  copses  and  rocks,  Maine  and  W.  New 
England  northward  to  Wisconsin.  July.  —  Climbing  extensively  ;  a 
coarse  large-leaved  species. 

§  2.  Xyl6steon,  Juss. —  Upright  bushy  shrubs:  leaves  distinct:  pe¬ 
duncles  axillary ,  single ,  2-bracted  and  2-flowered  at  the  summit ;  the 

tico  berries  sometimes  united  into  one :  calyx-teeth  not  persistent. 

6.  jL •  ciliata,  Muhl.  (Fly-Honeysuckle.)  Branches  strag¬ 
gling  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate ,  often  heart-shaped ,  distinctly  petioled,  thin, 
downy  beneath ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  minute ; 
corolla  funnel-form,  gibbous  at  the  base  (greenish-yellow)  the  lobes 
almost  equal;  berries  separate  (red).  —  Rocky  woods,  common  north¬ 
ward.  May. 

'•  li.  cseriilea,  L.  (Mountain  Fly-Honeysuckle.)  Low; 
branches  upright ;  leaves  oval ,  downy  when  young ;  peduncles  very 
short ;  bracts  awl-shaped ,  longer  than  the  ovaries  of  the  two  flowers 
which  are  united  into  one  (blue)  berry.  (Xylosteum  villosum,  Michx.) 

Mountain  woods  and  bogs,  W.  Massachusetts,  N.  Hampshire,  North¬ 
ern  New  York,  northward:  also  Wisconsin.  May.  —  Shrub  2°  — 2° 
high.  Flowers  yellowish,  smaller  than  in  No.  8. 

8.  oblongifolia,  Muhl.  (Swamp  Fly-Honeysuckle.) 
Branches  upright ;  leaves  oblong ,  downy  when  young,  smooth  when 
old  ;  peduncles  long  and  slender  ;  bracts  almost  none  ;  corolla  deeply  2- 
lipped ;  berries  ( purple )  formed  by  the  union  of  the  two  ovaries.  —  Bogs, 
N.  and  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.  May,  June.  —  Shrub  3° -4 
high.  Leaves  2'  -3*  long.  Corolla  ^  long,  yellowish-white. 

L.  Tatarica,  the  Tartarian  Honeysuckle;  L.  Caprifolium* 
the  Common  Honeysuckle;  and  L.  Periclymenum,  the  true  Wood¬ 
bine,  are  the  commonly  cultivated  species. 

4.  DIERVILLA,  Tourn.  Bush  Honeysuckle. 

Calyx-tube  tapering  at  the  summit ;  the  lobes  slender,  awl- 
shaped,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  almost  regular* 
Stamens  5.  Pod  ovoid-oblong,  pointed,  2-celled,  2-valved,  septi- 
cidal,  many-seeded.  —  Low  upright  shrubs,  with  ovate  or  oblong 
and  pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  cymosely  3  -  several-flowered  pe- 


CAPRIFOLIACE-E.  (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.)  173 

duncles  from  the  upper  axils,  or  terminal.  (Named  in  compliment 
to  M.  Dierville ,  who  sent  this  species  from  Canada  to  Tournefort.) 

1.  I>.  trifida,  Mcench.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed, 
petioled  ;  peduncles  mostly  3-flowered  ;  pod  long-beaked.  (D.  Cana¬ 
densis,  Muhl.)  —  Rocks,  common,  especially  northward.  June  -  Aug. 
—  Flowers  honey-color,  not  showy.  Style  exserted. 

5.  TRIOSTEUM,  L.  Fever-wort.  Horse-Gentian. 

Calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  leaf-like,  persistent.  Corolla  tubu¬ 
lar,  gibbous  at  the  base,  somewhat  equally  5-lobed,  scarcely  long¬ 
er  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled,  in  fruit 
forming  a  rather  dry  drupe,  containing  as  many  angled  and  ribbed 
1 -seeded  bony  nuts.  —  Coarse  hairy  perennial  herbs,  leafy  to  the 
top ;  with  the  ample  entire  pointed  leaves  tapering  to  the  base,  but 
connate  round  the  simple  stem.  Flowers  sessile,  and  solitary  or 
clustered  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  rpeis,  three ,  and  ocrreov ,  a 
bone ,  alluding  to  the  three  bony  seeds,  or  rather  nuts.) 

1.  T.  pcrf'olintuni,  L.  Softly  hairy;  leaves  oval,  abrvptly 
narrowed  below ,  downy  beneath  ;  flowers  dull  brownish-purple,  most¬ 
ly  clustered  in  the  axils.  —  Rich  woodlands,  not  rare.  June.  —  Stem 
2?  -4°  high.  Fruit  orange-color,  long. 

2.  X.  ailgUStitolilim,  L.  Bristly-hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate , 
tapering  to  the  base ;  flowers  greenish-cream-color,  mostly  single  in 
the  axils. —  S.  Pennsylvania  and  westward.  Smaller  than  the  last. 

Tribe  n.  SAMBUCEiE.  The  Elder  Tribe. 

6.  SAUIBIJCUS,  Tourn.  Elder. 
Calyx-lobes  minute,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  with  a 
broadly  spreading  5-cleft  limb.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a 
berry-like  juicy  drupe,  containing  3  little  nutlets  like  seeds.  — 
Shrubby  plants,  with  a  rank  smell  when  bruised,  pinnate  leaves, 
serrate  pointed  leaflets,  and  numerous  small  and  white  flowers  in 
compound  cymes.  (Name  from  crap^vKrj,  an  ancient  musical  in¬ 
strument,  supposed  to  have  been  made  of  Elder-wood.) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  (Common  Elder.)  Stems  scarcely 
woody  (5°  -  10°  high)  ;  leaflets  7-11,  oblong ,  smooth ,  the  lower  often 
3-parted  ;  cymes  flat,  5-parted  ;  fruit  black-purple.  —  Fence-rows  and 
borders  of  thickets.  June. 

2.  S.  piibens,  Michx.  (Red-berried  Elder.)  Stems  woody, 
the  bark  warty;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate ,  downy  underneath; 

15* 


174  CAPRI  FOLIACEiE.  (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 


cymes  panicled ,  convex  or  pyramidal ;  fruit  bright  red. —  Rocky  woods, 
chiefly  northward.  May  :  the  fruit  ripening  in  June.  A  white-ber¬ 
ried  variety  is  said  to  occur.  —  Stem  generally  lower  than  the  last, 
but  more  woody,  often  round-topped  and  tree-like. 


7.  VIBURNUM,  L. 


Arrow-wood.  Laurestinus. 


Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  spreading,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens 
5.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  1-seeded  drupe,  with  thin  pulp 
and  a  crustaceous  flattened  stone.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  petioled 
leaves,  and  white  (sessile)  flowers  in  flat  compound  cymes.  (The 
classical  Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

§  1.  LentXgo,  DC.  —  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect.  (Fruit  blue  or 
black  when  ripe ,  glaucous.) 

*  Leaves  entire ,  or  merely  toothed ,  not  lobed. 

MWdum,  L.  (Withe-rod.)  Leaves  thickish,  oval,  ob¬ 
long  or  lanceolate,  dotted  beneath ,  like  the  short  petioles  and  cymes , 
with  small  brownish  scales ,  smooth  above,  not  shining ,  the  margins  en¬ 
tire  or  wavy-crcnate  ;  cyme  short  peduncled  ;  fruit  round-ovoid.  —  Var. 

.  Clayt6ni,  has  the  leaves  nearly  entire,  and  the  veins  somewhat 
prominent  underneath,  and  grows  in  swamps  from  Massachusetts  near 
the  coast  to  New  Jersey  and  southward.  Var.  2.  cassinoides  (V.  pyri- 
iolium,  Pursh ,  $-c.),  has  more  opaque  and  often  toothed  leaves;  and 

C°Jd  swamPs  everywhere  northward.  May,  June.  —  Shrub 
hr  -  11)°  high. 


V.  prunifoliuin,  L.  (Black  Haw.  Sloe-leaved  Vi¬ 
burnum.)  Leaves  broadly  oval ,  obtuse  at  both  ends ,  finely  and  sharply 
•  in*nS  above,  smooth;  petioles  naked;  cymes  sessile;  fruit 
liko  ">  I°ng‘  ~  Pry  COpS,'s’ s-  Ncw  York  to  Ohio.  May.  —  A  tree- 

3  vrUb’  vcry  hands°™e  in  flower  and  foliage. 

In  L‘  (Sweet  Viburnum.)  Leaves  ovate,  strong' 

petioles  with**!/  a  VKry  sharPfy  serrate ,  smooth ,  the  long  margined 
with  rus  v  ffla  *  ^  ”  8nd  branches  the  sessile  cyme  sprinkled 
Jut.-^rt  yrui*  °val.  —  Copses,  common.  May, 

from  scarlet  ,o  bLdTc’k^d  V  l0ng’  ^ 

4  v  ,acK’  and  edible  m  autumn. 

IV  ovate'  L‘  (Arrow-wood.)  Smooth ;  leaves  broad- 

der  petiole*  ^  an  s^arpLy  toothed ,  strongly  straight-veined ,  on  slen- 

ground  ",’"^"*8  P«dUncled  ;  fruit  (Bmall)  ovoid-globose.  -  Low 

«VnTr'  ^  ~.8h™b  high,  with  ash-colored 

veins  underneath*'^  WUh  hair?  tufts  in  the  axiIs  of  llie  str°nS 

ovate  or  Mon 'J**'S*®ns*  Pursh.  (Downy  Arrow-wood.)  Leaves 
, -ovate,  acute  or  pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  rather  strong- 


CAPRIFOLIACEJE.  (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 


175 


ly  straight-veined,  the  lower  surface  and  the  very  short  petioles  velvety - 
downy;  cymes  peduncled;  fruit  ovoid. — Rocks,  W.  \  ermont  to 
Wisconsin,  chiefly  northward.  —  Shrub  straggling,  2°  -4°  high. 

*  *  Leaves  3-lobed,  roundish  ;  the  lobes  pointed. 

6.  V.  aceiifolium,  L.  (Maple-leaved  Arrow-wood.) 
Leaves  Z-ribbed  and  roundish  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base ,  downy  under¬ 
neath ,  coarsely  and  unequally  toothed,  the  veins  and  stalks  hairy  ; 
cymes  long-peduncled,  many-flowered  ;  fruit  oval  \  filaments  long. 
Rocky  woods,  common.  June.  —  Shrub  3?  —5°  high. 

7.  V*  pauciflorum,  Pylaie.  Smooth ,  or  nearly  so ;  leaves 
mostly  truncate  and  5-ribbed  at  the  base ,  with  3  short  lobes  at  the  sum¬ 
mit,  unequally  serrate  throughout;  cymes  small  and  simple ,  peduncled; 
filaments  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Cold  woods,  mountains  of  N. 
Hampshire  to  N.  New  York;  also  in  Wisconsin  and  northward. 
(V.  Oxycoccus,  var.  eradiatum,  Oakes.)  —  A  low  straggling  shrub, 
with  larger  leaves  than  in  No.  6,  serrate  all  round  and  less  deeply 
lobed  than  in  No.  7  ;  of  which  it  surely  is  not  a  variety,  although  it 
has  the  short  stamens  of  the  next  section. 


§  2.  6pulus,  Tourn.  —  Marginal  fioicers  of  the  cyme  destitute  of  sta¬ 
mens  and  pistils ,  and  with  corollas  many  times  larger  than  the  others , 
forming  a  ray ,  as  in  Hydrangea. 

8.  V,  OpulllS,  L-  (Cranberry-tree.)  Nearly  smooth ,  up¬ 
right  ;  haves  strongly  Z-lobed,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  the  spreading  lobes  pointed,  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire  in 
the  sinuses ;  petioles  bearing  stalked  glands  at  the  base ;  cymes  pe¬ 
duncled;  fruit  ovoid,  red.  (V.  Oxycoccus  and  V.  6dule,  Pursh.)  — 
Shrub  5°  -  1(P  high,  very  showy  in  flower.  The  acid  fruit  is  used 
as  a  (poor)  substitute  for  cranberries,  whence  the  name  High  Cran¬ 
berry-bush,  &c.  —  The  well-known  Snow-ball  Tree,  or  Guelder- 
Rose,  is  a  cultivated  European  variety,  with  the  whole  cyme  turned 
into  large  sterile  flowers. 

9.  V.  lantanoldes,  Michx.  (Hobble-bosh,  American 
Wayfaring-tree.)  Leaves  round-ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  heart- 
shapetl  at  the  base,  closely  serrate,  many-veined ;  the  veins  and  vein- 
lets  underneath,  along  with  the  stalks  and  branchlets,  very  scurfy 
with  rusty-colored  tufts  of  minute  down ;  cymes  sessile,  very  broad  and 
fiat ;  fruit  ovoid,  crimson  turning  blackish.— Cold  moist  woods,  com- 
mon  northward.’  May.  — A  straggling  shrub;  the  decumbent  branch¬ 
es  often  taking  root.  Flowers  handsome.  Leaves  3  -  6  across. 


Order  53.  RLBIACEiE.  (Madder  Family.) 
Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by 
interposed  stipules,  or  rarely  whorled  without  apparent  slip 
ules;  the  calyx  coherent  with  the  2-  (rarely  3  -  4-)  celled 


176 


RUB1ACEJE.  (MADDER  FAMILY.) 


ovary,  or  in  one  group  free  ;  the  stamens  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  regular  corolla  (3-5),  and  inserted  on  its 
tube.  —  Fruit  various.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous, 
with  copious  hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  STELLAT.E.  The  True  Madder  Family. 


Leaves  whorled,  with  no  apparent  stipules.  Ovary  entirely  cohe¬ 
rent  with  the  calyx-tube.  Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud.  —  Herbs  or 
scarcely  woody  plants. 

1.  Galium.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-  (or  rarely  3-)  parted.  Fruit 

twin,  2-seeded. 

Suborder  II.  CINCHONE.E.  The  Cinchona  Family. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between  them.  Ovary  coherent 
with  the  calyx-tube,  or  the  apex  rarely  free. 

2.  Diodia.  Corolla  funnel-form.  Fruit  dry,  twin,  2-seeded. 

3.  Cephalanthus.  Corolla  tubular.  Fruit  dry.  Flowers  capitate. 

4.  Mitchella.  Flowers  twin.  Fruit  a  double  berry. 

5.  Hedyotis.  Corolla  various.  Fruit  a  2-celled  many-seeded  pod, 

the  upper  part  often  free  from  the  calyx. 

Suborder  III.  LOGANIEiE. 

Lea\es  opposite,  with  stipules  between  them,  united  with  the  peti- 
o  es.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  Corolla  not  convolute  in  the  bud. 

6.  Spigelia.  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form.  Pod  twin,  few-seeded. 

Suborder  I.  STELLATjE.  The  True  Madder  Family. 


!•  L.  Bedstraw.  Cleavers. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  wheel- 
shaped.  Stamens  4,  rarely  3,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  dry,  or  a 
ittle  fleshy,  globular,  twin,  separating  when  ripe  into  the  2  seed- 
cvm  lnd*:hlSCent’  ^^ded  carpels.  —  Slender  herbs,  with  small 
oftpr^6  °Uers’  S(lllare  steins,  and  whorled  leaves:  the  roots 
which  lnui£  a  red  coloring  matter.  (Name  from  yaXa,  milk, 
which  some  species  are  used  to  curdle.) 

1  a  t  j  **  ®  In  a  *>horl:  pcdunr.lfs  feir-fiorrrrcd. 

and  recW L-,  (Cl“’»s.  Goose-Grass.)  Stem  weak 
*’  lstle-pnckly  backwards,  hairy  at  the  joints ;  leaves 


177 


RUBIACE.E.  (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  short-pointed ;  peduncles  axillary, 

1  -  2-flowered  ;  flowers  white  ;  fruit  (large)  bristly  with  hooked  pric¬ 
kles. —  Moist  thickets.  June.  —  Stems  2° -6°  long:  leaves  T-2' 
long,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib. 

*  *  Perennial :  leaves  4—6  (in  the  last  species  8)  in  a  whorl. 
Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal ,  few-flowered :  flowers  white  or 
sometimes  greenish. 

2.  G.  asprellum,  Michx.  (Rough  Bedstraw.)  Stem  weak, 
much  branched,  rough  backwards,  with  hooked  prickles,  leaning  on 
bushes;  leaves  in  whorls  of  6,  or  4-5  on  the  branchlets ,  oval-lanceolate , 
pointed,  with  almost  prickly  margins  and  midrib  ;  peduncles  many, 
short,  2-3  times  forked ;  fruit  usually  smooth.  — -  Low  thickets.  July. 
—  Stems  reaching  the  height  of  4°  -  5° ;  the  branchlets  covered  with 
numerous  but  very  small  white  flowers. 

3.  G.  conclnnum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Comely  Bedstraw.) 
Stems  low,  diffuse,  with  minutely  roughened  angles;  leaves  all  m 
whorls  of  6,  linear ,  slightly  pointed ,  veinless,  the  margins  upwardly 
roughened  ;  peduncles  slender ,  2  —  3  times  forked ,  somewhat  panicle 
at  the  summit ;  pedicels  short ;  fruit  smooth.  — Dry  soil,  Ann  Arbor, 
Michigan.  June.  —  Plant  6'  - 12'  high,  slender,  but  rather  rigid,  not 
turning  blackish  in  drying,  like  the  rest  of  these  species. 

4.  G*  trifidum9  L.  (Small  Bedstraw.)  Stems  weak,  as¬ 
cending,  branching,  roughened  backwards  on  the  angles ;  leaves  in 
whorls  of  A  to  6,  linear  or  oblanceolate ,  obtuse,  the  margins  and  midrib 
rough;  peduncles  1  -  3-flower  ed ;  pedicels  slender;  corolla-lobes  and 
stamens  often  3;  fruit  smooth.  —  Var.  1.  tinct6rium  :  stem  stouter 
with  nearly  smooth  angles,  and  the  parts  of  the  flower  usually  in 
fours.  Var.  2.  latif6lium  (G.  obtusum,  Bigel.)  :  stem  smooth,  wide¬ 
ly  branched ;  leaves  elliptical  or  oblong,  quite  rough  on  the  midrib 
and  margins. —  Swamps  and  low  grounds;  common,  and  very  varia¬ 
ble,  5' -20'  high.  June-  Aug. 

5.  G.  trifldnim,  Michx.  (Sweet-scented  Bedstraw.)  Stem 
weak,  reclining  or  prostrate,  bristly-roughened  backwards  on  the  an¬ 
gles,  shining  ;  leaves  6  in  a  whorl ,  elliptical-lanceolate,  bristle-pointed , 
with  slightly  roughened  margins  ;  peduncles  3 -flowered,  the  flowers  all 
pedicelled  ;  fruit  bristly  with  hooked  hairs.  —  Rich  woodlands,  com- 
mon.  July.  -  Stem  l°- 4°  long;  leaves  1'- 2' long.  Lobes  of  the 
greenish  corolla  pointed. 

--  Peduncles  several-flowered  :  flowers  dull  purple  or  brownish  (rare¬ 
ly  cream-color)  :  petals  pointed :  fruit  densely  hooked-bristly. 

6.  G.  pildsum,  Ait.  (Hairy  Bedstraw.)  Stem  ascending, 
somewhat  simple,  hairy  ;  leaves  in  fours ,  oval,  dotted,  hairy,  scarcely 
3- nerved ;  peduncles  twice  or  thrice  2  -  3-forked ,  the  flotcers  a  pe 
icelled.  —  Dry  copses,  Vermont  and  Rhode  Island  to  Pennsy  vania. 
June  -  August. 


178 


RUBIACEiE.  (madder  family.) 


'•  O.  circa'zans,  Michx.  (Wild  Liquorice.)  Smooth  or 
downy,  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  in  fours ,  oval ,  mostly  obtuse ,  3- 
nerved, ciliate ;  peduncles  usually  once  forked,  the  branches  elongated 
and  widely  diverging  in  fruit,  and  bearing  several  remote  flowers  on 
very  short  lateral  pedicels,  reflexed  in  fruit.  —  Rich  woods.  June  - 
Aug.  About  1°  high.  The  var.  montAnum  is  a  dwarf,  broad-leaved 
form,  from  mountain  woods. 

8-  O,  laiicoolatum,  Torr.  (Lance-leaved  Wild  Liquor¬ 
ice.)  Leaves  in  fours ,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate ,  tapering  to  the 
apex,  slightly  ciliate.  (G.  Torreyi,  Bigeloic.)  — Woodlands:  like  the 
last,  which  it  nearly  approaches ;  but  the  leaves  are  generally  twice 
the  length  and  narrower. 

Peduncles  many-flowered,  in  close  terminal  panicles. 
^><>reale,  L.  (Northern  Bedstraw.)  Stem  upright, 
smooth  ;  leaves  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate ,  3-nerved ;  panicle  elongat¬ 
ed  ,  flowers  white;  fruit  minutely  bristly,  sometimes  smooth.  —  Rocky 
banks  of  streams.  June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  1°  -  2°  high. 

10.  G.  venim,  L.  (Yellow  Bedstraw.)  Stem  upright, 
sender,  leaves  in  eights ,  linear,  grooved  above,  roughish,  deflexed; 
flowers  yellow ,  crowded  ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Dry  fields,  introduced.  Rox- 
bury,  &c.,  Massachusetts.  July. 

1  tric6rne,  which  has  the  aspect  of  G.  Aparine,  but  with  granu- 
atc  ,  not  bristly,  fruit,  on  recurved  peduncles,  is  sometimes  found  in 
30  arIey *  introduced  with  the  grain  from  Europe. 

Rl  bi a  tinctoria,  L.,  the  Madder,  has  a  berry-like  fruit ;  the  parts 
ot  the  flower  generally  5. 

uborder  II.  CINCHONE/E.  The  Cinchona  Family. 

2,  BIOOIA,  L.  Button-weed. 

lohed  '  X<5*K)rt’  ^“4-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form,  4- 
o  ^ens  4.  Fruit  dry,  2-celled,  splitting  at  maturity  into 

li  _  <Je0US  and  c*osed  1-seeded  carpels. — Low  herbs,  with 

whori  I  T01316  °PPOSite  leaV6S’  0ften  ^tered  50  as  t0  aPpeaf 
from  diod  1  ^  stipules  fringed  with  bristles.  (Name 

sidp  a  Wa^:  t^le  sPec*es  being  weeds  growing  by  the  way- 

side,  and  m  waste  places.)  8  * 

spreading  •  ll^,’  ?VaIt'  AnnuaI.  branched  from  the  base,  diffusely 
together  hi  rig,d  1  flowers  sessile  and  solitary  or  2-3 

lobes  •  fruit  j*’  'T"*  (whitish)  much  longer  than  the  4  calyx- 
’  ftU,t  ovo,t*'top-3haped,  much  shorter  than  the  bristles  of  the 


179 


RUBIACEJE.  (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

stipules.  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  Aug.  — An 
inconspicuous  plant,  4r-12'  high. 

3.  CEPHALANXHUS,  L.  Button-bush. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  pyramidal,  the  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla 
tubular,  4-toothed.  Style  thread-form,  much  protruded.  Stigma 
capitate.  Fruit  dry  and  hard,  inversely  pyramidal,  2-4-celled, 
separating  from  the  base  upward  into  2-4  closed  I -seeded  por¬ 
tions.  —  Shrubs,  with  the  flowers  densely  aggregated  in  spherical 
peduncled  heads.  Flowers  white.  (Name  composed  of 
a  head ,  and  avdos ,  a  flower.) 

1.  C.  occidentalism  L.  Mostly  smooth;  leaves  petioled, 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  opposite  or  whorled  in  threes,  with  short  inter¬ 
vening  stipules.  — Wet  places,  forming  thickets  along  streams  and 
ponds,  4°  - 10°  high.  July  -  Aug. 

4.  MITCHELLA,  L.  Partridge-berry. 

Flowers  in  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobed  ;  the  lobes  spreading,  densely  beard¬ 
ed  inside.  Stamens  4.  Style  slender  :  stigmas  4.  Fruit  a  dry 
berry-like  double  drupe,  crowned  with  the  calyx- teeth  of  the  two 
flowers,  each  containing  4  small  and  seed-like  bony  nutlets. 
Smooth  and  trailing  evergreen  herbs,  with  round-ovate  petioled 
leaves,  minute  stipules,  white  fragrant  flowers  often  tinged  with 
rose-color,  and  bright  scarlet  edible  (but  nearly  tasteless)  dry  ber¬ 
ries,  which  remain  over  winter.  Parts  of  the  flower  occasionally 
in  threes,  fives,  or  sixes.  (This  very  pretty  plant  commemorates 
Dr.  John  Mitchell ,  an  early  correspondent  of  Linnaeus,  and  an  ex¬ 
cellent  botanist,  who  resided  in  Virginia.) 

1.  M.  repeilS,  L.  Leaves  often  slightly  heart-shaped,  dark 
green  and  shining,  usually  variegated  with  whitish  lines  ;  peduncles 
2-flowered.  —  Dry  woods,  creeping  about  the  foot  of  trees.  June, 
July.  —  Some  plants  bear  flowers  with  exserted  stamens  and  included 
styles  ;  others,  conversely,  those  with  included  stamens  and  exserted 
style.  Torrey. 

5.  IIED YOTIS,  L.  Dwarf  Pink.  Bujets. 

Calyx  4-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form,  salver-form,  or 

wheel-shaped,  the  limb  4-parted,  Stamens  4.  Stigmas  2.  Pod 
often  free  at  the  top  and  rising  above  the  calyx,  2-celled,  many 


180 


RUBIACEA2.  (MADDER  FAMILY.) 


seeded,  opening  loculicidally  across  the  summit.  —  Mostly  small 
herbs,  with  small  stipules  united  to  the  petioles.  (Name  from 
rjbvs,  sweet ,  and  ovs ,  wroy,  an  ear ,  of  no  obvious  application.  — 
Ifoustonia,  now  included  in  this  genus,  was  dedicated  to  Dr.  Hous¬ 
ton,  an  early  English  botanist.) 

§  1.  Elatinella,  Torr.  &.  Gr.  —  Corolla  wheel-shaped ,  much  shorter 
than  the  leaf -like  calyx-lobes :  style  scarcely  any  :  pod  wholly  invest¬ 
ed  by  the  adherent  calyx ,  many-seeded :  stipules  2- pointed . 

H.  glomeraXa,  Ell.  Stems  branched  and  spreading,  hairy ; 
eaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  smoothish  ;  flowers  (inconspicu¬ 
ous)  clustered  in  the  axils  ;  corolla  white.  (J) —  Mostly  in  brackish 
swamps,  New  York  near  the  city,  and  New  Jersey  southward.  A 
homely  plant,  2f  - 12'  high. 

§  2.  Amphiotis,  DC.  —  Corolla  funnel-form ,  longer  than  the  calyx- 
teeth:  pod  globular  or  ovoid ,  the  upper  half  free  from  the  calyx ,  with 
-  o  seeds  in  each  cell:  perennial ,  upright:  stem-leaves  sessile: 
Jloicers  in  terminal  2—3-forked  or  panicled  few-flowered  cymes ,  some 
p  ants  icah  exserted  stamens  and  short  included  style ,  others  with 
deeply  included  stamens  and  exserted  style  ! 
j  .  Torr.  &  Gr.  Pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or 

ate,  c  o&ely  sessile,  3-5 -nerved;  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  pod. 

ft/  i-Tr-  udS’ JV*  Penn*  and  °hio  southward.  May  -  July.— Stems 

:  '  S  .F1rrS  3-7  “  a  cluster.  Pink-purple 

tkirLh  C*^*°*‘1*a*  Torr.  Low ,  nearly  smooth ;  stems  tufted,  the 
.  w  sPatulate  and  ciliate  root-leaves  in  close  rosettes ;  stern¬ 

er  Z:b  rg-U7ar'  °kUSe’  obscurely  1 -nerved ;  calyx-lobes  not  long- 
Ja  to  M  *I  PO  ~;R0Cky  banks>  N'  York  (Oswego),  and  Niag- 

pod  nred;  calyx-,obe9  ™iy  as  iong  °s,h! 

slender  branches  with  H  ^  jlarrower  leaves,  many  spreading  and 
to  Michigan  •  the  vf  Peduncles.- Shaded  banks,  Maine 

kigh,  bluish-white  or  paleYur^  Sta‘eS'  June’  “  S,e“S  5' " 

§  3.  Houst6nia  I  ..  . 

Pod  somewhat' Uobed  Ta  ^  ^ 

calyx :  the  cells  8-2fL  *  summit>  whic^  is  free  from  the 

terminal  and  axillan  T*  *  de^cate  perennials  or  biennials ,  with 
style  conversely  of  2r  T  1'^<nccrcd  peduncles :  the  stamens  and 
5.  If.  UnZth*  **  different  individuals,  as  in  §  2. 


OUS,  slender*^*^  S|^°°k'  (®LCETS  )  Smooth  ;  stems  nuroer- 
&  >  p  ng  y  branched  %}  leaves  oblong-spatulate, 


181 


RUBIACEjE.  (madder  family.) 

tapering  to  a  slender  base ;  peduncles  long  and  slender.  —  Grassy 
moist  banks,  common.  May -Sept.  —  A  very  delicate  little  herb, 
3'  -5'  high,  producing  in  spring  a  profusion  of  handsome  bright  blue 
blossoms  fading  to  white,  with  a  yellow  eye. 

Suborder  III.  LOGANIE^E. 

6.  SPIGELIA,  L.  Pink-root.  Worm-grass. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla  lubular- 
funnel-form,  5-lobed  at  the  summit,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
5  :  anthers  linear.  Style  slender,  hairy  above,  jointed  near  the 
middle.  Pod  short,  twin,  flattened,  separating  at  maturity  from 
the  base  into  2  carpels,  which  open  loculicidally,  few-seeded.— 
Chiefly  herbs,  with  the  opposite  leaves  united  by  means  of  the 
stipules,  and  the  flowers  in  spikes  or  1-sided  cymes.  (Named  in 
honor  of  Prof.  Spigelius ,  who  wrote  on  botany  at  the  beginning 
of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  S.  UlariUilidica,  L.  Stems  upright,  simple ;  leaves  ses¬ 
sile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed,  roughish-liairy  on  the  mar¬ 
gin  and  ribs;  spike  3-8-flowered;  tube  of  the  corolla  4  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  lanceolate  ;  anthers  and  style  exserted. 
)J.  — Rich  woods,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June, 
July.  — Stems  6'- 15' high  :  corolla  1^' long,  red  or  scarlet  outside, 
yellowish  within.  —  A  well-known  officinal  anthelmintic,  and  a 
showy  plant. 

Order  54.  VAEERIANACEJE.  (Valerian  Family.) 

Herbs ,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  the  calyx-tube 
coherent  with  the  ovary ,  which  has  one  fertile  1  -ovuled  cell 
and  2  abortive  or  empty  ones  ,*  the  stamens  distinct ,  2  —  3, 
fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla ,  and  inserted  on  its  tube. 
—  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  irregular,  mostly 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  slender: 
stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-celled  (the  two  empty 
cells  of  the  ovary  disappearing),  or  3-celled,  two  of  them 
empty,  the  other  1-seeded.  Seed  suspended,  anatropous, 
with  a  large  embryo  and  no  albumen.  —  Flowers  in  panicled 

or  clustered  cymes. 

16 


182 


VALERI  AN  ACE^:.  (  VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 


1.  VALERIANA,  Tourn.  Valerian. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  of  several  plumose  bristles  (like  a  pappus) 
which  are  rolled  up  inwards  in  flower,  and  unrolling  and  spreading 
on  the  seed-like  1-celled  fruit.  Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base,  the 
5-lobed  limb  nearly  regular.  Stamens  3.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
deep  and  thickened  strong-scented  roots,  and  simple  or  pinnate 
leaves.  (]\ame  from  valere ,  to  have  efficacy,  alluding  to  the  me¬ 
dicinal  qualities.) 

*  Root  fibrous:  leaves  thin. 

^ pauciflora,  Michx.  Smooth,  slender ;  root-leaves  ovatc^ 
heart-shaped ,  toothed ,  pointed,  sometimes  with  2  small  lateral  divis¬ 
ions,  stem-leaves  pinnate,  with  3-7  ovate  mostly  toothed  leaflets; 
panicled  cymes  few-flowered ;  tube  of  the  (pale  pink)  corolla  long 
and  slender ,  fruit  ribbed  with  3  close  lines  on  one  side,  and  3  distant 
ones  on  the  other.  —  Woodlands,  Ohio  and  southward.  June. 

®y^vatica,  Richards.  Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent ; 
root-leaves  ovate  or  oblong ,  entire ,  rarely  with  2  small  lobes;  stem- 
eaves  pinnate,  with  5-11  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate  nearly  entire 
ea  ets  ,  cyme  at  first  close,  many-flowered  ;  corolla  inversely  conical 
rose  co  or) ,  fruit  3-nerved  on  one  side,  1-nerved  on  the  other. — 

edar  swamps,  W.  Vermont  and  New  York  to  Michigan,  northward. 
June.  —  Plant  2°  -  3°  high. 

r »  v  spin(tte~shaped,  large  and  deep  :  leaves  thickish. 

,  *  Torr.  &.  Gr.  Stem  very  smooth,  wand-like ; 

eaves  rather  fleshy,  densely  woolly-ciliate  (when  young  sometimes 
i  t  e  ^  °wny  all  over);  those  from  the  root  lanceolate  or  spatu- 
of  the  8^eat ^nS  base,  entire,  sometimes  pinnatifid ;  those 

linear-  2  pairs)  sessile,  pinnately  3-  9-parted  ;  the  divisions 

short  firreeri'0^  ^  ^  e*on8ated  compound  panicle;  corolla  very 
other.  -sr"'Wb,teJ)  ;  ftUit  ono  s.de,  libbed  on  tb. 

June  —  Root  fi?8  Z  m°^St  prairies»  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  northward. 
fcpWlSr*'""’-  "W-  Flower.  polygflioou*> 

^ A  (Valeri  an i£lla.)  Cork-Salad. 

reeuW  °*  th<3  CalyX  t00thed  or  obsolete.  CoroUa  somewhat 
funnel-fonQ11  T  SpeCles  re®ular  or  nearly  so,  and  equally  5-lobed, 

and  sometimes  ctT*  3'  FrUit  3‘Celled>  tW°  °f  th®  CeUS 
and  biennials,  with  fork*  “““  0"e’ th®  °ther  1-seeded'  _  Aw,Uab 
aile  leaves,  entire  or  tootheT^’  ^  “d  ~ 


clustered-cymose'smalTir  ^  baS®’  and  whit®  “ 

flowers,  somewhat  involucrate  with  bracts 


VALERIANACEJE.  ( VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 


183 


(Name  of  uncertain  derivation.)  —  Our  species  all  have  the  limb 
of  the  calyx  obsolete,  and  are  so  much  alike  in  aspect,  flowers, 
&c.,  that  good  characters  are  only  to  be  taken  from  the  fruit. 

1.  F.  olitoria,  Vahl.  Fruit  compressed ,  oblique,  at  length 
broader  than  long,  the  cross  section  elliptical,  with  a  corky  or  spongy 
mass  at  the  back  of  the  fertile  cell  nearly  as  large  as  the  (often  conflu¬ 
ent)  empty  cells;  flowers  bluish. — Fields,  Penn.?  and  southward; 
introduced  from  Europe.  —  Plant  4' —  10f  high.  Also  called,  like  the 
other  species,  Lamb-Lettuce. 

2.  F.  Fagopyrum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Fruit  ovate-triangular , 
smooth ,  not  grooved  between  the  (at  length  confluent)  empty  cells ,  which 
form  the  anterior  angle^  and  are  much  smaller  than  the  broad  and  flat 
fertile  one;  flowers  white.— Low  grounds,  W.  New  York  to  Ohio 
and  Michigan.  May,  June.  —  Plant  1°  -  2P  high. 

3.  F.  radiata,  Michx.  Fruit  ovoid ,  downy  (rarely  smooth), 
obtusely  Sind  unequally  somewhat  4-angled;  the  empty  cells  parallel 
and  contiguous  but  with  a  deep  groove  between  them, rather  narrower 
than  the  flattish  fertile  cell.  —  Low  grounds,  Ohio  and  Michigan,  and 
southward. 

4.  F.  umbilicata,  Sulliv.  Fruit  globular -ovate,  smooth ;  the 
much  inflated  sterile  cells  wider  and  many  times  thicker  than  the  flattish 
fertile  one ,  contiguous,  and  when  young  with  a  common  partition, 
when  grown ,  indented  with  a  deep  circular  depressions  the  middle 
opening  Into  the  confluent  sterile  cells ;  bracts  not  ciliate.  Moist 
grounds  around  Columbus,  Ohio,  SuUivant.  (Sill.  Jour.,  Jan.  1842.) 

5.  F.  patellaria,  Sulliv.  Fruit  smooth,  circular,  platter-shap¬ 
ed  or  disk-like,  slightly  notched  at  both  ends,  the  flattened-concave 
sterile  cells  widely  divergent,  much  broader  than  the  fertile  one  and 
forming  a  kind  of  wing  around  it  when  ripe.  —  Low  grounds,  Colum¬ 
bus,  Ohio,  SuUivant :  now  first  described.  —  Plant  1°—  2P  high,  resem¬ 
bling  the  last,  but  with  a  very  different  fruit. 

Order  55.  DIPSACE^E.  (Teasel  Family.) 

Herbs ,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves ,  no  stipules ,  and 
the  flowers  in  dense  heads ,  surrounded  by  an  involucre ,  as 
in  the  Composite  Family  ;  but  the  stamens  are  distinct ,  and 
the  suspended  seed  has  albumen.  —  Represented  by  the  Sca¬ 
bious  (cultivated)  and  the  following  genus. 

I.  D1PSACIJS,  Tourn.  Teasel. 

Involucre  many-leaved,  longer  than  the  chaffy,  leafy-tipped,  and 
pointed  bracts  among  the  densely  capitate  flowers  :  each  flower 


184  DIPSACEJE.  (TEASEL  FAMILY.) 

with  a  4-leaved  calyx-like  involucel  investing  the  ovary  and  fruit 
(achenium).  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the  limb  cup¬ 
shaped,  without  a  pappus.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-cleft.  Sta¬ 
mens  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Style  slender.  —  Stout  and 
coarse  biennials,  hairy  or  prickly,  with  large  oblong  heads. 
(Name  from  Si^da,  to  thirsty  probably  because  the  united  cup¬ 
shaped  bases  of  the  leaves  in  some  species  hold  water.) 

1*  sylvcstris,  Mill.  (Wild  Teasel.)  Prickly ;  leaves 
lance-oblong,  toothed,  or  the  uppermost  entire  ;  leaves  of  the  involu¬ 
cre  slender,  longer  than  the  head ;  bracts  (chaff)  tapering  into  a  long 
flexible  awn  with  a  straight  point.  —  Naturalized  by  road-sides.  Aug. 

D.  Full6num,  the  Fuller’s  Teasel,  which  has  a  shorter  involu¬ 
cre,  and  stiff  chaff  to  the  heads,  with  hooked  points,  used  for  raising 
a  nap  upon  woollen  cloth,  is  occasionally  cultivated. 

Order  56.  COMPOSITE.  (Composite  Family.) 

Flowers  in  close  heads  (the  compound  flower  of  the  older 
botanists),  upon  a  common  receptacle ,  surrounded  by  an  in • 
volucre ,  with  5  ( rarely  4)  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla , 
their  anthers  united  in  a  tube  (syngenesious) .  —  Calyx-tube 
united  with  the  1 -celled  ovary,  the  limb  {pappus )  crowning 
its  summit  in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  &c.,  or 
cup-shaped,  or  else  entirely  absent.  Corolla  either  strap¬ 
shaped  or  tubular ;  in  the  latter  chiefly  5-lobed,  valvate  in 
the  bud,  the  veins  bordering  the  margins  of  the  lobes.  Style 
2-clefr  at  the  apex.  Fruit  seed-like  {achenium),  dry,  con¬ 
taining  a  single  erect  anatropous  seed,  with  no  albumen. — 
An  immense  family,  chiefly  herbs  in  temperate  regions, 
without  stipules,  with  perfect,  polygamous,  monoecious  or 
dioecious  flowers.  The  flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  {HgU’ 
ate)  corolla  are  called  rays  or  ray-flowers  :  the  head  which 
presents  such  flowers,  either  throughout  or  at  the  margin,  is 
7  adiate.  The  tubular  flowers  compose  the  disk ;  and  a 
head  which  has  no  ray-flowers  is  said  to  be  discoid .  The 
leaves  of  the  involucre,  of  whatever  form  or  texture,  are 
termed  scales.  The  bracts  or  scales  which  often  grow  on 


185 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

the  receptacle  among  the  flowers  are  called  the  chaff :  when 
these  are  wanting  the  receptacle  is  naked . 

***  The  technical  characters  of  the  tribes,  derived  from  the  style  and  stigmas,  be¬ 
ing  of  difficult  application,  an  artificial  analysis,  founded  on  more  obvious  distinc¬ 
tions,  is  here  introduced  for  the  assistance  of  the  learner,  in  place  of  the  ordinary 
synopsis.  The  proper  natural  arrangement  is  followed  in  the  text,  and  is  indicated 
by  the  numbers  affixed  to  the  genera. 

Suborder  I.  TUBULIFLORjE. 

Corolla  tubular  in  all  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5-  (rarely  3-4-) 
lobed ;  the  ligulate  or  ray-flowers,  wThen  present,  either  pistillate  only, 
or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil),  and  occupying  the  border. 
*  Rays  none;  the  flowers  all  tubular.  (Coreopsis,  Bidens,  and  Sene - 
do  have  some  species  which  are  destitute  of  rays.) 

Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike. 

•*+ Pappus  of  naked  capillary  bristles. 

1.  Vernonia.  Heads  many-flowered.  Pappus  double;  the  outer  a 
row  of  stout  bristles  much  shorter  than  the  achenium. 

57.  Lappa.  Heads  many-flowered.  Pappus  simple,  of  separate  bris¬ 
tles.  Involucre  burr-like,  armed  with  hooked  prickles. 

56.  Onopordon.  Heads  many-flowered.  Pappus  simple,  the  bristles 
united  at  the  base  into  a  horny  ring.  Involucre  armed  with 
straight  prickles. 

50.  Cacalia.  Heads  5  -  30-flowered.  Pappus  of  very  fine  and  co¬ 
pious  soft  bristles.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row. 
Leaves  alternate. 

6.  Eupatorium.  Heads  3 -many-flowered.  Pappus  of  scanty  and 

roughish  slender  bristles.  Scales  of  the  involucre  8  -  many . 
Receptacle  flat.  Leaves  chiefly  opposite.  Not  climbers. 

7.  Mixania.  Heads  4-flowered.  Pappus,  &c.,  as  in  the  last.  Scales 

of  the  involucre  4.  Receptacle  small,  flat.  Climbers. 

8.  Conoclinium.  Heads  many-flowered.  Receptacle  conical,  oth- 

wise  as  in  Eupatorium. 

19.  Bigelovia.  Heads  3  -  4-flowered.  Pappus  of  capillary  roughish 
bristles.  Scales  of  the  club-shaped  involucre  10-14,  ap- 
pressed,  rigid.  Receptacle  pointed.  Leaves  alternate. 
Pappus  of  plumose  or  bearded  bristles. 

55.  CiRsruM.  Heads  many-flowered.  Pappus  plumose  below.  In¬ 
volucre  greatly  imbricated.  Achenia  oblong.  Corolla  o- 
cleft.  Plant  prickly. 

5.  Kuhnia.  Heads  10-25-flowered.  Pappus  strongly  plumose. 
Involucre  slightly  imbricated.  Achenia  cylindrical,  many- 
striate.  Corolla  5-toothed. 

4.  Liatris.  Heads  few  -  many-flowered.  Pappus  plumose  or  bar- 
bellate.  Achenia  tapering  to  the  base.  Corolla  5-cleft. 

16  * 


186 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Pappus  of  hard  scales  or  chaffy  bristles. 

3.  Sclerolepis.  Head  many-flowered,  solitary.  Pappus  of  5 
short  and  obtuse  scales.  Leaves  whorled. 

2.  Elephantopus.  Heads  3- 5-flowered,  aggregated  in  dense  clus¬ 
ters.  Pappus  of  few  rigid  bristles  which  are  dilated  at  the 
base.  Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  of  two  sorts  in  the  same  head. 

Pappus  of  rigid  bristles.  Receptacle  clothed  with  bristles.  Corolla 
in  all  the  flowers  5-cleft. 

54.  Cnicus.  Involucre  imbricated,  prickly.  Marginal  flowers  slen¬ 
der,  sterile.  Pappus  of  10  long  and  10  shorter  bristles,  and 
10  very  short  teeth. 

53.  Centaorea.  Involucre  imbricated,  the  scales  fringed  or  appen- 
daged.  Marginal  flowers  much  larger,  sterile.  Pappus  of 
stiff,  often  short  bristles. 

♦+++ Pappus  of  five  capillary  bristles.  Corolla  of  the  outer  (pistillate) 
flowers  filiform,  2—3-toothed  or  truncate;  of  the  central  4  — 5-lobed. 
=  Involucre  not  dry  and  scarious :  receptacle  naked. 

40.  Erkchthites.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row,  greenish. 
Pappus  bright  white,  very  soft. 

22.  Plichea.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  purplish. 

=  =  Involucre  of  scarious,  dry,  and  thin  scales.  Woolly  herbs. 

46.  Gnaphalium.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  scanty  in  all  the 
flowers. 

48.  Filago.  Receptacle  columnar,  with  a  chaffy  scale  like  those  of 
the  involucre  subtending  each  fertile  flower:  the  central 
flowers  only  with  pappus. 

. .  Pappus  none,  or  minute  :  exterior  flowers  pistillate. 

44.  Ianacetum.  Pappus  a  minute  crown  or  cup.  Achenia  angled. 
Exterior  flowers  3-toothed.  Involucre  imbricated. 

4o.  Artemisia.  Pappus  none.  Achenia  obovoid.  Exterior  flowers 
3-toothed.  Involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  naked. 

>  A.  appus  none,  bcales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row,  often 
united.  Receptacle  with  slender  chaff.  Corolla  of  the  fer¬ 
tile  flowers  very  small. 

11.  Ade.nocaulon.  Pappus  none.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one 
row.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  and  stam- 
rnate  flowers  (each  4-5)  both  alike,  4  -  5-lobed. 

Fl°wers  of  two  kinds,  occupying  different  heads :  corolla  of  the 
fertile  flowers  yery  slender  or  none. 
n\o  ucres,  &c.,  of  the  fertile  and  sterile  heads  nearly  alike,  and 

47  .  both  many-flowered. 

TE"  NARIA*  Pappus  of  slender  bristles,  club-shaped  in  the  ster¬ 
ile  flowers.  Involucre  dry  and  scarious. 


187 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

21.  Baccharis.  Pappus  soft  and  capillary,  much  elongated  in  the 
fertile  flowers. 

•*♦++  Involucres  of  the  fertile  and  sterile  flowers  very  dissimilar;  the 
former  closed,  1  -2-flowered  ;  the  latter  racemed,  flat. 

28.  Ambrosia.  Fertile  involucre  seed-like,  pointed,  1-seeded. 

29.  Xanthium.  Fertile  involucre  burr-like,  clothed  with  hooked 

prickles,  2-celled,  2-seeded. 

*  *  Heads  radiate  :  the  disk-flowers  tubular  and  perfect,  rarely  ster¬ 
ile  :  those  of  the  border  ligulate,  pistillate,  or  neutral, 
pappus  of  capillary  bristles.  Receptacle  naked. 

•w-Rays  small  and  inconspicuous  so  that  the  head  appears  discoid,  or 
very  slender,  in  several -many  rows.  (One  section  of  Erigeron 
might  be  referred  here.) 

9.  Nardosmia.  Heads  somewhat  dioecious.  Flowers  purplish  or 
whitish.  Heads  corymbed. 

10.  Tussilago.  Head  (single)  with  many  rows  of  narrow  rays,  and 
few  disk-flowers,  yellow. 

n-*--M-Rays  in  one  marginal  row,  or  nearly  so,  not  yellow  (as  are  mostly 
the  disk-flowers). 

=  Rays  fertile. 

15.  Erigeron.  Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal  and  in  one  row, 

narrow.  Rays  very  many.  Pappus  simple  or  double,  not 
copious. 

16.  Diplop  appus.  Scales  of  the  involucre  unequal,  imbricated.  Rays 

8-12.  Pappus  double,  the  outer  very  short. 

13.  Sericocarpus.  Scales  of  the  top-shaped  or  club-shaped  invo¬ 

lucre  closely  imbricated,  12  -  15-flowered.  Rays  about  5. 
Pappus  simple.  Achenia  inversely  pyramidal,  very  silky. 

14.  Aster.  Scales  of  the  (many-flowered)  involucre  imbricated. 

Pappus  simple.  Achenia  flattened. 

=====  Rays  sterile. 

12.  Galatella.  Involucre  imbricated.  Rays  3-12.  Disk-corollas 
deeply  cleft.  Achenia  silky. 

++++++ Rays  in  one  marginal  row,  yellow,  as  well  as  the  disk-flowers. 
=  Involucre  imbricated. 

18.  Solidago.  Rays  few  and  short.  Pappus  simple. 

23.  Inula.  Rays  very  numerous  and  narrow.  Pappus  simple. 

20.  Chrysopsis.  Pappus  double ;  the  exterior  short,  chaffy-bristly. 

=  =  Involucre  of  nearly  equal  scales  in  1-2  rows. 

51.  Senecio.  Pappus  of  very  soft  and  slender  bristles.  Leaves  al¬ 

ternate. 

52.  Arnica.  Pappus  of  rather  rigid  almost  barbellate  bristles.  Lea\  es 

opposite. 


188 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

«•-  Pappus  of  short  stout  bristles,  awns,  or  scales,  or  none.  Recep¬ 
tacle  naked. 

17.  Boltonia.  Achenia  flat,  margined,  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  small 
bristles  and  2-3  stouter  awl-shaped  ones.  Rays  white  or 
purplish. 

43.  Leucanthemum.  Achenia  terete,  ribbed.  Pappus  mostly  none. 
Rays  white.  Receptacle  flat. 

39.  Helenium.  Achenia  inversely  pyramidal.  Pappus  of  5 -8  thin 

scales.  Rays  yellow.  Receptacle  globular. 

Pappus  of  few  scales,  teeth,  or  awns,  or  cup-shaped,  or  none. 
Receptacle  chaffy. 

++ Ray-flowers  fertile ;  those  of  the  disk  all  sterile. 

25.  Polymnia.  Achenia  obovoid,  turgid,  wingless :  pappus  none. 

26.  Silphium.  Achenia  flat,  wing-margined,  notched  or  2-toothed  at 

the  summit. 

Ray-flowers  sterile  (neutral),  those  of  the  disk  fertile. 

=  Receptacle  conical  or  columnar. 

40.  Maruta.  Achenia  obovoid,  ribbed.  Pappus  none.  Receptacle 

chaffy  only  at  the  top.  Rays  white. 

31.  Echinacea.  Achenia  4-angled.  Pappus  a  cup-like  border.  Chaff 

with  a  projecting  cartilaginous  apex.  Rays  purple. 

32.  Rudbeckia.  Achenia  4-angled.  Pappus  a  minute  border. 

Chaff  concave.  Rays  yellow. 

33.  Lepachys.  Achenia  flattened  laterally,  margined,  obscurely 

1  -  2-toothed  at  the  apex.  Pappus  none.  Chaff  truncate. 

=  =  Receptacle  flat  or  convex. 

34.  Helianthus.  Achenia  lenticular,  flattened  laterally,  wingless. 

Pappus  °f*  2  deciduous  awl-shaped  chaffy  scales. 

3o.  Actinomeris.  Achenia  much  flattened  laterally,  winged.  Pap¬ 
pus  of  2  persistent  awns. 

36.  Coreopsis.  Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the 

(double)  involucre.  Pappus  of  2  teeth,  scales,  or  awns  which 
are  not  barbed  backward. 

37.  Bidens.  Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  (dou¬ 

ble)  involucre,  or  beaked,  tipped  with  2  —  6  persistent  back- 
wardly  barbed  awns. 

♦***■«■  Ray  and  disk-flowers  both  fertile. 

38.  Verbesina.  Achenia  much  flattened  laterally,  tipped  with  a  pap¬ 

pus  of  2  awns. 

30.  Heliopsis.  Achenia  4-angular.  Pappus  none.  Receptacle  con¬ 
ical.  Leaves  opposite. 

*.4.  Eclipta.  Achenia  2 -4-sided.  Pappus  an  obscure  crown.  Re* 
ceptacle  flat.  Leaves  opposite. 

41.  Anthemis.  Achenia  nearly  terete.  Pappus  almost  none.  Re¬ 
ceptacle  conical.  Rays  many. 


189 


COMPOSITJE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

42.  Achillea.  Ackenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  in¬ 
volucre.  Pappus  none.  Receptacle  flat  or  small.  Rays  few. 

Suborder  II.  LIGULIFLORiE. 

Flowers  all  perfect,  with  ligulate  corollas  throughout. 

*  Pappus  none. 

58.  Lampsana.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  8  scales,  8-12-flowered. 

*  *  Pappus  chaffy,  or  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

59.  Cichorium.  Pappus  a  small  crown  of  little  bristle-form  scales. 

60.  Krigia.  Pappus  of  5  broad  chafly  scales,  and  5  bristles. 

61.  Cynthia.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer  short,  of  many  minute  chafly 

scales,  the  inner  of  numerous  long  capillary  bristles. 

*  *  *  Pappus  plumose. 

62.  Leontodon.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  several,  enlarged  at  the  base. 

*  *  *  *  Pappus  composed  entirely  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumose. 

^  Pappus  tawny  or  dirty  white :  achenia  not  flattened  or  beaked. 

63.  Hieracium.  Achenia  oblong  :  pappus  a  single  series.  Flowers 

yellow.  Scales  of  the  involucre  unequal. 

64.  Nabalus.  Achenia  cylindrical :  pappus  copious.  Flowers  whit¬ 

ish  or  purplish.  Scales  of  the  involucre  equal. 

—  Pappus  bright  white  (except  one  Mulgedium). 

65.  Troximon.  Achenia  linear-oblong,  not  beaked.  Pappus  of  co¬ 

pious  and  unequal  bristles,  some  of  them  rigid. 

66.  Taraxacum.  Achenia  long-beaked,  terete,  ribbed.  Pappus  soft. 

67.  Lactuca.  Achenia  abruptly  long-beaked,  flat.  Pappus  soft. 

68.  Mulgedium.  Achenia  flattish,  with  a  short  and  thick  beak. 

Pappus  soft,  in  one  species  tawny.  Flowers  blue. 

69.  Sonchus.  Achenia  flattish,  beakless.  Pappus  very  soft  and  fine. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Suborder  I.  TUBULIFLOR^E. 

Tribe  I.  VERNONlX.CEiE.  The  Iron-weed  Tribe. 
Heads  discoid  ;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect,  tubular.  Branch¬ 
es  of  the  style  slender  and  thread-form  or  bristle-form,  acute,  hairy 
all  over,  the  stigmatic  lines  only  on  the  lower  part.  (CoTolla  often 
slightly  irregular.) 

1.  TERNONIA,  Schreb.  Iron-weed. 

Heads  15  -  many-flowered,  in  corymbose  cymes.  Involucre 
shorter  than  the  flowers,  of  many  appressed  closely  imbricated 
scales.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  cylindrical,  ribbed.  Pappus 


190 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


double ;  the  outer  of  very  short  little  scale-like  bristles  ;  the  inner 
of  copious  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate 
leaves  and  mostly  purple  flowers.  (Named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Ver- 


non,  an  early  English  botanist  who  travelled  in  this  country.) 

1-  ^  .  N O V eboracensis,  Willd.  Scales  of  the  involucre  tip¬ 
ped  with  a  long  bristle-form  or  awl-shaped  spreading  appendage  or 
awn;  in  some  varieties  merely  pointed.  —  Low  grounds  near  the 
coast,  Maine  to  N.  Jersey;  and  river-banks  in  the  Western  States. 
■^u»-  tall  coarse  weed  with  lanceolate  various  leaves. 

2.  ^  •  fascicillata,  Michx.  Scales  of  the  involucre  (all  but 
the  lowest)  rounded  and  obtuse ,  without  appendage .  —  Prairies  and 
river-banks,  Ohio  and  westward.  Aug.  —  Tall,  with  narrowly  or 
broadly  lanceolate  leaves,  and  mostly  crowded  heads  ;  but  very  vari¬ 
able. 


2.  ELEPHANTOPUS,  L.  Elephant’s-foot. 

Heads  3 -5-flowered,  clustered  into  compound  heads.  Involu¬ 
cre  narrow  and  flattened,  of  8  oblong  dry  scales.  Achenia  many- 
ribbed.  Pappus  of  stout  bristles,  chaffy-dilated  at  the  base.  — 
Perennials,  with  alternate  leaves  and  purplish  flowers.  (Name 
composed  of  elephant ,  and  novs,foot.) 

,  ^  ^  oliniamis,  Willd.  Somewhat  hairy,  corymbose 

above,  leafy;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  thin.  —  Dry  soil.  Pennsylvania 
and  southward.  J 


Tribe  n.  EUPATORlACEiE.  The  Eupatorium  Tribe. 
Branches  of  the  style  obtuse  or  club-shaped,  usually  elongated, 
minutely  pubescent  above  on  the  outside  ;  the  stigmatic  lines  ob- 
re  \\  ithin  below  the  middle.  Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base. 


Subtribe  1.  EUPATORliLE.  -  Heads  discoid.  Flowers  all 
alike,  perfect  and  tubular,  almost  never  yellow. 


SCl.ERoi.EPlS,  Cass.  Sclerolepis. 
Head  single,  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
equal,  in  1-3  aeries.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angled. 
PP  s  a  single  row  of  almost  horny  oval  and  obtuse  scales.  -A. 
ot  i  aqpatic  perennial,  with  simple  stems,  rooting  at  the  base, 
e/*rln,^  ’near  entire  leaves  in  whorls  of  5  or  6,  and  terminated  by 
a  head  of  flesh-colored  flowers.  (Name  from  <r k\VP6S,  hard,  and 
W’  c  scale>  ^ng  to  the  hard  pappU8.) 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


191 


1.  s.  verticillata,  Cass.  (Sparganophorus,  Michx.) —  Pine 
barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  Aug. 

4.  LIATBIS,  Schreb.  Button  Snake-root. 

Head  several- many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbri¬ 
cated,  appressed.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
slender.  Achenia  slender,  tapering  to  the  base,  about  10-ribbed. 
Pappus  of  15-40  capillary  bristles,  which  are  manifestly  plumose, 
or  only  barbellate.  —  Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  with  simple  wand¬ 
like  stems  rising  from  a  round  or  oblong  tuber,  with  many  nar¬ 
row  and  rigid  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  the  heads  of  handsome 
rose-purple  flowers  disposed  in  an  elongated  spike  or  raceme ; 
often  resinous -dotted.  (Derivation  unknown.) 

*  Pappus  very  plumose :  corolla  hairy  within  :  heads  many-flowered. 

1.  i,.  squarrdsa,  Willd.  (Blazing  Star,  &c.)  Often  hairy; 
leaves  linear,  elongated ;  heads  few;  scales  of  the  involucre  numer¬ 
ous,  with  elongated  and  leaf-like  spreading  tips,  or  the  innermost 
merely  pointed.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  and  westward.  Aug.  — 
Stem  l°-3°  high. 

2.  1 cylindracea,  Michx.  Commonly  smooth  ;  leaves  lin¬ 
ear  ;  heads  few  (1-9),  cylindrical-club-shaped  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
all  with  short  and  rounded  appressed  tips.  — Dry  open  places,  Niagara 
Falls,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin.  Aug.  —  Stem  &- 18'  high.  (L. 
flexuosa,  Thomas.) 

*  *  Pappus  merely  barbellate  ( not  evidently  plumose  to  the  naked  eye)  : 

corolla  smooth  inside. 

3.  Tj.  scaridsa,  Willd.  Stem  stout,  pubescent,  or  hoary ; 
leaves  (smooth,  rough,  or  pubescent)  lanceolate;  the  lowest  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  obovate-oblong ,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  heads  few  or 
many,  large,  30  -  40-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  someichat  spherical  involu¬ 
cre  obovate  or  spatulate ,  with  dry  and  scarious  often  colored  tips  or  mar¬ 
gins. —  Dry  sandy  soil,  N.  England  to  Wisconsin.  Sept.  —  Plant  2° 
-5°  high  :  heads  V  broad. 

4.  L.  spfcata,  Willd.  Smooth  or  somewhat  hairy;  stems 

wand-like,  very  leafy;  leaves  linear,  the  lower  3-5-nerved;  heads 
densely  crowded  in  a  long  spike,  8-  12-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  cyhn- 
drical-bell-shaped  involucre  oblong  or  oval ,  obtuse,  oppressed,  with  slight 
scarious  (purplish)  margins;  achenia  pubescent  or  —  Mmst 

grounds,  S.  New  York  to  Michigan.  Aug.  —  Stem  2° -5  high,  most¬ 
ly  stout.  Involucre  somewhat  resinous. 

5.  L.  graminifolia,  Willd.  Hairy  or  smoothish ;  stem 

wand-like,  slender,  leafy ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  1-nerve  ,  - 

several  or  numerous,  in  a  spike  or  raceme  ;  7  -  12-flowere  ,  sc 


192 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

the  obconical  or  obovoid  involucre  spatulate  or  oblong ,  obtuse ,  oppressed.; 
achenia  hairy.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  in  moist  sand  ;  only 
the  var.  dubia.  Spike  or  raceme  sometimes  branched  and  panicled. 

5.  KVHNIA,  L.  Kuhnia. 

Heads  10-25-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  few  and  loose¬ 
ly  imbricated,  lanceolate.  Corolla  slender,  5-toothed.  Achenia 
cylindrical,  many-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  very  plumose 
(white)  bristles.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  mostly  alternate  lance¬ 
olate  leaves,  resinous-dotted,  and  paniculate-corymbose  heads  of 
nearly  white  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Kuhn ,  of  Pennsylvania, 
who  brought  the  living  plant  to  Linnaeus.) 

1*  K.  <n  pa  to  Worries,  L.  Leaves  varying  from  broadly  lan¬ 
ceolate  and  toothed,  to  linear  and  entire.  —  Dry  soil,  N.  Jersey,  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  and  southward.  Sept. 

®^PATORIUJ|,  Tourn.  Thoroughwort. 

Heads  3 -many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  bell-shaped. 
Receptacle  flat.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angled.  Pappus 
a  single  row  of  slender  capillary  barely  roughish  bristles.  —  Per¬ 
ennial  herbs,  often  sprinkled  with  bitter  resinous  dots,  with  gen¬ 
erally  corymbose  heads  of  white,  bluish,  or  purple  blossoms,  ap¬ 
pearing  near  the  close  of  summer.  (Dedicated  to  Eupator  Mith- 
ridates ,  who  is  said  to  have  used  a  species  of  the  genus  in  medi¬ 
cine.) 

Heads  cylindrical^  5  -  10-floioered ;  the  purplish  scales  numerous, 

closely  imbricated  in  several  rows ,  of  unequal  length ,  slightly  stri- 

JlowetT*  hCrbS  WUk  ampU  m°Slly  whorled  leaces’  “nd  fltsh-oobrd 

1.  E.  purpiYrenm,  L.  (Joe-Pye  Weed.  Trumpet-Weed.) 
Mems  tall  and  stout,  simple;  leaves  3-6  in  a  whorl,  oblong-ovate  or 
lanceolate,  pointed,  very  veiny,  roughish,  toothed;  corymbs  very 
dense  and  compound. -Varies  greatly  in  size  (2°-12°  high),  with 
spotted  or  unspotted,  and  often  dotted  stems,  &c.,  and  includes  many 
nominal  species.— Low  grounds,  common. 

*  *  Heads  5 -ZQ-jlouered  :  involucre  of  8-15  more  or  less  imbricated 
and  unequal  scales  :  flowers  white, 
res  opposite ,  or  sometimes  the  uppermost  alternate,  sessile  or  near’ 
*y  so:  heads  5-  (, rarely  6  -  8-)  flowered. 

E*  hyssopifolium,  L.  Minutely  pubescent;  leaves  nar - 
ow,  Unear  or  lanceolate ,  elongated,  obtuse,  1  -3-nerved,  entire,  or  the 


193 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

lower  sparingly  toothed,  often  crowded  in  the  axils  or  whorled,  acute 
at  the  base;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse.  —  Sterile  soil,  Massachusetts 
to  Penn,  and  southward  near  the  coast.  —  Plant  1°-  2°  high. 

3.  E.  leucdlepis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Minutely  pubescent ;  stem 
simple ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate ,  closely  sessile ,  1-nerved,  obtuse,  ser¬ 
rate ,  rough  both  sides  ;  corymb  hoary ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
white  and  scarious  acute  tips.  —  Sandy  bogs,  Long  Island  and  New 
Jersey.  —  Leaves  not  clustered  in  the  axils. 

4.  E.  altissimum,  L.  Stem  stout  and  tall  (3° -7°  high), 
downy;  leaves  lanceolate ,  tapering  at  both  ends ,  conspicuously  3- nerved , 
entire  or  toothed  above  the  middle,  the  uppermost  alternate ;  corymbs 
numerous,  dense ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse ,  shorter  than  the 
flowers.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn,  to  Wisconsin.  —  Leaves  3' -4'  long,  some¬ 
what  like  those  of  a  Solidago. 

5.  E.  silblim,  L.  Roughish-hairy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely-toothed,  veiny ;  heads  clustered  in  the  corymb;  scales  of  the 
involucre  closely  imbricated,  rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate,  pointed ,  white 
and  scarious  above ,  longer  than  the  fowers.  —  Sandy  and  barren  places, 
New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  Stem  2°  high  :  heads  very  white. 

6.  E.  teucrifblium,  Willd.  Roughish-pubescent ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate ,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base,  slight¬ 
ly  triple-nerved,  veiny,  coarsely  toothed  towards  the  base,  the  upper 
ones  alternate;  branches  of  the  corymb  few,  unequal ;  scales  of  the  in¬ 
volucre  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  at  length  shorter  than  the  flow¬ 
ers.  (E.  verbenaefolium,  Michx.)  —Low  grounds,  Massachusetts  to  N. 
Jersey  and  southward  near  the  coast.  —  Stem  2° —  3°  high:  leaves 
sometimes  cut  into  a  few  very  deep  teeth. 

7.  E.  rotundifolium,  L.  Downy-pubescent ;  leaves  round¬ 
ish-ovate,  obtuse,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply 
crenate-toothed,  triple-nerved,  veiny,  roughish;  corymb  large  and 
dense  ;  scales  of  the  (5 -flowered)  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  slightly 
pointed.  —  Dry  soil,  Rhode  Island  to  New  Jersey  near  the  coast,  and 
southward.  —  Leaves  l/-2/  long. 

8.  E.  pubescens,  Muhl.  Pubescent;  leaves  ovate ,  mostly 
acute,  slightly  truncate  at  the  base,  serrate-toothed,  somewhat  triple- 
nerved,  veiny  ;  scales  of  the  7  -  Q-flowered  involucre  lanceolate ,  acute. 
(E.  ovatum,  Bigel.)  —  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast. 
—  Like  the  last,  but  larger,  &c. 

9.  E.  sessilifolium,  L.  Stem  tall  (4° -6°)  and  smooth, 
branching ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  from  near  the 
rounded  sessile  base  to  the  sharp  point,  serrate,  veiny,  smooth  ;  coiy  mb 
very  compound,  pubescent;  scales  of  the  5-  (or  5-12-?)  flowered  in¬ 
volucre  oval  and  oblong,  obtuse.  —  Copses  and  banks,  Massachusetts 
to  Wisconsin.  —  Leaves  3f  -  6'  long. 

17 


194 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

•*“  Heads  10  - 15 -flowered  :  leaves  opposite ,  clasping  or  united  at  the 
base ,  divaricate  :  corymbs  very  compound  and  large. 

10.  E.  resinosum,  Torr.  Minutely  velvety-downy ;  leaves  linear' 
lanceolate ,  elongated ,  serrate,  partly  clasping  at  the  base,  tapering  to 
the  point,  slightly  veiny  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  ob¬ 
tuse. —  Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey.  —  Stems  in  tufts,  2°  -  3?  high. 
Leaves  4;-6;  long,  adhering  to  paper  in  drying,  from  the  copious  res¬ 
inous  globules. 

11.  E*  perfoliatum,  L.  (Thoroughwort  or  Boneset.) 
Stem  stout,  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate ,  elongated ,  united  at  the  base  around 
the  stem  (connate-perfoliate),  tapering  to  a  slender  point,  serrate,  very 
veiny,  wrinkled,  downy  beneath  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lan¬ 
ceolate. —  Low  grounds,  common,  and  well  known.  —  Varies  with 
the  heads  30  —  40- flowered. 

*  *  *  Heads  8  —  ^-flowered ;  the  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal 

and  in  one  row :  leaves  opposite ,  ovate ,  petioled,  triple-nerved  and 

veitiy,  not  resinous-dotted  :  flowers  white. 

12.  E.  ageratoides,  L.  (White  Snake-root.)  Smooth, 
branching;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed, 
long-petioled ,  thin;  corymbs  compound.  —  Rich  woods  and  copses,  N. 
England  to  Wisconsin,  common  northward.  —  Stem  2° -3?  high: 
leaves  4'  -  5'  long. 

13.  E.  aromaticum,  L.  Smooth  or  slightly  downy ;  stems 
nearly  simple ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  rather  obtusely  toothed, 
not  pointed,  thickish. —  Copses,  Massachusetts  to  Penn,  and  south¬ 
ward,  near  the  coast.  —  Resembles  the  last;  but  is  lower  and  more 
slender,  with  fewer,  but  usually  larger  heads,  and  different  leaves. 

MIKANIA,  Willd.  Climbing  Hemp-weed. 

Heads  4-flowered.  Involucre  of  4  scales.  Receptacle  small. 
Flowers  and  achenia,  &c.,  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Climbing  peren¬ 
nials,  with  opposite  commonly  heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves, 
and  corymbose-panicled  flesh-colored  flowers.  (Named  in  honor 
of  Prof.  Mikan,  of  Prague.) 

1.  M.  scandens,  L.  Nearly  smooth,  twining ;  leaves  some- 
w  at  triangnlar-heart-shaped  or  halbert-form,  pointed,  toothed  at  the 
ase.  Copses  along  streams,  climbing  over  bushes.  July  -  Sept. 

8-  COKOCLINIIJM,  DC.  Mist-flower. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  bell-shaped,  the  nearly  equal 
linear-awl-shaped  scales  somewhat  imbricated.  Receptacle  coni¬ 
cal  !  Otherwise  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Perennial  erect  herbs,  with 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  195 

opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  violet-purple  ot  bluish  flowers  in 
crowded  terminal  corymbs.  (Name  from  kvvos,  a  cone ,  and  kXiVtj, 
a  bed ,  referring  to  the  conical  receptacle.) 

1.  C.  CCBlestinum,  DC.  Somewhat  hairy  ;  leaves  triangular- 
ovate  and  slightly  heart-shaped,  coarsely  and  bluntly  toothed,  tapering 
to  the  apex.  —  Copses,  Penn,  and  Ohio.  Sept. —  Plant  l°-2°  high, 
in  tufts,  with  handsome  bluish-purple  blossoms. 

Subtribe  2.  TUSSILAGfNEJE.  —  Flowers  of  the  head  dis¬ 
similar,  or  dioecious ;  the  pistillate  often  ligulate. 

9.  NARDOSUIIA,  Cass.  Sweet  Coltsfoot. 

Heads  many- flowered,  somewhat  dioecious:  in  the  sterile  plant 
with  a  single  row  of  ligulate  pistillate  ray-flowers,  and  many  tu¬ 
bular  ones  in  the  disk  ;  in  the  fertile  plant  with  many  rows  of  mi¬ 
nutely  ligulate  ray-flowers,  and  a  few  tubular  perfect  ones  in  the 
centre.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.  Receptacle  flat. 
Achenia  terete.  Pappus  of  soft  capillary  bristles,  longer  and  co¬ 
pious  in  the  fertile  flowers.  —  Perennial  woolly  herbs,  with  the 
leaves  all  from  the  rootstock,  the  scape  with  sheathing  scaly 
bracts,  and  the  heads  of  purplish  or  whitish  fragrant  flowers  in  a 
corymb.  (Name  from  vapbos,  spikenard ,  and  007x77,  odor,) 

1.  N.  palinata,  Hook.  Leaves  rounded,  somewhat  kidney- 
form,  white-woolly  beneath,  palmately  and  deeply  5-7-lobed,  the 
lobes  toothed  and  cut.  (Tussilago  palmata,  Ait.  T.  frigida,  Bigel.) 
—  Swamps,  Maine  to  Michigan  northward;  rare.  May. —  Full- 
grown  leaves  6'  - 10'  broad. 

IO.  TUSSIL.AOO,  Tourn.  Coltsfoot. 

Head  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  narrowly  ligulate,  pis¬ 
tillate,  fertile,  in  many  rows  ;  the  tubular  disk-flowers  few,  stam- 
inate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  in  a  single  row.  Recepta¬ 
cle  flat.  Fertile  achenia  cylindrical-oblong.  Pappus  capillary, 
copious  in  the  fertile  flowers.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  horizontal 
creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  scaly  simple  scapes  in  early 
spring,  bearing  a  single  head,  and  producing  rounded  heart-shaped 
leaves  later  in  the  season.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  tussis , 
a  cough,  for  which  the  plant  is  a  reputed  remedy.) 

1.  T.  Farfara,  L.  — Wet  places,  naturalized  in  cultivated 


196  composite,  (composite  family.) 

grounds.  April.  —  Plant  low,  woolly:  the  full-grown  leaves  4' -5* 
broad,  woolly  underneath,  somewhat  angled  or  toothed. 

11.  ADENOCAijLON,  Hook.  Adenocaulon. 

Heads  5  -  10-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  with  tubular  similar  co¬ 
rollas  ;  the  5  marginal  pistillate,  fertile ;  the  others  staminate. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  equal,  in  a  single  row.  Achenia  obovoid 
or  club-shaped,  beset  with  stalked  glands  above.  Pappus  none. 

Slender  perennials,  with  the  alternate  thin  and  petioled  leaves 
smooth  and  green  above,  white  woolly  beneath,  and  few  small 
(white  ?)  heads  in  a  loose  panicle,  beset  with  glands,  whence  the 
name,  from  abfjv,  a  gland,  and  *m/Xo'r,  a  stem. 

1.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  Leaves  triangular,  rather  heart-shaped, 
with  angular-toothed  margins;  petioles  margined.  — -  Moist  woods, 
outlet  ofL.  Superior,  Dr.  Pitcher.  June. 

Tribe  HI.  ASTEROlDELE.  The  Aster  Tribe. 

Branches  of  the  style  in  the  perfect  flowers  flat  or  flattish, 
smooth  up  to  the  point  where  the  conspicuous  stigmatic  lines  ter¬ 
minate,  and  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  appendage,  which 
is  uniformly  hairy  or  pubescent  outside.  Leaves  almost  always 
alternate. 

Subtribe  1.  ASTERInEAS.  —  Heads  with  the  flowers  all 
alike  and  perfect,  or  with  ligulate  rays.  Receptacle  not  chaffy. 
Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base.  Leaves  alternate.  (Genera 
No.  12-17,  with  the  rays  never  yellow  :  genera  No.  18-20, 
with  the  rays  yellow  or  none.) 

12.  GAliATfeLl, A,  Cass.  Galatella. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  rays  few,  sterile.  Involucre  shorter 
than  the  flowers,  the  scales  closely  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows, 
without  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate.  Achenia  oblong, 
siBty-hairy.  Pappus  of  copious  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennials, 
with  straight  stems,  and  narrow  1  -3-nerved  rather  rigid  entire 
eaves,  often  dotted.  Flowers  with  purple  or  pale  rays  and  a  yel¬ 
low  disk.  (Name  a  diminutive  from  that  of  the  nymph  Galatea.) 

1.  G.  liyssopffolta,  Nees.  Branches  corymbose,  crowded; 
leaves  lanceolate-linear,  acute,  dotted,  3-nerved;  rays  5-10,  white 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


197 


tinged  with  purple.  — Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey,  Pursh.  —  Not  re¬ 
cently  found,  and  perhaps  not  really  a  native  of  this  country. 

13.  SERICOCARPUS,  Nees.  White-topped  Aster. 

Heads  12  -  15-flowered  ;  the  rays  about  5,  perfect  (white).  In¬ 
volucre  somewhat  cylindrical  or  club-shaped,  closely  imbricated  in 
several  rows,  cartilaginous  and  whitish,  with  short  and  abrupt 
green  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate-toothed.  Achenia  short,  in¬ 
versely  pyramidal,  very  silky.  Pappus  simple,  of  capillary  bris¬ 
tles.  —  Perennial  tufted  herbs,  with  sessile  somewhat  3-nerved 
leaves,  and  small  heads  in  little  clusters  disposed  in  a  flat  corymb. 
Disk-flowers  pale  yellow.  (Name  from  ar)piK6s,  silky,  and  Kapnos, 
fruit. ) 

1.  s.  solidagineus,  Nees.  Smooth,  slender ;  leaves  linear, 
rigid,  obtuse,  entire,  with  rough  margins,  tapering  to  the  base ;  heads 
very  small,  in  close  clusters,  few-flowered ;  rays  slender ,  pappus 
white.  (Aster  solidagineus,  J Vida.)  —  Copses,  New  England  to  Penn, 
near  the  coast.  July. 

2.  S.  conyzotdes,  Nees.  Somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  ob- 
lono-lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulate,  mostly  serrate  towards  the  apex, 
ciliate,  veiny;  heads  rather  loosely  corymbed ;  mvolucre  top-shaped; 
rays  short;  pappus  rusty-color.  (Aster  conyzotdes,  WMd.)- Dry 
copses,  common.  July.  —  Plant  l°-2?  high. 

14.  ASTER,  L.  Starwort.  Aster. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  in  a  single  series,  fertile. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  usually  with  her¬ 
baceous  or  leaf-like  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenia 
generally  more  or  less  flattened.  Pappus  simple,  of  capillary 
bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs  (or  annual  in  §6),  with  corymbed, 
panicled,  or  racemose  heads.  Rays  white,  purple,  or  blue :  the 
disk  yellow,  often  changing  to  purple.  (Name  dtrrtjp,  a  star, 
from  the  appearance  of  the  radiate  heads  of  flowers. ) 

U.  Biotia,  DC .- Involucre  obovoid-beU-shaped;  the  scales  regularly 
imbricated  in  several  roics,  oppressed,  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous 
tips :  rays  6-15  (white  or  nearly  so)  :  achenia  slender :  lower  leaves 
large,  heart-shaped,  petioled,  coarsely  serrate :  heads  in  open  corymbs. 
1.  A.  CorymBoSUS,  Ait.  (Corymbed  Aster.)  Stem  slender, 
somewhat  zigzag  ;  leaves  thin ,  smoothish ,  coarsely  and  unequ  y 
rate  with  sharp  spreading  teeth ,  sharp-pointed ,  ovate  or  ov  ate 
late,  all  but  the  uppermost  heart-shaped  at  the  base  an  on  s  en 
17* 


198 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


naked  petioles ;  rays  6-9. —  Copses,  common.  July- Aug.  —  Plant 
l°-2°  high,  with  smaller  heads,  looser  corymbs,  rounder  and  less 
rigid  exterior  involucral  scales,  and  thinner  (not  rough,  but  sometime? 
pubescent)  leaves,  than  the  next. 

2.  A.  macrophyllas,  L.  (Large-leaved  Aster.)  Stem 
stout;  leaves  thic/cisk,  roughs  closely  serrate ,  somewhat  pointed;  the 
lower  heart-shaped  (4' -10'  long  and  3' wide),  long-petioled  ;  the 
upper  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile  or  on  margined  petioles;  heads  in  am¬ 
ple  rigid  corymbs;  rays  12-25  (white  or  bluish).  —  Copses,  com¬ 
mon.  Aug. -Sept.  —  Stem  2 °-33  high,  rigid  ;  the  branches  rough- 
downy  above.  Involucre  broad  ;  the  outer  scales  rigid,  oblong  or 
ovate-oblong,  the  innermost  much  larger  and  thinner. 

§2.  Calliastrum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated 
in  several  rows ,  coriaceous ,  with  herbaceous  spreading  tips :  rays  12— 
30,  violet :  achenia  narrow  ( smoothish )  :  pappus  of  rigid  bristles  of 
unequal  thickness :  stem-leaves  all  sessile  ;  lower  ones  not  heart-shap¬ 
ed  :  heads  few ,  large  and  showy.  (Allied  to  §  1,  and  to  Serico- 
carpus.) 

3.  A.  RsUlula,  Ait.  (Rough-leaved  Aster.)  Stem  corym¬ 
bose  at  the  summit,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong-la  nceolatc,  pointed ,  sharply 
serrate  in  the  middle ,  very  rough  both  sides  and  rugose-veined ,  closely 
sessile,  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  oblong ,  oppressed ,  with  very 
short  and  slightly  spreading  herbaceous  tips;  achenia  smooth,  linear- 
oblong.  Bogs  and  low  grounds,  Maine  to  Penn.,  rare.  Aug. — 
Stems  l°-3°  high,  many-leaved  :  the  leaves  2'  -  3'  long,  nearly  equal 
throughout.  Rays  light  violet-purple.  Involucre  nearly  smooth,  ex¬ 
cept  the  ciliate  margins. 

4.  A.  gracilis,  Nutt.  (Low  Showy  Aster.)  Stems  several 
}  creeping  suckers  and  offsets  from  the  same  root,  low,  slightly  pu- 
escent;  leaves  roughish,  obscurely  toothed,  spat ul ate  or  narrowly  ob- 
Ottif,  contracted  at  the  base,  slightly  clasping  ;  heads  (small)  corynib- 
ct  ,  involucre  inversely  conical ,  the  whitish  and  coriaceous  scales  with 
short  and  blunt  herbaceous  tips ,  the  outer  successively  shorter;  achenia 
o  ong  wedge-form,  minutely  hairy.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  N.  Jersey. 

ept.  Scarcely  a  foot  high,  smaller  in  all  its  parts  than  the  next, 
with  narrow  involucres  very  like  those  of  Sericocarpus  conyzoides. 
Kays  about  12,  bright  violet. 


*  Ait.  (Showy  Aster.)  Stems  minutely 

roug  and  glandular-pubescent  at  the  summit;  leaves  oblong -lanceo- 
atc,  roughish ,  obscurely  toothed ,  tapering  to  the  base;  scales  of  the  short 
an  near  y  bell-shaped  involucre  almost  equal ,  linear-oblong ,  with  con- 
" picuoru  spatulate  glandular -downy  tips ;  achenia  slightly  pubescent. 

^anrj  soi  ,  ^  assachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast.  Sept. - 
V°V* ,  ,  ant  ^  high,  perhaps  the  handsomest  of  the  genus, 

hough  the  heads  are  few.  The  rays,  about  20,  are  narrowly  lanceo¬ 
late,  nearly  V  long,  very  deep  violet-blue. 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


199 


§  3.  Aster  proper. —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  various  de¬ 
grees,  with  herbaceous  or  leaf-like  summits ,  or  the  outer  ones  entirely 
foliaceous:  rays  numerous:  pappus  soft  and  nearly  uniform :  achenia 
fattened.  (All  flowering  at  the  close  of  summer  or  in  autumn.) 

♦  Leaves  silvery-silky  both  sides,  all  sessile  and  entire,  mucronulate : 
involucre  imbricated  in  3  to  several  rows :  rays  showy,  purple-violet . 

6.  A.  sericeus,  Vent.  (Silvery  Aster.)  Stems  slender, 
branched ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  heads  mostly  solitary  termi¬ 
nating  the  short  silvery  branchlets;  scales  of  the  subglobose  involucre 
similar  to  the  leaves ,  spreading,  except  the  short  coriaceous  base,  sil¬ 
very  ;  achenia  smooth,  many-ribbed.- Prairies  and  banks,  Wisconsin 
and  southward. -An  elegant  silvery  species ;  the  large  heads  with 
20-30  rays  £;  or  more  in  length. 

7.  A.  concolor,  L.  (Silky  Aster.)  Stems  wand-like,  near- 
ly  simple  ;  leaves  crowded,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  oppressed,  the  upper 
reduced  to  little  bracts  ;  heads  in  a  simple  or  compound  wand-like  ra¬ 
ceme;  scales  of  the  obovoid  involucre  closely  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  appressed,  rather  rigid,  silky,  lanceolate;  achenia  silky.  Dry 
sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  A  handsome  plant,  1  -d 
hi*h,  with  the  short  leaves  1'  or  less  in  length,  grayish-silky  and  of 
the  same  hue  both  sides.  Heads  middle-sized,  showy,  bnght  violet- 

1  .Lower  leaves  not  heart-shaped ;  the  upper  all  sessile  and  more  or 
less  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  or  aurided  base:  heads  showy : 
scales  of  the  inversely  conical  or  beU-shaped  involucre  regularly  im¬ 
bricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  successively  shorter,  oppressed,  co¬ 
riaceous,  with  short  herbaceous  tips .-  rays  large,  deep  purple  or  blue 
8  A.  natens.  Ait.  (Spreading  Aster.)  Rough-pubescent; 
stem  loosely  panicled  above,  the  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating 
the  slender  branchlets;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  often 
contracted  below  the  middle,  all  clasping  by  a  deep  auncled-heart- 
shaped  base,  rough,  especially  above  and  on  the  margins,  entire; 
scales  of  the  minutely  roughish  involucre  with  spreading  pointed 
tips ;  achenia  silky.—  Var.  piilogifolids  is  a  form  which  the  plant 
assumes  in  shady  moist  places,  with  larger  and  elongated  scarcely 
rough  thin  leaves,  downy  underneath,  sometimes  a  little  toothed 
above,  mostly  much  contracted  below  the  middle.  — Dry  copses,  com¬ 
mon.— Stem  l°-3f>  high,  with  very  spreading  bushy  branches,  and 
large  heads,  with  showy  deep  blue-purple  rays. 

0.  A.  life  vis.  L.  (Smooth  Sky-blue  Aster.)  Very  smooth 
throughout,  glaucous;  heads  in  a  close  panicle;  leaves  thickish,  lan¬ 
ceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  chiefly  entire,  the  upper  more  or  less 
clasping  by  an  auricled  or  heart-shaped  base ;  scale.-,  of  t  e  into  ucre 
with  abrupt  appressed  green  points;  achenia  svwut^‘'~~  j®. 
lands  and  banks,  common.  —  A  handsome  species,.-  -  *©  * 


200  COMPOSITE.  (composite  family.) 

marked  by  its  great  smoothness,  pale  glaucous  foliage,  its  copious 
rather  large  heads  with  triangular  green  tips  to  the  otherwise  white 
involucre,  and  the  showy  bright  sky-blue  rays. 

*  *  *  Lower  leaves  all  heart-shaped  and  petioledy  the  upper  sessile  or 
petioled :  involucre  imbricated  much  as  in  the  last  division ,  but  the 
heads  smaller ,  very  numerous ,  racemose  or  panicled. 

Leaves  entire  or  slightly  serrate :  heads  middle-sized:  rays  bright-blue. 

10.  A.  aziircus,  Lindl.  (Rough  Sky-blue  Aster.)  Stem 
rather  rough,  erect,  racemose-compound  at  the  summit,  the  branches 
slender  and  rigid  ;  leaves  rough ;  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong , 
heart-shaped ,  on  long  often  hairy  petioles  ;  the  others  lanceolate  or  lin- 
ear ,  sessile ,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped ;  involucre  inversely  conical. 
—  Copses  and  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin.  —  A  handsome  species; 
the  involucre  much  as  in  No.  9,  but  slightly  pubescent;  the  rays 
bright  blue. 

11.  A.  Slidrtii,  Boott.  (Short’s  Aster.)  Stem  slender, 
spreading,  nearly  smooth,  bearing  very  numerous  heads  in  racemose 
panicles ;  leaves  smooth  above ,  minutely  pubescent  underneath ,  lanceo¬ 
late  or  ovate-lanceolatey  elongated ,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp  point, 
all  but  the  uppermost  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on  naked 
petioles  ;  involucre  bell-shaped. — Cliffs  and  banks,  from  Ohio  south¬ 
ward  and  westward.  — A  beautiful  species,  2° -4°  high;  the  leaves 
&  -57  long. 

13.  A.  undulatus,  L.  (Variable  Aster.)  Pale  or  some¬ 
what  hoary  with  close  pubescence ;  stem  spreading,  bearing  numer¬ 
ous  heads  in  racemose  panicles ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ,  with 
wavy  or  slightly  toothed  margins ,  roughish  above ,  downy  underneath , 
the  lowest  heart-shaped  on  margined  petioles,  the  others  abruptly  con¬ 
tracted  into  short  broadly  winged  petioles  which  are  dilated  and  clasping 
at  the  base,  or  directly  sessile  by  a  heart-shaped  base;  involucre  obo- 
void.  (A.  diversifblius,  Michx .)  —  Dry  copses,  common. 

^  Leaves  conspicuously  serrate :  heads  small :  rays  pale. 

13.  A.  cordifolius,  L.  (Heart-leaved  Aster.)  Stem  much 
branched  above,  the  spreading  or  diverging  branches  bearing  very  nu¬ 
merous  panicled  heads;  lower  leaves  all  heart-shaped,  on  slender  and 
mostly  naked  ciliate  petioles  ;  scales  of  the  inversely  conical  involucre 
all  oppressed  and  lipped  with  short  green  points ,  obtuse  or  acutish.  — 
Woodlands,  very  common.  Varies  with  the  stem  and  leaves  either 
smooth,  roughish,  or  sometimes  hairy  underneath.  Heads  in  great 
prolusion,  but  quite  small.  Rays  pale  blue. 

•  ^  Willd.  (Arrow-leaved  Aster.)  Stem 

rigid,  erect,  with  ascending  branches  bearing  numerous  racemose  heads ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed ;  the  lower  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
on  margined  petioles;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear,  pointed  at  both 
ends ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear ,  tapering  into  awl-shaped 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


201 


slender  and  loose  tips.  -  Copses,  Ac.,  New  York  and  Penn,  to  Wis¬ 
consin.  —  Usually  more  or  less  hairy ;  the  heads  rather  larger  than  in 
the  last,  almost  sessile,  with  bluish  or  nearly  white  rays. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped;  those  of  the  stem  sessile ,  nar¬ 
row,  rigid ,  entire :  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows :  the  coria¬ 
ceous  scales  oppressed  and  whitish  at  the  base ,  with  abrupt  and  con¬ 
spicuous  spreading  herbaceous  tips  :  heads  small  and  very  numerous , 
paniculate-racemose :  rays  white. 

15.  A.  ericoides,  L.  (Heath-like  Aster.)  Smooth  or  spar¬ 
ingly  hairy ,  low;  the  simple  branchlets  or  peduncles  racemose  along 
the  upper  side  of  the  wand-like  spreading  branches;  loicest  leaves  ob- 
lonv-spatulate,  sometimes  toothed  ;  the  others  linear-lanceolate  or  linear- 
awl-shaped ,  acute  at  both  ends;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadest  at  the 
base ,  with  acute  or  awl-shaped  green  tips.  —  Var.  viLLdsus  is  a  hairy 
form,  often  with  broader  leaves ;  chiefly  in  the  Western  States.  — 
Dry  open  places,  New  York  to  Wisconsin.  —  Stem  about  1°  high. 

16.  A.  multifloras,  Ait.  (Many-flowered  Aster.)  Pale 
or  hoary  with  minute  close  pubescence;  the  heads  much  crowded  on  the 
spreading  racemose  branches ;  leaves  crowded ,  linear ,  spreading,  wit 
rough  or  ciliate  margins,  the  upper  somewhat  dilated  and  partly  clasp¬ 
ing  at  the  base;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  spatulate  spreading  green 
tips  broader  than  the  lower  portion,  the  outer  obtuse.  Dry  gravelly 
or  sandy  soil,  common. —  Plant  1°  or  so  high,  much  branched  and 
bushy. 

*****  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped  ;  those  of  the  stem  taper¬ 
ing  at  the  base,  sessile  ;  involucre  imbricated ;  the  scales  of  unequal 
length,  with  short  and  narrow  oppressed  or  rather  loose  greenish  tips: 
heads  small  or  middle-sized :  rays  white  or  pale  bluish-purple. 

■*-  Heads  small. 

17.  A.  dlimdsilS,  L.  (Bushy  Aster.)  Smooth  or  nearly  so, 
racemosely  compound,  the  scattered  heads  mostly  solitary  at  the  end  of 
the  spreading  branchlets ;  leaves  linear  or  the  upper  oblong,  crowded, 
entire  or  slightly  serrate,  with  rough  margins  ;  scales  of  the  closely  im¬ 
bricated  involucre  linear-spatulate ,  obtuse ,  in  4  -  6  rows.  Thickets  in 
dry  or  moist  soil,  common.  —  A  variable  species,  1  -3?  high,  oose 
branched,  with  small  leaves,  especially  the  upper,  and  an  inversely 
conical  or  bell-shaped  involucre,  with  more  abrupt  green  tips  than [ 

of  the  succeeding.  Rays  pale  purple  or  blue,  larger  than  in  the  next. 
Runs  into  several  peculiar  forms. 

18.  A.  Tradcscilnti,  L.  (Narrow-leaved  Aster)  Smooth 
or  smoothish  ;  the  numerous  heads  closely  racemed^  along  the  erect- 
spreading  or  diverging  branches;  moBtly  one-si  e  ,  eases  ‘ 
late-linear,  elongated,  the  larger  ones  remotely  serrate  in  the 

with  fine  sharp  teeth  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  near, 
acutish,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows.  -  Var.  ni«u* ;  leaves  entire 


202 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


nearly  so,  except  the  lowest;  heads  more  scattered.  —  Moist  banks, 
&c.,  very  common. — Stems  2°-4°  high,  bushy  :  heads  very  numer¬ 
ous,  smaller  than  in  the  last.  Rays  white  or  nearly  so. 

ID.  A.  miser,  L.,  Ait.  (Inconspicuous  Aster.)  More  or  less 
hairy ,  much  branched  ;  the  branches  usually  diverging,  bearing  race¬ 
mose  often  scattered  heads ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  ta¬ 
pering  or  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle;  scales  of 
the  involucre  linear,  acute  or  rather  obtuse ,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows. 

Thickets,  fields,  &c.,  very  common,  and  extensively  variable. — 
Leaves  larger  than  in  either  of  the  preceding;  the  involucre  interme¬ 
diate  between  No.  17  and  18,  as  to  the  form  of  the  scales.  Rays 
mostly  short,  pale  bluish-purple  or  white. 


—  Heads  middle-sized . 

A.  simplex,  Wilid.  (Pale  Willow-leaved  Aster.) 
Smooth  or  nearly  so,  tall,  much  branched  ;  the  branches  and  scattered 
heads  somewhat  corymbose  at  the  summit;  leaves  lanceolate, pointed, 
the  lower  serrate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped ,  loosely  and 
sparingly  imbricated.  —  Shady  moist  banks,  common.  —  Stem  2P-6P 
igh.  Lower  leaves  large.  Rays  pale.  Approaches  No.  ID  on  one 
side  and  the  two  following  on  the  other. 

*-l  •  A.  tcnuifdliiis,  L.  (Taper-pointed  Aster.)  Nearly 
smoot  ,  stem  much  branched,  the  heads  somewhat  panicled  or  ra¬ 
ceme  ,  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate ,  tapering  into  a  long  slender  point ; 
tae  lower  somewhat,  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  scales  of  the  hemispherical 
ilc  ncre  linca r-a wl-skap ed,  very  slender-pointed,  numerous ,  closely  im¬ 
bricated.  -  Low  grounds,  New  York  to  Ohio.  —  Stems  2°  -5°  high : 
araer  leaves  3' -6'  long,  rather  firm,  with  rough  margins.  Ray3 
short  and  narrow,  pale  purple  or  whitish. 

.  Cornells,  Nees.  (Variable  Aster.)  Smooth,  or  the 

nc  ts  rough  or  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate ,  somewhat  pointed,  or 
^  an<*  Partly  clasping ;  heads  racemose  along  the  as- 

cuiting  e  y  ranches ;  settles  of  the  obovate  involucre  lanceolate,  ab- 
UP  y  acute  closely  imbricated.  —  Moist  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Wis- 

nrrQh]"’Van!.S.eXCe€ding,y»  the  A*  Greenei,  Torr .  £  Gr.,  being 
probably  one  of  ,ts  forms.  Leaves  firm  in  texture,  smooth,  or  rough 
*i)  s  rather  large,  bluish,  purplish,  or  almost  white. 

*  Stem-leaves  sessile ,  the  upper  more  or  less  clasping  and 
en  somew  at  auricled  at  the  base :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  into- 
°°Se  y  07  lightly  imbricated,  somewhat  equal,  with  loose  herba- 
ips,  or  the  outer  often  entirely  herbaceous :  heads  middle-sized 

°jMrg<:  rays  blue  or  purple. 

,,'1  A*  la*U®Hus,  Nees.  (Narrow-leaved  Aster.)  Stem 

e/nnn-nt  ky4wanched  ;  leaves  narrowly  laneeolate-lineur , 

b  =  In  ’  per;p°,med>  ****’’*>  with  rough  margins;  heads  corym- 
,  ose ,  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  loose;  rays  large,  apparently 


203 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


light  blue. _ Var.  ljetiflorus  has  very  slender  branches  and  leaves, 

and  the  scales  of  the  involucre  unequal  and  more  appressed.  —  Moist 
shady  places,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  Heads  about  as 
large  as  in  A.  puniceus,  in  some  forms  appearing  more  like  A.  car- 
neus.  Leaves  4'  —  7l  long,  %  to  ^  wide. 

24.  A.  Novi-Kelgii,  L.  (Pale  Willow-leaved  Aster.) 
Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  stout ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ,  pale,  or  somewhat 
glaucous ,  serrate  in  the  middle,  acute,  tapering  to  each  end  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  rather  closely  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  with  broadish 
acute  herbaceous  tips;  rays  pale  blue  or  purplish.  —  Low  grounds,  not 
well  known  in  a  wild  state.  Heads  smaller  and  much  less  showy 


than  in  the  next. 

25.  A.  longifoliUS,  Lam.  (Willow-leaved  Blue  Aster.) 
Smooth  or  nearly  so;  stem  branched,  corymbose-panicled  at  the  sum¬ 
mit  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate,  entire 
or  sparingly  serrate  in  the  middle,  taper-pointed,  shining  above;  scales 
of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3-5  roics,  linear,  with  acute  or  awl- 
shaped  spreading  or  recurved  green  tips ;  rays  large  and  numerous, 
bright  purplish-blue.  —  Moist  places,  along  streams,  Maine  to  Penn., 
near  the  coast,  common.  —  Plant  1°  —  5°  high,  with  large  an  s  lowy 
heads ;  very  variable  in  the  foliage,  involucre,  &c. ;  its  multiform 
varieties  including  A.  laxus,  mid.  (a  form  with  more  leafy  involu- 
cres),  A.  prae&ltus,  Poir and  A.  elodes,  Torr.  Gr. 

26.  A.  puniceus,  L.  (Rough-stemmed  Aster.)  Stem  tall 
and  stout ,  rough-hairy  all  over  or  in  lines,  panicled  above  ;  leaves  ob¬ 
long-lanceolate ,  clasping  by  an  auricled  base ,  sparingly  serrate  in  the 
middle  with  appressed  teeth ,  rough  above ,  nearly  smooth  underneath, 
pointed  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear ,  acute,  loose ,  equal ,  in 
about  2  rows;  rays  long  and  showy  (lilac-blue,  paler  in  shade). 
Low  thickets  and  swamps,  common.  —  Stem  3? -6°  high,  in  open 
grounds  usually  purple,  and  very  rough  with  rigid  bristly  hairs. 

27.  A.  prenantlioides,  Muhl.  (Toothed-leaved  Aster  ) 
Stem  low ,  corymbose-panicled,  hairy  above  in  lines;  leaves  roug 
above ,  very  smooth  underneath ,  ovate-lanceolate ,  sharply  cut-toot  e  in 
the  middle ,  conspicuously  taper-pointed ,  and  tapering  be  ow  in  a  » 
contracted  entire  portion,  which  is  abruptly  dilated  rnto 
heart-shaped  clasping  base;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear, 
with  recurved-spreading  tips;  rays  light  blue^-Mo.st  copses.  W 
New  York  and  Penn,  to  Ohio. -Stem  V>-9>  high,  usually  much 
lower  than  the  preceding,  to  which  it  is  allied,  though  very  distinct. 

28.  A.  ametHystinns,  Nutt.  (Ametiivstisx  Asrea.)  Gray- 

ish-hoary ;  stem  racemose-panicled,  leafy;  leaves  meat  ’ 

entire,  rough,  acute,  partly  clasping  by  an  auricle  ase ,  sea t  es  ^ 
involucre  nearly  equal,  linear,  acute,  imbricated,  wit  sprea  n0 


204 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


aceous  tips ;  rays  violet-purple  ;  achenia  silky.  —  Near  Boston  and 
Salem,  JV uttall,  Mr.  Little.  —  Scarcely  known,:  allied  to  A.  oblongi- 
folius,  and  to  the  next;  but  the  heads  much  smaller. 

A.  ^ OV8B- Aliglte,  L.  (New  England  Aster.)  Stem 
stout,  hairy ,  corymbed  at  the  summit ;  leaves  very  numerous ,  lanceo¬ 
late,  entire ,  acute ,  auricvlate-clasping ,  clothed  with  minute  roughish  pu¬ 
bescence  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped ,  loose ,  equal ,  nearly 
in  a  single  row ,  glandular -viscid,  as  well  as  the  branchlels;  rays 
violet-purple,  sometimes  rose-purple,  very  numerous ;  achenia  hairy. 
—  Moist  grounds,  common.  — Stem  3° -8°  high;  the  showy  heads 
crowded  in  close  corymbs. 

§  4.  Oritrophium,  Kunth. -Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow ,  nearly 
equal  and  almost  in  a  single  row ,  more  or  less  herbaceous :  pappus  of 
soft  and  uniform  capillary  bristles :  mostly  low  perennials ,  bearing 
solitary  or  few  heads.  (Chiefly  arctic  or  alpine.) 
bO.  A.  graininifolius,  Pursh.  (Grassy-leaved  Aster.) 
Slightly  pubescent,  slender  (6' -12'  high);  leaves  very  numerous, 
narrow  ly  linear ;  branches  prolonged  into  slender  naked  peduncles, 
bearing  solitary  small  heads;  rays  rose-purple  or  whitish. -New 
Hampshire,  about  the  White  Mountains,  Mr.  Eddy.  (Herb.  Tucker- 
man.)  A  northern  plant. 


s,  .  rth  meris,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  im- 
nctf/e  ,  unequal,  often  carinate,  with  membranaceous  margins ,  en- 

lary^bristles^  °^ier^aceous  **PS:  pappus  of  soft  and  unequal  capil- 

31.  A.  a«u  mill  situs,  Michx.  (Pointed-leaved  Aster.) 
omtw  lat  lairy  ;  stem  low,  simple,  zigzag,  panicled-corymbose  at 
ic  summit ,  peduncles  slender ;  leaves  oblong -lanceolate ,  conspicu- 
U  P01  >  coarsely  toothed  above,  wedge-form  and  entire  at  the 

;  sea  ts  of  the  involucre  few  and  loosely  imbricated,  linear-lan- 
ccolate,  pointed,  thin  ;  rays  12-18,  white,  often  tinged  with  purple. 

o  nc  wo  s,  N.  England  to  Wisconsin,  principally  northward 
and  on  mountains.—  About  1°  high,  with  thin  leaves  3'  -5'  long,  and 
few  or  several  heads. 


J.  ,  MCllioriklls,  Ait.  (Galatella-Aster.)  Minutel] 
0  ns  i  pu  icscent ;  stem  slender,  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  sum 
it,  very  tafy  ,  leaves  small  (1' -1£'  long),  rather  rigid ,  lanceolate 
ar  y  entire,  with  revolute  margins;  scales  of  the  inversely  conica 
*  narrowlJ  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  passing  into  awl 

J vJ*0*8  1  ra^ 8  ^iac‘Purple,  elongated.  —  Bogs,  E.  Massacbu 
uj  l  •  eTsey  near  the  coast.  —  A  handsome  species,  l°-2 
*  1  SIna  .  Pa^e  ieaves  resinous-dotted  beneath.  Heads  1  a 

several,  terminating  peduncle-like  simple  branches. 

33.  4  - 


A.  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Sneezewort-Asteb 


205 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Low,  smooth  or  roughish  ;  stems  many  from  the  same  firm  rootstock, 
simple  \  leaves  linear -lanceolate ,  acutey  rigid ,  entire ,  with  rough  mar¬ 
gins,  tapering  to  the  base,  somewhat  3-nerved  j  heads  small,  in  a  flat 
crowded  corymb  j  scales  of  the  involucre  closely  imbricated  in  3  or 
4  rows,  oblong,  obtuse,  the  inner  broadly  margined;  rays  12  —  18, 
white,  short.  — Dry  rocky  banks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  north¬ 
ward.  —  A  well-marked  and  handsome  plant,  6^— 12*  high,  tufled. 

§  6.  Oxytripolium,  DC.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated ,  without 
herbaceous  tips ,  usually  very  acute ,  the  outer  passing  into  scale-like 
bracts:  pappus  soft  and  capillary:  achenia  striate.  (Natives  of  salt 
marshes,  smooth,  with  narrow  and  mostly  fleshy  leaves.) 

34.  A.  flexuosus,  Nutt.  (Perennial  Salt-marsh  Aster.) 
Stem  zigzag,  rigid,  forked  ;  the  branches  bearing  large  solitary  heads  ; 
leaves  linear ,  thick  and  fleshy ,  pointed,  entire  ;  scales  of  the  bell¬ 
shaped  involucre  imbricated  in  many  roics,  ovate-lanceolate  with  awl- 
shaped  points  ;  rays  numerous,  large,  pale  purple.  —  Salt  marshes, 
Maine  to  Penn. 

35.  A.  linifoliUS,  L.  (Annual  Salt-marsh  Aster.)  Stem 
much  branched,  the  branches  rather  erect ,  bearing  numerous  racemose 
orpanicled  small  heads;  leaves  linear-lanceolate ,  pointed,  entire,  flat, 
on  the  branches  awl-shaped ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear- 
awl-shaped ,  in  few  rows  ;  rays  somewhat  in  two  rows ,  short ,  not  pro¬ 
jecting  beyond  the  disk ,  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers,  pur¬ 
plish.  (A.  subulatus,  Michx.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Maine  to  Penn,  and 
southward.  —  Plant  1°  -  2°  high. 

15.  ERIGERON,  L.  Fleabane. 

Heads  many-flowered,  mostly  hemispherical ;  the  narrow  rays 
very  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  nearly 
equal  and  almost  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Ache¬ 
nia  flattened,  usually  pubescent  and  2-nerved.  Pappus  a  single 
row  of  capillary  bristles,  with  minuter  ones  intermixed,  or  with  a 
distinct  short  outer  pappus  of  little  bristles  or  chaffy  scales. 
Herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  and  generally  sessile  leaves,  and 
solitary  or  corymbed  flowers.  Ray  white  or  purple.  (Name, 
from  rjp ,  spring ,  and  yepcov ,  an  old  man ,  suggested  by  the  hoary 
appearance  of  some  of  the  vernal  species.) 

§  1.  Cjen6tus,  Nutt  .  —  Rays  inconspicuous ,  in  several  rows ,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  pappus  :  disk-corollas  4 -toothed:  pappus  simple:  an¬ 
nuals  and  biennials :  heads  very  small ,  cylindrical. 

1.  E.  Canada  use,  L.  (Horse-weed.  Butter-weed.) 
Bristly-hairy ;  stem  erect,  wand-like  j  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire ; 

18 


206 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


those  from  the  root  cut-lobed;  heads  very  numerous,  panicled. — 
Waste  places,  a  common  weed  everywhere.  July -Oct.  —  Plant 
5r-3°  high.  Ligules  much  shorter  than  their  tube. 

§  2.  Euerigeron,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Rays  crowded  and  conspicuous ,  in 
one,  two ,  or  more  rows :  pappus  simple.  ( Erect  perennials  :  heads 
somewhat  conjmbed.) 

2.  E#  bellidifoliuni,  Muhl.  (Robin’s  Plantain.)  Hairy, 
producing  offsets  from  the  base ;  stem  simple ,  rather  naked  above ,  bear¬ 
ing  few  (1  -  9)  large  heads,  on  slender  peduncles,  root-leaves  obovate 
and  spatulate,  sparingly  toothed ;  those  of  the  stem  distant,  lanceo¬ 
late-oblong,  partly  clasping,  entire  ;  rays  {about  50)  rather  broadly  lin¬ 
ear ,  light  bluish-purple.  —  Copses  and  moist  banks,  common.  May. 

3.  E.  Pliiladelpliicum,  L.  (Rose-purple  Fleabane.) 
Hairy ;  stem  leafy ,  loosely  corymbed  at  the  summit ,  bearing  several 
small  heads;  leaves  thin,  witli  a  broad  midrib,  oblong;  the  upper 
smoothish,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  mostly  entire  ;  the  lowest 
spatulate,  toothed  ;  rays  innumerable  and  very  narrow ,  rose-purple  or 
flesh-color.  (E.  purpureum,  Mt.)  —  Copses  and  fields,  common. 
June  -  Aug. 

§  3.  Phalacrol6ma,  Cass.  —  Rays  numerous ,  but  nearly  in  a  single 
row,  conspicuous:  pappus  plainly  double ,  the  outer  a  crown  of  minute 
chaff y-bristle-form  scales  ;  the  inner  of  scanty  capillary  bristles  which 
are  deciduous ,  or  entirely  wanting  in  the  ray :  annuals  and  biennials- 
4  E.  a ll n u u in,  Pers.  “(Daisy  Fleabane.)  Stem  tall, 
branched,  beset  with  spreading  hairs ;  leaves  coarsely  and  sharply  tooth¬ 
ed  ;  the  lowest  ovate ,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole ;  the  upper 
o\  ate-lanceolate,  acute  and  entire  at  both  ends ;  rays  white,  tinged 
with  purple,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  bristly  involucre.  (E- 
heterophyllum,  Muhl.  E.  strigosum,  Bigel.)  —  Fields  and  waste 
places,  a  very  common  weed.  June -Aug.  — Stem  3P-5°  high,  stout, 
bearing  numerous  corymbed  heads,  not  showy. 

5.  E.  Strigosum,  Muhl.  (Narrow-leaved  Daisy  Flea- 
bane.)  Stem  panicled-corymbose  at  the  summit,  roughish  like  the 
leaves  with  minute  oppressed  hairs ,  or  almost  smooth  ;  leaves  entire  or 
nearly  so,  the  upper  lanceolate ,  scattered,  the  lowest  oblong  or  spatu- 
ate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  rays  white,  twice  the  length  o 
the  minutely  hairy  involucre.  (E.  integrifblium,  Bigel)  —  Fields, 
c‘*  common.  June -Aug.  —  Stem  smaller  and  more  simple  than 
the  last,  with  smaller  heads  but  longer  rays. 

16.DIPLOPAPPCS,  Cass.  Double-bristled  Aster. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  rays  8-12,  pistillate.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  imbricated,  appressed,  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped, 


207 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

1-nerved  or  keeled,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat, 
alveolate.  Achenia  flattish.  Pappus  double  ;  the  outer  of  very 
short  and  small  stiff  bristles,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles  as  long 
as  the  disk-corolla.  —  Perennials  with  corymbose  or  simple  heads. 
(Name  composed  of  bnr\6os,  double ,  and  namros,  pappus ,  the 
character  which  distinguishes  the  genus  from  Aster.) 

§  1.  Ianthe,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Ratjs  violet ,  shoicy:  involucre  much  im- 
bricated  :  achenia  silky  :  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  all  alike. 

1.  I>.  linariifolillS,  Hook.  (Violet  Diplopappus.)  Stems 
low  (8' -20'  high),  several  from  the  same  woody  root,  very  leafy; 
leaves  rigid,  spreading,  linear,  strongly  1-nerved,  smooth,  with  very 
rough  margins;  heads  terminating  the  simple  somewhat  hoary 
branches.  —  Dry  soil,  common.  Sept.  —  Heads  large  for  the  size  of 
the  plant,  with  long  showy  rays. 

§  2.  Triplopappus,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Rays  white:  involucre  shorter 
than  the  disk ,  imbricated  in  about  3  rows :  achenia  smoothish :  bristles 
of  the  inner  pappus  unequal ,  some  of  them  thickened  at  the  tip: 
leaves  large ,  scattered ,  membranaceous ,  veiny,  entire :  heads  in  com¬ 
pound  fiat  corymbs. 

2.  I>.  umbellatiis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Large  Diplopappus.) 
Smooth,  leafy  to  the  top,  leaves  lanceolate ,  elongated ,  taper-pointed  and 
tapering  at  the  base ;  heads  very  numerous  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
rather  closely  imbricated,  obtusish.  —  Moist  thickets,  common,  espe¬ 
cially  northward.  Aug;  —  Stem  2°- 6°  high,  bushy  at  the  top.  Leaves 
3'- 6'  long. 

3.  D.  amygdalinus,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Almond-leaved  Di¬ 
plopappus.)  Smooth  or  roughisli  above,  leafy  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute ,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  heads  numerous,  scales  of  the 
involucre  loosely  imbricated,  obtuse.  —  Low  grounds,  New  Jersey 
and  southward.  Aug.  —  Near  the  last,  usually  lower,  rougher,  and 
with  broader  and  shorter  leaves. 

4.  I>.  cornifolius,  Dari.  (Cornel-leaved  Diplopappus.) 
Stem  low,  pubescent  and  loosely  panicled  at  the  summit,  bearing  few 
heads  on  divergent  peduncles  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-lanceolate,  con¬ 
spicuously  pointed  at  both  ends,  ciliate,  hairy  on  the  veins  un  er 
neath.—  Copses,  Massachusetts  to  Penn,  and  southward.  July- 
Sept.  —  Stem  1°-2P  high. 

17,  BOLTOKIA,  L’Her.  Boltonia. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of 
the  hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  somewhat  in  2  rows,  ap 
pressed,  with  narrow  membranaceous  margins.  Receptacle  con 


208  ^compositje.  (composite  family.) 

ical  or  hemispherical,  naked.  Achenia  flat,  obovate  or  inversely 
heart-shaped,  margined  with  a  callous  wing,  or  in  the  ray  3- 
winged,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  several  minute  bristles  and 
frequently  with  2-4  longer  awns.  —  Perennial  and  bushy- 
branched  smooth  herbs,  pale  green,  with  the  aspect  of  Aster  r 
the  thickish  leaves  often  turned  edgewise,  chiefly  entire.  Heads 
loosely  corymbose  or  panicled,  rather  small.  Rays  white  or 
purplish.  (Dedicated  to  I.  Bolton ,  an  English  botanist  of  the 
last  century.) 

1.  IS.  asteroldes,  L’Her.  Leaves  lanceolate;  achenia  broad¬ 
ly  oval ;  pappus  of  few  minute  bristles  and  no  awns.  —  Moist  places 
along  streams,  Pennsylvania  ( Bartram )  and  southward. —  Plant 
39-6°  high. 

2.  B.  glasti folia,  L’Her.  Leaves  lanceolate ;  achenia  obo- 
yate,  broadly  winged  ;  pappus  of  several  short  bristles  and  especially 
in  the  disk,  and  2  or  3  more  or  less  prolonged  awns.  —  Rich  moist  soil, 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward.  Sept.  —  Resembles  the  last, 
except  the  pappus,  and  is  much  more  common. 

18.  SOLIDAGO,  L.  Golden-rod. 

Heads  few -many-flowered  ;  the  rays  1  to  16,  pistillate.  Scales 
of  the  oblong  involucre  appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips 
(except  No.  1).  Receptacle  small,  alveolate.  Achenia  many- 
ribbed,  nearly  terete.  Pappus  simple,  of  equal  capillary  bristles. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  wand-like  stems  and  nearly  ses¬ 
sile  stem-leaves,  never  heart-shaped.  Heads  small,  racemed  or 
clustered  .  flowers  both  of  the  disk  and  ray  (except  No.  2)  yellow. 
(Name  from  solido ,  to  join,  or  make  whole,  in  allusion  to  its  re¬ 
puted  vulnerary  qualities.)  Flowering  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 

§  1.  Chrysastrum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  -  Scales  of  the  much  imbricated  rigid 
involucre  with  abruptly  spreading  herbaceous  tips:  heads  in  clusters 
or  glomerate  racemes  disposed  in  a  dense  somewhat  leafy  and  inter¬ 
rupted  wand-like  compound  spike . 

1-  S.  squaiTosa,  Muhl.  (Large-spiked  Golden-rod  )  Stem 
stout  (2°  —  5°  high),  hairy  above;  leaves  large,  oblong,  or  the  lower 
spatulate-oval  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  serrate,  veiny ; 

16“24’the  raya  12- 16.- Rocky  wooded  hills,  Maine 
and  W.  Vermont  to  Penn. 

§2.  \iRGAtfREA,  Tourn. —  Scales  of  the  involucre  destitute  of  herba¬ 
ceous  tips:  rays  mostly  fewer  than  the  disk-flowers  :  heads  all  more 
or  less  pedicilled . 


209 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  Heads  in  close  axillary  clusters  or  short  clustered  racemes :  leaves 
feather -veined.  (Rays  3-6.) 

2.  S.  bicolor,  L.  (White-raved  Golden-rod.)  Hoary  or 
grayish  icith  soft  hairs  ;  stem  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  oblong  or  ellipti¬ 
cal  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lower  oval  and  tapering  into 
a  petiole,  slightly  serrate  ;  clusters  or  short  racemes  from  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves ,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  or  crowded  panicle  ; 
rays  smallj  cream-color  or  nearly  white.  —  Var.  concolor  has  the  rays 
yellow.  —  Dry  copses  and  banks,  common,  the  var.  in  Pennsylvania 
and  westward. 

3.  S.  latffdlia,  L.  (Broad-leaved  Golden-rod.)  Smooth 
or  nearly  so,  stem  angled ,  zigzag ,  simple  or  paniculate-branclied  , 
leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval ,  very  strongly  and  sharply  serrate ,  conspic¬ 
uously  pointed  at  both  ends  ;  heads  in  very  short  axillary  sessile  clus¬ 
ters,  or  somewhat  prolonged  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  Moist  shad¬ 
ed  banks,  in  rich  soil,  common,  especially  northward.  Stem  1°-  3 
high,  slender.  Leaves  thin,  3'  -6/  long. 

4.  S.  csesia,  L.  (Blue-stemmed  Golden-rod.)  Smooth;  stem 

terete ,  mostly  glaucous ,  at  length  much  branched  and  diffuse ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  pointed,  sessile;  heads  in  very 
short  axillary  clusters,  or  somewhat  racemose  panicled  on  the  branch¬ 
es. _ Moist  rich  woodlands,  common.  Heads  rather  smaller  than  in 

No.  3. 

*  *  Racemes  terminal ,  erect ,  either  somewhat  simple  and  wand-like ,  or 
compound  and  panicled ,  not  one  sided  :  leaves  feather -veined.  (Aot 
maritime.) 

Heads  small:  leaves  nearly  entire ,  except  the  lower. 

5.  S.  Virgata,  Michx.  (Wand-stemmed  Golden-rod.)  Very 
smooth  throughout;  stem  very  strict  and  simple ,  slender,  beset  with 
small  and  entire  appressed  lanceolate-oblong  leaves,  which  are  gradu¬ 
ally  reduced  upwards  to  mere  bracts ;  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate,  all 
thickish  and  smooth;  heads  crowded  in  a  very  narrow  compound 
spicate  raceme;  rays  5-7.  — Damp  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and 
southward,  2°  -  4°  high. 

6.  S.  pilberula,  Nutt.  (Many-flowered  Golden-rod.) 
Stem  and  panicle  very  minutely  hoary;  stem-leaves  lanceolate ,  acute ,  ta¬ 
pering  to  the  base;  the  lower  wedge-lanceolate  and  sparingly  toothed; 
heads  very  numerous,  crowded  in  compact  erect-spreading  s  ort  r a 
cemes,  forming  a  prolonged  and  dense  narrow  or  pyramidal  panicle; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped ,  appressed  ;  rays  about  U . 
Sandy  soil,  Maine  to  N.  Jersey  and  southward  near  the  coast.  —  1  iant 
l°-y  high,  simple  or  branched;  the  leaves  21-31  long,  green  and 
nearly  smooth. 

7.  S.  stricta,  Ait.  (Willow-leaved  Golden-rod.)  Very 
smooth  throughout ;  stem  simple,  strict ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointe  ,  ie 

18* 


210  composite,  (composite  family.) 

lower  tapering  gradually  into  winged  petioles,  partly  sheathing  at  the 
base,  minutely  serrate  above  with  appressed  teeth;  racemes  much 
crowded  and  oppressed  in  a  dense  wand-like  panicle ;  scales  of  the  in¬ 
volucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  rays  5 -6,  small.  —  Peat-bogs,  Maine 
to  W.  New  York  and  northward.  —  Stem  2°-3P  high  :  the  root-leaves 
G'-IO7  long.  It  flowers  earlier  than  its  allies,  beginning  in  July. 

rather  large ,  at  least  for  the  size  of  the  plant. 

S.  speciosa,  Nutt.  (Showy  Golden-rod.)  Stem  stoat 
(3-o  high),  smooth;  leaves  thickish ,  smooth  with  rough  margins, 
oral  or  ovate ,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
ower  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole;  heads  somewhat  crowded 
in  numerous  erect  racemes ,  forming  an  ample  pyramidal  or  thyrsiform 
panic  e,  peduncles  and  pedicels  rough-hairy;  scales  of  the  cylindri¬ 
cal  involucre  oblong,  obtuse  ;  rays  about  5,  large.  —  Var.  angustIta 
is  a  warf  form,  with  the  racemes  short  and  clustered,  forming  a 
dense  somewhat  interrupted  or  compound  spike.  —  Copses,  Massa- 

c  lusetts  to  N.  Jersey  and  Ohio - A  very  handsome  species ;  the 

°T|eir  eavC8  ^  aDt*  ^  w^e  *n  the  larger  forms. 

•  *  Pursh.  (Low  Golden-rod.)  Smooth ,  some¬ 

times  a  little  glutinous;  stem  law  (6' -20'  high)  ;  leaves  thickish,  ob- 
”CC0^,e  °r  tiC  radical  oblong-spatulate ,  crenate-serrate  towards  the 
1Z’,T  Upr  lance0,ate’  acute  at  both  ends;  heads  clustered  in  a 
i  j°.r  *  lyrsitorm  glomerate  raceme  or  panicle  ;  scales  of  the  in * 
™”\*l0^™tly  obtuse;  rays  6-8,  short.-Rocky  or  gravelly 
:  ,  •  1  «  the  Whlte  Moumains.  N.  Hampshire,  W.  Vermont, 

ous  ,m"ii  .!,Ur0n>  and  “Orthward.  —  Leaves  rigid.  Heads;  numer- 
’  er  * lan  in  ne*t,  which  it  perhaps  too  nearly  approaches. 
tain  V,rsa"aftl,eai  L-,  var.  alrina,  Bigel.  (Low  Mou»* 
5  or  8  LJ.E!,fROD'  . Aeariy  smootK  dwarf  (2'- 8'  high),  bearing  1  to 
lv  crcnate-serr  ,h.lcklsh’  oblmg-spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  sparing- 
the  involucre  L,  *’  * I*°  °Wer  taPering  into  a  winged  petiole ;  scales  of 
iZSXT*'-*’  nys  abon.  8,  short.  -  Alpine  summits 
S  2  £  r,TnSiN-  HaraPab^e,  Mt  Katahdin,  Maine  (Prof 
11  «  .H  f  and  Mt  Marcy.  New  York.  L.  Superior. 

hod.")  StPm  ^  I%SO,<*ea’  Meyer.  (Large  Mountain  Golden- 
larly  arid  shar^r^  ’  ^  d°W.Dy  above»  simple;  leaves  ovate,  irregu - 
the  unnermrKf  **7^’  pointed ,  veiny,  large  and  thin ,  all  except 
in  small  clustered!/  C°n‘racted  int0  ,onS  margined  petioles;  heads 
oblong  or  wand-lik  *  8X1  *  °f  ‘lle  Upper  leaves>  and  crowded  in  an 
volucre  memhr  ^  raceme  or  contracted  panicle  ;  scales  of  the  m- 
(S.  Virga-aurea^P^0^5’  ceolate ,  taper-pointed ,  long  ;  rays  8-10* 

the  White  Mountains'  N^H  S'  leiocarPa>  °C)—  Wooded  sides  o 
and  Catskill  ?vr  •’  *  Hampshire,  Green  Mountains,  Vermont, 

large  M°Unta,n3>  New  York. -Stem  p_y  high.  Heads 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


211 


*  *  *  Heads  in  a  compound  corymb  terminating  the  simple  stem ,  showy : 
leaves  thickish ,  mostly  feather-veined  from  a  strong  midrib. 

12.  S.  rigid  a,  L.  (Rigid  Golden-rod.)  Rough  and  some¬ 
what  hoary  with  a  minute  pubescence;  stem  stout  (3P-5°  high),  very 
leafy;  the  short  compact  clusters  densely  corymbed  at  the  summit; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong ,  or  the  upper  ovate-oblong  and  closely  sessile  by 
a  broad  base,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  entire,  veiny,  thick  and 
rigid  ;  heads  about  34-flowered,  the  rays  7  -  10.--  Dry  soil,  Connect¬ 
icut  to  Michigan.  Heads  large. 

13.  S.  Ollioensis,  Riddell.  (Ohio  Golden-rod.)  Very  smooth 
throughout;  stem  wand-like,  slender,  leafy;  stem-leaves  oblong-lance¬ 
olate ,  entire,  flat ,  closely  sessile,  the  lower  and  the  radical  elongated, 
slightly  serrate  towards  the  apex,  somewhat  veiny,  tapering  into  long 
margined  petioles ;  heads  numerous  in  a  flat-topped  compound  cor¬ 
ymb,  on  smooth  pedicels,  16  —  20-flowered,  the  rays  6  or  7.  Moist 
meadows  or  prairies,  W.  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Indiana.  Plant  2° 

—  3^  high  ;  the  root-leaves  1°  long  ;  the  upper  reduced  to  1'  -2',  with 
rough  margins,  like  the  rest.  Heads  smaller  than  in  any  other  of  this 
section,  scarcely  one  third  the  size  of  those  of  No.  12. 

14.  S.  Riddellii,  Frank.  (Riddell’s  Golden-rod  )  Smooth 
and  stout,  very  leafy  ;  the  branches  of  the  dense  corymb  and  pedicels 
rough-pubescent  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate ,  elongated ,  entire,  acute, 
partly  clasping  or  sheathing,  conduplicate  and  mostly  recurved ,  the 
lowest  elongated-lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  long  keeled  petiole, 
obscurely  3-nerved  ;  heads  very  numerous  in  close  clusters,  aggregated 
in  a  spreading  flat-topped  compound  corymb,  20  -  24 -flowered,  the 
rays  7  -9.  —  Wet  grassy  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin.  —  Stem  2°-  3P 
high.  Heads  larger  than  in  the  last,  2" -3"  long.  Stem-leaves  4'- 
&  long,  grass-like,  upright  and  partly  sheathing  at  the  base,  then 
gradually  recurved-spreading. 

15.  S.  lion  gilt  onii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  ined.  (Houghton’s 
Golden-rod.)  Smooth;  stem  rather  low  and  slender ;  leaves  scatter¬ 
ed,  linear-lanceolate,  acutish,  flat,  entire,  tapering  into  a  narrowed 
slightly  clasping  base  or  the  lower  into  margined  petioles;  heads  sev¬ 
eral,  crowded  in  a  small  nearly  simple  corymb,  20  -  30-flowered  ;  the 
rays 9  or  10.  —  North  shore  of  L.  Michigan;  collected  in  the  Michigan 
State  Survey.  Aug.  -  Stem  1°  - 1£°  high.  Leaves  smooth,  but  not 
shining,  rough  margined,  3»-5»  long,  1 -nerved,  or  the  lower  very  ob¬ 
scurely  3-nerved  above.  Corymb  minutely  pubescent.  Heads  large, 
nearly  J'  long,  not  very  numerous.  Seales  of  the  involucre  obtuse, 
minutely  ciliate. 

*  *  *  *  Heads  in  one-sided  more  or  less  spreading  or  recurved  ra¬ 
cemes:  leaves  veiny ,  not  Cribbed. 

-  Leans  thickish  or  fleshy,  very  smooth  and  entire,  elongated,  obscurely 
veiny :  heads  rather  large  :  natives  of  salt  marshes. 


212  COMPOSITE.  (composite  family.) 

16.  S*  SCmpervireilS,  L.  (Sea-side  Golden-rod.)  Smooth 
and  stout;  leaves  fleshy,  lanceolate,  slightly  clasping,  or  the  lower 
lanceolate-oblong,  obscurely  triple-nerved ;  racemes  short,  in  an  open 
or  contracted  panicle.  —  Varies,  in  less  brackish  swamps,  with  thinner 
and  elongated  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  tapering  to  each  end,  with 
more  erect  racemes  in  a  narrower  panicle.  —  Salt  marshes,  or  rocks 
on  the  shore,  Maine  to  Penn,  and  southward.  —  Stem  stout,  l°-tP 
high.  Heads  showy  :  the  golden  rays  8  - 10. 

Leaves  usually  ample ,  serrate ,  loosely  feather-veined ,  or  rarely 
slightly  triple-nerved  :  heads  middle-sized. 

17.  S.  elliptica,  Ait.  (Elliptic-leaved  Golden-rod.)  Smooth; 
stem  stout ;  very  leafy ;  leaves  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate ,  acute, 
closely  sessile,  slightly  serrate,  strongly  veined,  thick,  smooth  both 
sides ,  shining  above;  heads  in  dense  spreading  racemes  which  are 
crowded  in  a  close  pyramidal  panicle  ;  peduncles  and  achenia  strigose- 
pubescent.  —  Swamps  (fresh  or  brackish),  New  Jersey,  Carey.  Rhode 
Island,  Olney.  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Stem  1°  -  2P  high :  leaves  2 1  -  3r  long. 
Heads  showy,  3^  long,  the  rays  8  - 12. 

18.  S.  neglecta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Smooth  Golden-rod.) 
Smooth  ;  stem  stout ;  leaves  thickish ,  smooth  both  sides ,  opaque  ;  the  up¬ 
per  oblong-lanceolate ,  mostly  acute  and  nearly  entire  ;  the  lower  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong ,  sharply  serrate,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  racemes 
short  and  dense ,  at  length  spreading ,  disposed  in  an  elongated  or  py* 
ramidal  close  panicle ;  peduncles  and  achenia  nearly  glabrous.  — 
Swamps,  Maine  to  Penn,  and  Wisconsin.  —  Stem  2° -3?  high;  the 
lower  leaves  5;-  7 1  long.  Heads  rather  large,  crowded  ;  the  racemes 
at  first  erect  and  scarcely  one-sided. 

19.  S.  pdtula,  Muhl.  (Shagreen-leaved  Golden-rod.) 
Stem  strongly  angled ,  smooth ;  leaves  (large)  ovate ,  acute,  serrate, 
pale,  very  smooth  and  veiny  underneath ,  but  the  upper  surface  very 
rough;  racemes  rather  short  and  numerous,  on  the  spreading  branch¬ 
es.  —  Swamps,  common.  —  Stem  3P-50  high  ;  the  lead-colored  leaves 
often  &-Q1  long,  the  upper  surface  remarkably  rough,  like  shagreen. 

20.  S.  arguta,  Ait.  (Sharp-toothed  Golden-rod.)  Smooth 
throughout ;  radical  and  loicer  stem-leaves  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oval , 
sharply  serrate  with  spreading  teeth,  pointed ,  tapering  into  winged 
and  ciliate  petioles ;  the  others  lanceolate  or  oblong ,  slightly  triple- 
nerved,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  uppermost  entire;  racemes  dense , 
naked,  at  length  elongated  and  recurved,  forming  a  crowded  and  fl0* 
corymb-like  panicle  ;  rays  8  - 12,  small.  — Var.  1.  jAncea  has  all  the 
leaves  narrower  and  less  serrate,  or  all  the  upper  entire.  —  Var.  *2. 
scabrella  is  somewhat  roughish-pubescent  (Wisconsin,  &e*)* 
Copses  and  banks,  common,  especially  the  1st  variety.  —  Well  distin¬ 
guished  by  its  long  or  drooping  racemes,  and  the  closely  appressed 
rigid  scales  of  the  involucre,  small  rays,  &c. 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


213 


21.  S.  Muhlenbergi**  Torr.  &  Gr-  (Muhlenberg’s  Toothed 
Golden-rod.)  Smooth;  stem  angled ;  leaves  (large  and  thin)  orate , 
and  the  upper  elliptical-lanceolate,  very  sharply  and  strongly  serrate , 
pointed  at  both  ends ,  the  lowest  on  margined  petioles ;  racemes  pubes¬ 
cent,  spreading ,  disposed  in  an  elongated  open  panicle;  rays  6-  , 
larae .  —  Copses  and  moist  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Penn.  -  More 
slender  and  simple  than  the  last,  with  much  shorter  racemes,  looser 
and  more  slender  thin  involucral  scales,  <fcc. 

22.  S.  linoacles,  Solander.  (Slender  Golden-rod.)  Smooth; 
stem  slender ,  simple  ;  leaves  lanceolate ,  serrate  with  small  appressed 
teeth,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lower  tapering  into  margined  abate 
petioles,  the  uppermost  oblong ;  racemes  short ,  crowded  m  one  or  A  -  4 
small  one-sided  panicles ;  heads  small  and  few-flov\  ered  ; 

Bogs,  near  Boston  and  Providence,  to  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  Jersey. 
—  Stem  12' -20'  high,  with  a  panicle  only  3' -4'  long}  sometimes 
larger  and  nearly  approaching  No.  18. 

---  Leaves  small ,  serrate ,  copiously  feather-veined ,  the  veirdets  con¬ 
spicuously  reticulated  :  heads  small. 

23.  S.  altissima,  L.  (Rough-hairy  Golden-rod.)  Rough- 
hairy,  especially  the  stem  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ,  elliptical ,  or  oblong , 
acute  or  pointed,  coarsely  serrate,  often  thickish  and  very  rugose ,  ra¬ 
cemes  panicled,  spreading;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear  ;  rays  6-9; 
the  disk-flowers  4-7.-  Borders  of  fields  and  copses,  very  common, 
presenting  a  great  variety  of  forms  :  2°-  7°  high. 

24.  S.  ulmifolia,  Muhl.  (Smooth-stalked  Goldzr-rod.) 
Stem  smooth,  the  branches  hairy ;  leaves  thin,  dliptical-ovateor  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  tapering  to  the  base,  coarsely  8er™te’1^“‘7 
veined,  beset  with  soft  hairs  beneath  ;  racemes  pan.eled,  recurved. 

spreading;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-oblong;  rays  about  4— 

Low  copses,  common,  especially  southward.  -  Diet.ngu.shed  from 
the  last  by  its  smooth  stem  and  thin  larger  leaves. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  thickish,  the  veins  obscure. 

25.  S.  pilosa,  Walt.  (Hairy-stalked  Golder-rod^  Stem 
stout,  upright  (3P-73  high),  clothed  with  spreading  hairs,  often  pan¬ 
icled  at  the  summit ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rovghish,  hairy  beneat  , 
at  least  on  the  midrib,  serrulate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  or  o  g 
and  entire,  closely  sessile  ;  racemes  many,  recurved,  «™wd“  ™  8 
dense  pyramidal  panicle;  rays  7-10,  very  short. -Low  grounds, 
pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

26.  S.  Odom,  Ait.  (Fragrant-leaved  Golden-rod.)  Smooth 

or  nearly  so  throughout;  stem  slender  (2° -3d  high),  often  ****\ 
leaves  linear-lanceolate ,  entire ,  shining,  very  smoot  ,  Pe™cl  °  ’ 

racemes  spreading,  in  a  small  one-sided  panicle,  rays  -  *  ™ 
large.  —  Border  of  thickets  in  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Vermont  an 


214  composite,  (composite  family.) 

to  Penn,  chiefly  eastward.  —  The  crushed  leaves  yield  a  pleasant 
anisate  odor. 

**”'“  ■*“■*“  *■  Leaves  grayish  or  hoary ,  thickish,  feather -veined  and  slightly 
triple-nerved :  heads  middle-sized. 

27.  S.  lie  Ill  oral  is.  Ait.  (Gray  Golden-rod.)  Clothed  with 
a  minute  and  close  grayish-hoary  pubescence ;  stem  simple  or  corymbed 
at  the  summit ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  the  lower 
somewhat  crenate-toothed  and  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  racemes  nu¬ 
merous,  dense,  at  length  recurved,  forming  a  crowded  compound  ra¬ 
ceme  or  panicle  which  is  usually  turned  to  one  side  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear-oblong,  appressed ;  rays  6-9.  —  Dry  sterile  fields, 
very  common.  —  Plant  8;  —  201  high,  with  the  panicle  usually  large  in 
proportion. 

*  *  *  *  *  Heads  in  one-sided  spreading  or  recurved  racemes ,  forming 
an  ample  panicle  :  heads  small :  scales  of  the  involucre  thin  and  nar¬ 
row  :  leaves  3-ribbed. 

28.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  (Common  3-ribbed  Golden-rod.) 
Stem  tall  and  stout  (3°  —  0°  high),  rough-hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
pointed,  sharply  serrate  (sometimes  almost  entire),  more  or  less  pubes¬ 
cent  beneath  and  rough  above ;  heads  small;  rays  very  short.  —  Borders 
of  thickets  and  fields,  very  common.  —  Varies  greatly  in  the  rough¬ 
ness  and  hairiness  of  the  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  oblong-lanceo¬ 
late  or  elongated  linear-lanceolate  ;  in  var.  procera,  whitish  woolly 
underneath,  and  in  var.  scabra  also  very  rough  above,  often  entire, 
and  rugose-veined. 

29.  S*  serotina,  Ait.  (Late  3-ribbed  Golden-rod.)  Stm 
very  smooth ,  tall  and  stout  (4° -8°  high),  often  glaucous;  leaves  lanceo¬ 
late,  pointed,  serrate,  roughish  above ,  smooth  except  the  veins  under¬ 
neath  which  are  more  or  less  hairy  ;  rays  short.  —  Thickets  and  low 
grounds,  common.  Intermediate  in  character,  and  in  the  size  of  the 
heads  and  rays,  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

30.  S.  grigiintea.  Ait.  (Smooth  3-ribbed  Golden-rod.) 
Stem  stout  (3^  -  7°  high),  smooth ,  often  glaucous  ;  leaves  quite  smooth 
both  sides ,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  serrate,  except  the 
narrowed  base,  rough-ciliate;  the  ample  panicle  pubescent;  rays  rath¬ 
er  long.  —  Copses  and  fence-rows,  common;  presenting  many  vari¬ 
eties,  with  decidedly  larger  heads  and  rays  than  in  the  two  preceding. 
§  4.  EuthAmia,  Nutt. —  Corymbosely  much  branched:  heads  small , 
sessile  in  little  clusters  which  are  crowded  in  flat-topped  corymbs:  the 
closely  appressed  scales  of  the  involucre  somewhat  glutinous :  recep¬ 
tacle  fimbrillate :  rays  15-20,  short,  more  numerous  than  the  disk- 
flowers  :  leaves  narrow ,  entire ,  sessile ,  crowded. 

31.  s.  lanceolata,  L.  (Bushy  Golden-rod.)  Leaves  lan¬ 
ceolate-linear  ,  3-5 -nerved,  the  nerves,  margins,  and  angles  of  the 


215 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

branches  minutely  rough-pubescent ;  heads  obovoid-cylindrical,  in 
dense  corymbed  clusters;  rays  15-20. —  Copses  and  river-banks, 
common.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high  :  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

32.  S.  tenuifolia,  Pursh.  (Slender  Bushy  Golden-rod.) 
Smooth;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear ,  mostly  \-nerved ,  dotted ;  heads 
obovoid-club-shaped,  in  numerous  clusters  of  2  or  3,  disposed  in  a 
loose  corymb ;  rays  6  —  12.  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts  to  New 
Jersey  and  southward,  near  the  coast.  —  More  slender,  with  smaller 
and  less  clustered  heads  than  the  last. 

19.  BIGELOTIA,  DC.  Rayless  Golden-rod. 
Heads  3  -  4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular  :  rays 
none.  Involucre  club-shaped,  yellowish,  the  rigid  somewhat  glu¬ 
tinous  scales  linear,  closely  imbricated  and  appressed.  Recepta¬ 
cle  narrow,  with  an  awl-shaped  prolongation  in  the  centre.  Ache- 
nia  somewhat  obconical,  hairy.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary 
bristles.  —  A  perennial  smooth  herb,  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  naked  above,  corymbose  at  the  summit,  with  small  heads  in 
a  flat-topped  corymb.  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  scattered,  oblan- 
ceolate  or  linear,  1-3-nerved.  (Dedicated  by  De  Candolle  to 
Dr.  Bigelow ,  author  of  the  Florula  Bostoniensis,  and  the  Amer¬ 
ican  Medical  Botany.) 

1.  B.  nildata,  DC.  —  Swamps,  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and 
southward.  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  high,  slender. 

90.  CHBY  SOP  SIS,  Nutt.  Golden  Aster. 
Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  linear,  imbricated,  without  herbaceous  tips.  Re¬ 
ceptacle  flat.  Achenia  obovate  or  linear-oblong,  flattened,  hairy. 
Pappus  of  all  the  flowers  double,  the  outer  a  set  of  very  short 
and  somewhat  chaffy  bristles,  the  inner  of  elongated  capillary 
bristles.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  woolly  or  hairy,  with  rather 
large  often  corymbose  heads,  terminating  the  branches.  Disk 
and  ray-flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  xpvtros,  gold ,  and  o^ is, 
aspect,  in  allusion  to  the  golden  blossoms.) 

1.  C.  Mariana,  Nutt.  Clothed  with  long  and  weak  some¬ 
what  deciduous  silky  hairs  ;  stem  rather  stout,  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong  or 
elliptical ,  veiny ,  nearly  entire,  the  upper  closely  sessile,  the  lower 
tapering  at  the  base  into  a  petiole  ;  heads  (large)  corymbed  ;  achenia 
compressed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Long  Island  to  New  Jersey  and  south¬ 
ward.  Aug.  —  Plant  1°  -  2P  high. 


216 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

2.  C.  falcuta,  Ell.  Stems  low,  very  woolly ;  leaves  crowded, 
linear ,  rigid,  about  ^-nerved,  entire,  spreading,  somewhat  recurved  or 
scythe-shaped ,  hairy,  or  smooth  when  old,  sessile  ;  heads  (small)  cor- 
ymbed ;  achenia  oblong-linear.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  and  Long  Island,  to  Rhode  Island.  Aug.  —  Stems  stout, 
5'  -  Iff  high. 

3.  C.  gramiiiiiblia,  Nutt.  Silvery-silky  with  long  close- 
pressed  hairs ;  stem  slender,  naked  above,  the  few  (showy)  heads 
loosely  corymbed ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear ,  elongated,  grass-like, 
nerved ,  shining,  entire  ;  achenia  linear.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Delaware 
and  southward,  —  to  be  sought  in  S.  New  Jersey. 

Subtribe  2.  BACCHARIDEiE.  —  Heads  not  radiate  ;  the  flow¬ 
ers  all  tubular,  dioecious  or  monoecious  ;  the  corolla  of  the  pistil¬ 
late  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like,  truncate,  of  the  stam- 
inate  5- toothed.  Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base.  Recep¬ 
tacle  naked.  Leaves  alternate. 

21.  B  AC  CHARI  S,  L.  Groundsel-Tree. 
Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious,  viz.  the  pistillate  and  stami- 
nate  flowers  in  separate  heads  borne  by  different  plants.  Involucre 
imbricated.  Achenia  ribbed.  Pappus  of  slender  capillary  bris¬ 
tles,  in  the  sterile  plant  scanty  and  tortuous  ;  in  the  fertile  plant 
very  long  and  copious.  —  Shrubs,  commonly  smooth  and  resinous 
or  glutinous.  Flowers  whitish.  (Name  of  a  shrub  anciently 
dedicated  to  Bacchus.) 

1.  B.  Imlimifolia,  L.  (Sea  Groundsel-Tree.)  Smooth 
and  somewhat  scurfy  ;  branches  angled  j  leaves  obovate  and  wedge- 
form,  coarsely  toothed  above,  or  the  upper  entire ;  heads  scattered 
or  in  leafy  panicles.  —  Sea-beach,  Connecticut  to  New  Jersey,  a»d 
southward.  Sept.  -  Oct.  —  Shrub  6°  -  12P  high  ;  the  fertile  plant 
conspicuous  in  autumn  by  its  very  long  and  white  pappus. 

Subtribe  3.  TARCHONANTHELE.  —  Heads  and  flowers 
nearly  as  in  subtribe  2,  but  chiefly  monoecious.  Anthers  produced 
into  tails  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked  or  chaffy.  ^aves 
alternate. 


22.  PltCHEA,  Cass.  Marsh  Fleabank. 
Heads  many-floweTed ;  the  flowers  all  tubular;  the  central 
perfect  but  sterile,  few,  with  a  5-cleft  corolla  ;  the  others  with  a 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  217 

thread-shaped  truncate  corolla,  pistillate  and  fertile.  Involucre 
imbricated.  Achenia  grooved.  Pappus  capillary,  in  a  single 
row.  —  Herbs,  somewhat  glandular,  emitting  a  strong  and  dis¬ 
agreeable  or  camphoric  odor,  the  heads  in  close  compound  cor¬ 
ymbs.  Flowers  purplish.  (Dedicated  to  an  obscure  French 
botanist,  N.  Pluche.) 

1.  P.  camphorata,  DC.  (Salt-marsh  Fleabane.)  Mi¬ 
nutely  viscid ,  pale  ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled ,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate, 
thickish,  obscurely  veiny,  serrate  ;  corymb  flat ;  involucre  viscid- 
downy.  (D  (Conyza  camphorata,  Bigel.  C.  Marylandica,  Pursh.)  — 
Salt  marshes,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  and  southward.  Aug.  — 
Plant  10;  -  20'  h  igh. 

2.  P.  lwtitla,  DC  (Western  Marsh  Fleabane.)  Almost 
smooth ;  leaves  distinctly  petioled,  veiny ,  oval-lanceolate,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  serrate ;  corymbs  panicled;  involucre  smooth.  1J.  River- 
banks,  Ohio  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Stem  stout,  29-4°  high. 

Subtribe  4.  INULELE.  —  Heads  radiate,  with  the  flowers  as 
in  subtribe  Asterineae  :  hut  the  anthers  with  tails  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  naked.  Leaves  alternate. 

23.  INULA,  L.  Elecampane. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  in  a  single  row,  pistillate  ;  the 
disk-flowers  perfect.  Involucre  imbricated.  Pappus  of  capillary 
bristles.  —  Heads  solitary  or  corymbose,  large  ;  the  ray  and  disk 
yellow.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  I.  Helen! um,  L.  (Common  Elecampane.)  Stout;  leaves 
large,  woolly  underneath  ;  those  from  the  thick  perennial  root  ovate, 
petioled,  the  others  partly  clasping ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre 
leaf-like ;  rays  very  many,  narrow ;  achenia  prismatic,  4-sided.  — 
Road-sides,  introduced.  Aug.  —  Heads  very  large.  Root  muci¬ 
laginous. 

Subtribe  5.  ECLlPTEiE.  —  Heads  radiate,  &c.,  as  in  the  last ; 
but  the  anthers  without  tails,  and  the  receptacle  chaffy.  Pappus 
not  capillary.  Leaves  opposite. 

24.  ECtlPTA,  L.  Eclipta. 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  rays  short,  in  a  single  row,  the 
disk-flowers  perfect,  4-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  10  —  12, 
in  2  rows,  leaf-like,  ovate-lanceolate.  Receptacle  flat,  furnished 

19 


218  composite,  (composite  family.) 

with  almost  bristle-form  chaff.  Achenia  short,  3  -  4-sided  or  in 
the  disk  2-sided,  roughened  on  the  sides,  hairy  at  the  summit ;  the 
pappus  none  or  an  obscure  denticulate  crown.  —  Annual  or  bien¬ 
nial  rough  herbs,  with  slender  stems  and  opposite  lanceolate  or 
oblong  leaves.  Heads  solitary,  small.  Flowers  whitish  :  anthers 
brown.  (Name  from  cVcXeiVo),  to  be  deficient ,  alluding  to  the  ab¬ 
sence  of  pappus.) 

1.  E.  procumbent,  Michx.  Rough  with  close  oppressed 
hairs;  stems  procumbent,  creeping,  or  ascending ;  leaves  oblong-lan¬ 
ceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  slightly  serrate  :  peduncles  axillary 
or  terminal,  many  times  longer  than  the  head. — Var.  brachypoda 
has  the  peduncles  not  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  heads.  — 
Wet  river-banks,  W.  Penn,  and  Ohio,  southward.  June -Oct. 

Tribe  IY.  SENECIONlDE^E.  The  Groundsel  Tribe. 

Branches  of  the  style  linear,  hairy  or  pencil-tufted  at  the  apex 
where  the  stigmatic  lines  terminate  abruptly,  either  truncate  or 
produced  beyond  into  a  cone  or  more  or  less  elongated  hairy  ap¬ 
pendage.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

Subtribe  1.  MELAMPODiNE^E.  —  Flowers  all  either  stam- 
inate  or  pistillate  (not  perfect),  the  two  kinds  either  in  the  same 
head,  when  the  fertile  are  in  the  border,  or  in  separate  heads. 
Receptacle  mostly  chaffy.  Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base. 
Pappus  mostly  none,  never  of  bristles. 

25.  POLYNIA,  L.  PoLYMNIA. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  several,  pistillate  and  fertile, 
those  of  the  disk  perfect,  but  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2 
rows  ,  the  outer  about  5,  leaf-like,  large  and  spreading,  the  inner 
small  and  membranaceous,  partly  embracing  the  thickened  round- 
o  ovoid  achenia.  Receptacle  flat,  the  chaff  membranaceous.  PaP" 
pus  none.  Tall  branching  perennial  herbs,  viscid-hairy,  exhaling 
a  eavy  odor.  Leaves  large  and  thin,  opposite,  or  the  uppermost 
rnate,  large,  lobed,  and  with  dilated  appendages  like  stipules 
at  t  e  base.  Heads  in  panicled  corymbs.  Flowers  light  yellow, 
(dedicated  to  one  of  the  Muses,  for  no  imaginable  reason,  as  the 
plants  are  coarse  and  inelegant.) 

«J  iP*C?na<Ml,Sis’  L-  (S*all-flowered  Poltmnia.)  Clam- 
lTV  *  0Wer  ^aves  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  triangular- 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


219 


ovate,  3  -  5-lobed  or  angled,  petioled  ;  rays  few,  oborate  or  wedge- 
form,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  whitish-yellow.  — Moist  shaded  ra¬ 
vines,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.  July. 

2.  P.  Uvctliilia,  L.  (Large  Polymnia.  Leaf-cup.)  RougA- 
ish  hairy,  stout  (4° -10°  high);  leaves  broadly  ovate,  angled  and 
toothed,  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  palmately  lobed,  abrupt  y  narrow 
ed  into  a  winged  petiole  ;  outer  involucral  scales  very  large  ;  rays 
15,  linear-oblong,  much  longer  than  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre, 
yellow.  -  Ricli  soil,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.,  southward.  Aug. 

26.  SILiPIIIUMr  L.  Rosin-plant. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate  and  fertile, 
their  broad  flat  ovaries  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows  :  the  disk-flowers 
perfect,  but  sterile.  Scales  of  the  broad  and  flattish  involucre  im¬ 
bricated  in  several  rows,  broad  and  with  loose  leaf-like  summits, 
except  the  innermost,  which  are  small  and  resemble  the  ln®a^ 
chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle.  Achenia  broad  and  flattened  (Para  e 
with  the  scales  of  the  involucre) ,  surrounded  by  a  w  ing  w  ic 
notched  at  the  top,  destitute  of  pappus,  or  with  2  teeth  con  uent 
with  the  winged  margin  :  achenia  of  the  disk  sterile  and  sta  1  e 
—  Coarse  and  tall  rough  perennial  herbs,  with  a  copious  xesino 
juice,  and  large  corymbose-panicled  yellow-flowered  hea  s. 

<f> tou,  the  ancient  name  of  a  plant  which  produced  some  gum 
(assafoetida  “?),  was  transferred  by  Linnaeus  to  this  m 
genus.) 

*  Stem  terete ,  naked  above ,  alternate-leaved  near  the  a 
1.  S.  laciniatum,  L.  (Ros.n-weeo.)  Very 
throughout  /  stem  stout;  leaves  pinnately  parte  ,  pe  io  e  acUte 

and  clasping  at  the  base;  their  divisions  lanceolate  or  ; 

cut-lob, J or pinnatifid,  rarely  entire;  heads  few  (large),* ;omewhat 

racemed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  tapering  into  on  _ 

ing  rigid  points;  achenia  broadly  winged  an  eep  y  _ %oot 

Prairies,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  thence  soul  war  .  leaves 

very  thick,  s£m  high  ;  heads  1'  -  2-  broad. 

12' -30' long,  ovate  in  outline,  said  to  presen  oil Comvass- 

north  and  south  (which  is  not  the  case),  and  hence  c 
plant .  c 

2  S.  terebintlftiiiaceiiiYi,  L.  (Pbairi*  Burdoc*  ) 
smooth ,  tall,  panicled  at  the  summit  and  bearing  man  gome- 

leafless  except  next  the  base;  leaves  orate  ^.ovate-oblong,^ 
what  heart-shaped,  serrate-toothed,  rough,  especial  ,  winged, 

of  the  involucre  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth ;  ac  enta  n 


220 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


slightly  notched  and  2-toothed.  —  Var.  pinnatifidum  has  the  leaves 
deeply  cut  or  pinnatifid,  but  varies  into  the  ordinary  form.  —  Prairies 
and  oak-openings,  Ohio  and  Michigan,  thence  southward.  July- 
Sept.  — Stem  slender,  4° -10°  high ;  the  thick  root-leaves  1° -2°  long, 
and  on  long  petioles. 

«  *  Stem  terete  or  slightly  i-aneled,  leafy :  hares  undivided. 

"■  S*  *r*foliatum,  L.  (Whorled  Rosin-plant.)  Stem  tall 
an  rat  ler  slender  (4° -6°  high),  smooth,  often  glaucous,  branched 
a  >ove,  stem  -leaves  lanceolate,  pointed ,  entire  or  scarcely  serrate,  rough, 
5  ort  petio  ed,  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  the  uppermost  opposite;  heads 
oose  y  panic  led ,  involucre  smooth  ;  achenia  rather  broadly  winged 
and  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  top.  — Dry  plains  and  banks,  W.  New 
or  an  enn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  Aug. 

4.  S.  iiltegrilolium,  Michx.  (Entire-leaved  Rosin-plant.) 
tem  rat  ler  stout  (2° -4°  high),  rigid,  4-angular  and  grooved,  rough, 
near  y  simp  e  ,  leaves  all  opposite ,  rigid ,  lanceolate-ovate ,  entire,  taper- 
nrt  to  a  s  larp  point  from  a  roundish  heart-shaped  and  partly  clasping 
ase,  roug  -pubescent  or  nearly  smooth;  heads  in  a  close  forking  cor¬ 
nu!  '  S  °r*  scales  of  the  involucre  rough  and  rigid,  the 

t  ^  aC  en*a  broadIy  winged  and  deeply  notched.  —  Var. 

waS  e.Stem  and  leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so.  —  Prairies,  Michi- 
ga  ,  isconsm,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Leaves  thick,  V- 5'  long. 

*  *  *.  $lem  S(P*are :  leaves  opposite ,  connate. 
per  oliatum,  L.  (Cup-plant.)  Stem  stout,  often 


5.  S, 


bran  h  A  k  “  ^up-plant.)  Stem  stout,  onen 

thnirVe  a  °VJ  ’  leaves  ovate»  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  united  by 
,a8€S  an.  f°rrning  a  cup-shaped  disk,  the  lower  abruptly  nar- 
corv  ,nt0  wmged  petioles  which  are  connate  by  their  bases;  heads 
rym  ose  ,  achenia  winged  and  variously  notched.  — Rich  soil  along 

■eaveT^t’fut  bug.’  a"d  S°U,hWard'  ^  “  St6m  4°  ',J’  high  1 

^  y  w  at  a  t 

*  Marsh  Elder.  Highwater-shrub. 

ads  several-flowered,  not  radiate  ;  the  fertile  and  sterile  flovv- 
in  t  e  same  heads,  the  former  few  (1  -5)  and  marginal,  with  a 
tu  ular  corolla  ,  the  latter  with  a  funnel-forra  5-toothed  co- 
.  H  *  ^Ca^es  involucre  few,  generally  in  one  row,  round- 

eceptacle  small,  with  narrow  chaff*  among  the  flowers, 
h  0b°VOid  or  fonticular.  Pappus  none.  —  Herbaceous  or 

s  ru  y  maritime  or  saline  plants,  with  thickish  leaves,  the  lower 
pp  te,  and  small  greenish-white  heads  on  short  recurved  pedun- 
6  axds  of  the  leaves  or  of  bracts.  (Derivation  unknow  n.) 

Shrubby  at  the  base,  branching,  nearly 
,  eaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  the 


COMPOSITES.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


221 


upper  reduced  to  linear  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  which  the  heads  are 
disposed,  forming  leafy  panicled  racemes ;  fertile  flowers  and  scales 
of  the  involucre  5.  —  Sea-coast,  Massachusetts  to  N.  Jersey  and  south¬ 
ward.  Aug.  —  A  coarse  plant,  3?  -  8P  high. 

28.  AMBROSIA,  Tourn.  Rag-weed. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  same 
plant ;  the  fertile  1  -  3  together  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  leaves  or 
bracts  at  the  base  of  the  racemes  or  spikes  of  sterile  heads.  Ster¬ 
ile  involucres  flattish  or  top-shaped,  composed  of  7  - 12  scales  unit¬ 
ed  into  a  cup,  containing  5-20  funnel-form  staminate  flowers. 
Fertile  involucre  oblong  or  top-shaped,  closed,  pointed,  and  usu¬ 
ally  with  4-8  tubercles  or  horns  near  the  top  in  one  row,  inclos¬ 
ing  a  single  flower  which  is  composed  of  a  pistil  only  ;  branches 
of  the  style  elongated.  Achenia  ovoid  :  pappus  none.  —  Chiefly 
annual  coarse  weeds,  with  opposite  or  alternate  lobed  or  dissected 
leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  or  whitish  flowers.  (  Ap^po- 
aia,  the  food  of  the  gods ,  an  ill-chosen  name  for  these  worthless 
and  coarse  weeds.) 

1  trifida,  L.  (Great  Rag-weed.)  Stem  tail  and  stout, 
square ,  rough-hairy,  as  well  as  the  large  opposite  deeply  Z-lobed  leaves; 
racemes  panicled ;  fruit  (fertile  involucre)  6-ribbed,  the  ribs  terminat- 
i„*  i„  as  many  crested  tubercles.  -  Var.  ,ntegr.f6lia  has  all  the 
leaves,  or  the  upper  ones,  undivided,  ovate  or  oval,  pointed.  Low 
moist  banks  of  streams,  common,  especially  westward.  —  A  coarse 
unsightly  plant,  4°  -12“  high.  Leaves  4'  -V  broad,  the  lobes  oval- 
lanceolate,  serrate. 

2  A.  artemisise folia,  L.  (Roman  Wormwood.)  Stem 
slender,  much  branched  (1°  -  3=  high),  hairy  or  rough.sh-pubes- 
cent;  leaves  opposite  and  the  upper  alternate,  twice-p.nnatifid, 
smoothish  above,  paler  or  hoary  beneath  ;  racemes  or  spikes  loosely 
panicled  ;  fruit  obovoid  or  globular,  pointed,  armed  with  about  6  short 
acute  teeth  or  spines. -Waste  places  everywhere.  July -Sept. - 
An  extremely  variable  weed,  with  finely  cut  leaves,  embracing  sev- 
eral  nominal  species. 

20.  XANTHIUM,  Toum.  Cockle-burr.  Clot-burr. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  same 
plant ;  the  latter  clustered  below,  the  former  in  short  spikes  or  ra¬ 
cemes  above.  Sterile  involucres  and  flowers  as  in  Ambrosia,  but 
the  scales  separate.  Fertile  involucre  closed,  coriaceous,  ovoid  or 
19* 


222  COMPOSITjE.  (composite  family.) 

oblong,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles  so  as  to  form  a  rough  burr, 
2-celled,  2-flowered  ;  the  flowers  consisting  of  a  pistil  with  a  slen¬ 
der  thread-form  corolla.  Achenia  oblong,  flat ;  destitute  of  pap¬ 
pus.  —  Coarse  and  low  annuals,  with  branching  stout  stems,  and 
alternate  toothed  or  lobed  petioled  leaves.  (Name  from  £dv6os, 
yellow,  in  allusion  to  the  color  the  plants  are  said  to  yield.) 

*  Leaves  heart-shaped ,  rounded ,  not  spiny  at  their  base  ;  fruit  (involu¬ 

cre)  terminated  by  2  stout  beaks. 

1.  X.  Struma  rill  111,  L.  (Common  Cockle-burr.)  Fruiting 
involucre  oval ,  rather  pubescent ,  the  beaks  straight ;  leaves  3-5-lobed 
and  c ut- toothed  ;  lobes  acute.  —  Var.  Canadense  has  mostly  larger 
involucres  than  the  introduced  plant,  more  rough  and  prickly  ;  the 
stem  spotted.  —  Waste  places.  July -Sept.  —  The  var.  is  native  in 
the  West.  A  vile  weed. 

2.  X*  ecliinatum,  ^Murray.  (Sea  Cockle-burr.)  Fruiting 
involucre  oval ,  very  thickly  beset  with  rigid  slender  prickles  which  are 
strongly  bristly ,  as  well  as  the  incurved  beaks ;  stem  and  stalks  rough, 
spotted ;  leaves  obscurely  lobed  or  toothed.  —  Salt  marshes,  Massa¬ 
chusetts  to  N.  Jersey  and  southward.  Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Ripe  involucres 
H'  long,  thick  and  turgid. 

*  *  Leaves  narrowed  into  the  petiole ,  furnished  with  3  slender  yellow 

spmcjr  at  the  base ,  fruit  tipped  with  a  single  inconspicuous  beak. 

■  X*  spinosum,  L.  (Thorny  Clot-burr.)  Leaves  ovate- 
nceolate ,  pointed ,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  entire,  or  slightly  3-lob- 
ed,  hoary  underneath;  stem  much  branched.  —  Waste  places,  intro- 
uced  and  naturalized  along  the  seaboard.  Sept.  —  Nov. 

Subtribe  2.  HELIANTHEJ2.  —  Heads  radiate,  or  rarely 
discoid  ;  the  disk-flowers  always  perfect  and  fertile.  Receptacle 
chaffy.  Anthers  blackish,  not  tailed  at  the  base.  Pappus  none 
or  crown-like,  or  of  one  or  two  chaffy  awns,  never  capillary  or  of 
uniform  chaffy  scales.  Leaves  chiefly  opposite.  (Genera  30-35 
and  38  have  the  achenia  flattened  laterally  if  at  all :  genera  36  and 
37  have  them  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre.) 

30.  HELIopsiS,  Pers.  Ox-eye. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  10  or  more,  fertile.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  in  2  or  3  rows ;  the  outer  leaf-like  and  somewhat 
spreading,  the  inner  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical : 
chaff  linear.  Achenia  smooth,  4-angular.  Pappus  none,  or  a 
mere  border.  —  Perennial  herbs,  like  Helianthus.  Heads  showy, 


223 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


peduncled,  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Leaves  opposite, 
petioled,  triple-ribbed,  serrate.  Flowers  light  yellow.  (Name 
composed  of  rfhios,  the  sun,  and  fyis,  appearance,  from  its  resem¬ 
blance  to  the  Sunflower.) 

1.  H.  l&viS,  Pers.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong-ovate.  —  Var.  sc^bra  has  roughish  foliage  and  the  involucre 
somewhat  hoary.  —  Banks  and  copses,  common.  Aug.  Stem  1  -  4 
high. 


31.  ECHINACEA,  Mcench.  Purple  Cone-flower. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  very  long,  drooping,  pistillate 
but  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  lanceolate,  spread¬ 
ing.  Receptacle  conical;  the  lanceolate  chaff  tipped  with  a  car¬ 
tilaginous  point,  longer  than  the  disk-flowers.  Achenia  thick  and 
short,  4-sided.  Pappus  a  small  crown-form  toothed  border.— 
Perennial  herbs,  with  the  stout  and  nearly  simple  stems  naked 
above  and  terminated  by  a  single  large  head  ;  the  leaves  chiefly 
alternate,  3  -  5-nerved.  Rays  rose-purple,  rather  persistent ;  disk 
purplish.  (Name  formed  from  ’Exiw)r,  the  Hedge-hog  or  Sea-ur¬ 
chin,  in  allusion  to  the  spiny  chaff  of  the  roundish  disk.) 

1.  E.  purpurea,  Mcench.  Leaves  rough,  often  serrate,  the 
lowest  ovate,  5-nerved,  veiny,  long-petioled ;  the  others  ovate-lance¬ 
olate;  involucre  imbricated  in  3-5  rows;  stem  smooth  or  in  one  va¬ 
riety  (E.  serotina,  DC.)  rough  bristly,  as  well  as  the  le^es’7  Prai- 
ries  and  banks,  Ohio  and  westward.  July.  — Rays  15-20,  dull  pur¬ 
ple,  P-2 ' long.  Root  thick,  black,  very  pungent  to  the  taste,  used 
in  popular  medicine  under  the  name  of  Black  Sampson. 


32.  R1JDBECKIA,  L.  Cone-flower. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  rays  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
leaf-like  in  about  3  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  co¬ 
lumnar  ;  the  short  chaff  concave,  not  rigid.  Achenia  4-angular, 
smooth,  not  margined,  flat  at  the  top,  with  no  pappus,  or  a  minute 
crown-like  border.— Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  showy  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches ;  the  rays 
generally  long  and  drooping,  yellow.  (Named  in  honor  of  the 
Professors  RudbecJc,  father  and  son,  predecessors  of  Linnaeus  at 
Upsal.) 

*  Disk  oblong-conical,  and  columnar  in  fruit ,  greenish-yelloic  .  leaves 
all  more  or  less  divided  and  cut. 


224  COMPOSITE.  (composite  family.) 

1.  R.  laciniiita,  L.  (Tall  Cone-flower.)  Stem  smooth, 
branching  (3? -7°  high) ;  leaves  smooth  or  roughish,  the  lowest  pin¬ 
nate,  with  5-7  cut  or  3-lobed  leaflets  ;  upper  leaves  irregularly  3-5- 
parted ;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  uppermost  undi¬ 
vided  ;  chaff  truncate  and  downy  at  the  tip ;  rays  linear,  long  and 
drooping.  —  Low  thickets,  common.  July  -  Sept. 

*  *  Disk  broadly  conical ,  dark  purple  or  brown. 

2.  R.  triloba,  L.  Hairy,  much  branched,  the  branches  slen¬ 
der  and  spreading ;  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ,  sparingly  toothed, 
the  lower  3-lobed,  tapering  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate  (those  from  the 
root  various)  ;  rays  8,  oval  or  oblong  ;  chaff  of  the  black-purple  disk 
smooth,  awned.  (§) — Dry  soil,  Ohio  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Plant 
2P-50  high;  the  heads  small,  but  numerous  and  showy. 

3.  R.  speciosa,  Wender.  Roughish-hairy,  branched ;  the 
branches  upright,  elongated  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  single 
large  heads  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate ,  pointed  at  both  ends , 
petioled ,  3-5 -nerved,  coarsely  and  unequally  toothed  or  incised  ;  invo¬ 
lucre  much  shorter  than  the  numerous  elongated  rays ;  chaff  of  the 
dark  purple  disk  acutish,  smooth.  —  Dry  soil,  W.  Penn,  to  Ohio. 
Plant  l°-2P  high ;  the  rays  V-  1£'  long. 

4.  R.  fttlgida,  Ait.  Hairy,  branching,  the  upright  branches 
naked  at  the  summit  and  bearing  single  heads ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong 
or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  triple-nerved,  the  upper  entire ,  mostly 
obtuse ;  rays  about  12,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  involucre  ;  chaff’  of 
the  dark  purple  disk  nearly  smooth  and  blunt.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn,  and 
southward.  —  Variable,  l0-3?  high  :  the  rays  orange-yellow. 

birta,  L.  Very  rough  and  bristly-hairy  throughout, 
stems  simple  or  branched  near  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  single 
large  heads;  leaves  nearly  entire ;  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate,  ses¬ 
sile;  the  lower  spatulate,  triple-nerved,  petioled;  rays  (about  14)  more 
or  less  exceeding  the  involucre  ;  chaff  of  the  dull  brown  disk  hairy  at 
the  tip,  acutish.  —  Dry  soil,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  south¬ 
ward.  Aug.  —  Stem  stout,  1°  -  2P  high ;  the  heads  large,  but  coarser 
and  less  showy  than  the  preceding,  variable  as  to  the  size  of  the  rays. 

33.  LEPACDYS,  Raf.  (Obeliscaria,  DC-) 
Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  few,  neutral.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  few  and  small,  spreading.  Receptacle  oblong  or  colum¬ 
nar  :  the  chaff  truncate,  thickened,  and  bearded  at  the  tip,  Parllf 
embracing  the  flattened  and  margined  achenia.  Pappus  none,  or 
2  teeth.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves ;  the 
grooved  stems  or  branches  naked  above,  and  terminated  by  single 
showy  heads.  Rays  yellow  or  particolored,  large  and  drooping  > 


225 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

the  disk  grayish.  (Name  from  X«r is,  a  scale ,  and  ir aXvsy  thick,  re¬ 
ferring  to  the  thickened  tips  of  the  chaff. ) 

1.  Jj .  pinnata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hoary  with  minute  appressed 
hairs,  tall,  branching;  leaflets  3 - 7,  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
toothed  or  entire;  disk  oblong,  much  shorter  than  the  large  and 
drooping  light-yellow  rays.  —  Dry  soil,  Chatauque  County,  New  i  ork, 
Dr.  Sartwdl,  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  July.  — Plant  4°  high. 
Rays  2'  or  more  long  :  the  disk  exhaling  an  anisate  odor  when  bruis¬ 
ed.  Achenia  slightly  margined  on  the  inner  edge,  and  obscurely 
2-toothed  at  the  top. 


34.  HE  LI  AN  THU  S,  L.  Sunflower. 


Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  In¬ 
volucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  flattish  or  convex  ;  the  persistent 
chaff  embracing  the  4-sided  and  laterally  compressed  achenia, 
which  are  neither  winged  nor  margined.  Pappus  very  deciduous, 
of  2  thin  chaffy-awned  scales  on  the  principal  angles  of  the  ache 
nium,  and  often  2  or  more  little  intermediate  scales.  Coarse  and 
stout  herbs,  often  exuding  a  resin,  with  solitary  or  corymbed 
heads,  and  yellow  rays.  Flowering  toward  autumn.  (Name 
from  qXtof,  the  sun,  and  avOos,  a  flower .) 

*  Perennial :  disk  convex,  dark  purple :  leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper 


alternate. 

1.  H.  angustifolius,  L.  (Narrow-leaved  Sunflower) 
Stem  tall  and  slender  ;  leaves  long  and  linear ,  sessi  e,  entire,  W1 
olute  margins,  1-nerved,  pale  beneath  ;  heads  (small)  oose  y  con  m 
ed,  long-peduncled ;  scales  of  the  involucre  irregularly  imbricated, 
leafy-tipped,  narrowly  lanceolate ,  spreading  in  fruit.  Low  pine  ar 
rens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

2.  H.  rigidus,  Desf.  (Thick-leaved  Sunflower.)  Stem 

stout ,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  rough  ;  leaves  veryt  ic  an  ria  , 
rough  both  sides ,  oblong -lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  en  s,  s  ig  it  y 
rate;  the  lowest  oval;  scales  of  the  involucre  rcgu  ary  1  ’ 

appressed ,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  destitute  o  ea  ' 

pappus  of  2  large  and  often  several  small  scales.  -  Prairies,  Michigan 
and  westward.  —  Stem  1° -3°  high :  heads  large. 

*  *  Perennial :  disk  convex ,  yellow  :  scales  of  the  involucre  j 

imbricated  and  appressed,  with  somewhat  spreading  an  aci  e, 
foliaceovs  tips :  leaves  chiefly  opposite.  . 

3.  H.  laetifldrus,  Pers^ (Br.oht  Sunflower.) 

rough ,  branching  above  ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  very  roug  aj* 

narrowed  into  short  petioles,  serrate,  taper-pointed,  t  e  upp 


226 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


temate  and  nearly  entire ;  heads  single  or  corymbed,  on  naked  pe¬ 
duncles;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  ciliate. — 
Dry  open  places,  Ohio  and  westsward. — -Stem  3^  —  4°  high.  Leaves 
thick,  as  in  No.  2.  Rays  showy,  V  -2r  long. 

4.  II.  occidentals,  Riddell.  (Western  Low  Sunflower.) 
Somewhat  hairy ;  stem  slender,  simple ,  naked  above ,  bearing  1  -5 
small  heads  on  long  peduncles ;  lowest  leaves  oval  or  lanceolate-ovate , 
3-nerved,  obscurely  serrate,  roughish-pubcscent  beneath ,  abrvptly  con¬ 
tracted  into  long  hairy  petioles  ;  the  upper  small  and  remote  (all  oppo¬ 
site),  entire  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  ciliate. 

Dry  barrens,  Ohio  and  Michigan  westward.  —  Plant  l°-3°  high, 
producing  runners  from  the  base. 

5.  II.  cinereus,  var.  Sullivantii,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Hoary  Sun¬ 
flower.)  Gray,  with  a  close  roughish  pubescence;  stem  branching 
abov/j,  hairy ;  leaves  ovate-oblong ,  sessile  by  a  narrowed  base,  acute, 
obscurely  serrate ;  the  upper  small  and  remote  ;  peduncles  slender ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  hoary.— Darby  Plains,  Ohio,  Sulli- 
vant.  Stem  2° -3°  high,  bearing  few  heads  as  large  as  in  the  next: 
intermediate  between  it  and  the  last. 


6‘  II#  n*<*Uis,  Lam.  (Downy  Sunflower.)  Stem  clothed 
wit  soft  white  hairs,  simple ,  leafy;  leaves  ovate ,  with  a  somewhat 
eart  s  aped  and  clasping  base ,  pointed,  nearly  entire,  hoary  above, 
very  soft  xchite-xooolly  and  reticulated  underneath ;  scales  of  the  invo¬ 
lucre  lanceolate,  downy.  —  Barrens  and  prairies,  Ohio  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Peren™al:  heads  small :  scales  of  the  involucre  few,  shorter  than 

the  yellow  disk,  irregularly  imbricated ,  oppressed ,  the  outer  with 
spreading  foliaceous  pointed  tips  :  rays  5-8. 

'  II.  microceplialiis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Small-flow ebid 
unflower.)  Stem  smooth,  with  numerous  slender  branches  above; 
ea\cs  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  thin,  ovate-lanceolate, 
taper-pointed,  somewhat  serrate,  veinv,  petioled,  rough  above,  downy 
or  hairy  underneath  ;  peduncles  slender,  rough  ;  scales  of  the  involu¬ 
cre  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate.  -  Thickets,  W.  Penn,  and 
westward. -Stem  3P-8P  high:  heads  J'  broad,  the  rays  nearly  l' 


*  *  *  *  Perennial :  heads  middle-sized  or  large  :  scales  of  the  into  lu¬ 
cre  irregularly  imbricated ,  loose,  with  spreading  foliaceous  summits, 
™  long  as  the  yellow  disk  or  longer. 

o  w  Leaces  chiefly  alternate  or  scattered,  feather-veined. 

•  L.  (Tall  Sunflower.)  Stem  hairy  or 

rovg  ,  ranched  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  very  roug 
above,  rough-hairy  Hneath,  narrowed  and  ciliate  at  the  base,  bat 
nearly  sesstle ;  scales  of  the  involucre  long,  linear-lanceolate,  pointed 
ha.ry,  or  strongly  ciliate.  _  Var.  a  mb!  gcu  s  has  most  of  the  leaves 
opposite  and  closely  sessile  by  an  obtuse  base,  and  approaches  No.  W- 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


227 


_ Thickets  and  swamps,  common.  —  Stem  2P-  KP  high.  Heads  nu¬ 
merous:  the  pale  yellow  rays  15-20. 

9.  H.  grosse-serratus,  Martens.  (Stalk-leaved  Tall 
Sunflower.)  Stem  smooth  and  glaucous ,  at  least  below;  leaves  elon¬ 
gated-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrate,  rough  above, 
rounded  or  acute  at  the  base,  petioled,  rough  above,  hoary  and  downy 
beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-awl-shaped,  slightly  ciliate.  — 
Dry  plains,  Ohio  and  southwestward.  —  Some  forms  nearly  approach 
the  last. 

h-  -t-  Leaves  chiefly  opposite ,  3-nerved  or  triple-nerved. 

1  10.  H.  di  vatic  at  US,  L.  (Cross-leaved  Sunflower.)  Stem 
simple  or  forked  and  corymbed  at  the  top,  smooth;  leaves  all  opposite 
and  divaricate ,  ovate-lanceolate ,  Z-nerved  from  the  rounded  or  truncate 
sessile  base ,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp  point,  serrate,  thickish , 
rough;  scales  of  the -involucre  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  pointed, 
equalling  the  disk;  rays  8 - 12.  —  Thickets  and  barrens,  common.— 
Stem  1°  -4°  high  :  leaves  3'-6'  long  :  heads  small. 

11.  H.  llirsiltus,  Raf.  (Rough-hairy  Sunflower.)  Stem 

simple  or  forked  above,  bristly-hairy  ;  leaves  more  or  less  petioled , 
ovate-lanceolate ,  gradually  pointed,  slightly  serrate ,  rounded  or  obtuse 
at  the  base,  very  rough  above  and  rough-hairy  underneath  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk ;  rays  about 

12.  _  Dry  plains,  &c.,  Ohio  and  westward.  —  Plant  stout,  1°  or  more 
high,  allied  to  the  last.  * 

12.  II.  traclieliifolius,  Willd.  (Throatwort  Sunflow¬ 
er.)  Stem  loosely  branched,  tall,  hairy  ;  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate, 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed ,  sharply  serrate ,  smoothish  or  rough- 
ish-pubescent  both  sides ,  contracted  into  short  petioles  ;  scales  of  the  in¬ 
volucre  lanceolate-linear,  elongated  and  very  taper-pointed,  loose,  ex¬ 
ceeding  the  disk  ;  rays  12-  15. —  Copses,  Penn.?  and  Ohio. 

13.  II.  decapc talus,  L.  (Cut-toothed  Sunflower.)  Stem 
tall  and  branching,  smooth  below ;  leaves  thin  and  green  both  sides , 
smooth  or  roughish ,  ovate ,  coarsely  serrate ,  pointed,  abruptly  contract¬ 
ed  into  margined  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-linear, 
elongated,  loosely  spreading,  the  outer  longer  than  the  disk;  rays 
about  10.  —  Var.  frond6scs  has  the  outer  involucral  scales  foliaceous 
or  changing  to  leaves.  —  Copses  and  low  banks  of  streams,  common. 

14.  H.  struinosus,  L.  (Pale-leaved  Sunflower.)  Stem 
rather  simple  and  tall,  smooth  below  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ,  tapering 
gradually  to  a  point ,  serrate  with  small  oppressed  tee* A,  abruptly  con¬ 
tracted  into  short  margined  petioles,  rough  above,  whitish  and  na  e 
or  minutely  downy  underneath  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  ance- 
olate  with  spreading  tips,  equalling  the  disk  ;  rays  mostly  10.  ar. 
mollis  has  the  leaves  softly  downy  underneath.  —  River-banks  and 
low  copses,  common. 


228 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


15.  II.  doronicoldes,  Lam.  (Large-leaved  Sunflower.) 
Stem  tall  and  stout,  branching,  rough-hairy  above  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ob¬ 
long-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  strongly  triple-nerved ,  rough  above, 
downy  underneath ,  the  lower  often  heart-shaped  and  on  margined  pe¬ 
tioles;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  scarcely  ex¬ 
ceeding  the  disk;  rays  12-15.  —  River-bottoms,  Ohio  and  southwest- 
ward.  A  coarse  species,  5°  -8°  high,  with  ample  thickish  leaves 
(the  lower  often  1°  long),  and  showy  heads. 

leaves  chiefly  alternate ,  triple-nerved :  introduced. 

16.  H.  tuberosus,  L.  (Jerusalem  Artichoke.)  Tuber- 
bearing;  stem  stout  and  tall,  branched,  rough  ;  leaves  petioled,  rough, 
ovate,  pointed,  serrate,  the  lower  heart-shaped  ;  scales  of  the  involu¬ 
cre  linear-lanceolate;  rays  12 -20.  —  Naturalized  in  fence-rows  and 
around  gardens. 

H.  annuus,  L.,  the  Common  Sunflower,  which  grows  spontane¬ 
ously  around  dwellings,  belongs  to  the  annual  section  of  the  genus, 
with  large  flat  heads  and  a  brownish  disk. 


as.  ACTINonERis,  Nutt.  Actinomeris. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  rays  few  or  several,  neutral  rarely 
none.  Involucre  foliaceous,  nearly  equal,  in  1  to  3  rows.  Recep¬ 
tacle  convex  or  conical,  chaffy,  the  chaff  embracing  the  outer  mar¬ 
gin  of  the  flat  (laterally  compressed)  and  winged  achenia.  Pap¬ 
pus  of  2  smooth  persistent  awns.  —  Tall  and  branching  perennial 
herbs,  w  ith  serrate  feather-veined  leaves,  tapering  to  the  base  and 
mostly  decurrent  on  the  stem.  Heads  corymbed  :  flowers  chiefly 
yellow.  (Name  from  itr.V,  a  ray,  and  psplt,  a  part;  alluding  to 
the  fewness  or  irregularity  of  the  rays.) 

1.  A.  Sqiiarrosa,  Nutt.  (Tall  Actinomeris.)  Stem  some- 
•  Ulr^  an<*  v’‘nged  above ;  leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite, 
oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends ;  heads  in  an  open 
corymbed  panicle ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows,  the  outer  linear- 
spatulate,  reflexed;  rays  4-10 ,  irregular;  achenia  broadly  winged ; 
receptacle  globular.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  New  York  (Sarttcell)  to  Michi¬ 
gan  and  southward.  Sept.  -  Plant  4“  -  0=  high. 

a.  A.  helianthoidcs,  Nutt.  (Hoart  Actinomeris.)  Stem 
Dairy  widely  Kinged  by  the  ovate-lanceolate  sessile  alternate  leaves, 
whtch  are  rough  above  and  whitened  with  close  hairs  beneath;  heads 
tew ;  scales  of  the  involucre  not  spreading  ;  rays  8- 15,  regular,  nar¬ 
row ;  schema  oval,  slightly  winged,  tipped  with  2  fragile  bristly 
awns,  »  otter  than  the  chaff;  receptacle  conical.  —  Prairies  an 
copses,  Ohio  and  southward.  July  — Stem  l=>-3°  high,  often  sim- 
pie,  leafy. 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  229 

3  6.  COREOPSIS,  L.  Tickseed. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  mostly  8,  neutral,  rarely  want¬ 
ing.  Involucre  double  ;  each  of  about  8  scales,  the  outer  rather 
foliaceous  and  somewhat  spreading  ;  the  inner  broader  and  ap- 
pressed,  nearly  membranaceous.  Receptacle  flat,  with  membrana¬ 
ceous  chaff  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenia  flat  (compressed 
parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre),  often  winged,  not  beaked 
or  narrowed  at  the  top,  2-toothed,  2-awned,  or  sometimes  naked  at 
the  summit,  the  awns  never  barbed  downwardly.  —  Herbs,  gen¬ 
erally  with  opposite  leaves,  and  yellow  or  party-colored,  rarely 
purple,  rays.  (Name  from  Kopis,  a  bug ,  and  Syfns,  resemblance; 
from  the  form  of  the  fruit. ) 

§  1.  Corolla  of  the  ray  and  disk  yellow :  branches  of  the  style  Upped 
with  a  pointed  or  acute  appendage . 

*  Achenia  wingless,  wedge-oblong,  flat,  2-awned  or  2-toothed  :  scales  of 

the  outer  involucre  leafy,  reflexed  :  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  generally 

pinnately  or  ternately  compound,  the  leaflets  serrate  :  biennials  ? 

(Plants  with  the  aspect  of  Bidens,  but  the  awns  barbed  upwardly.) 

Rays  wanting. 

1.  C.  diSCOldea,  Torr.&Gr.  (Rayless  Tickseed.)  Smooth, 
diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  ternately  divided;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate, 
pointed,  coarsely  serrate ;  heads  paniculate-corymbed  ;  outer  involu¬ 
cre  of  3-5  foliaceous  bracts  usually  much  longer  than  the  heads; 
achenia  hairy ;  the  avms  or  teeth  as  long  as  the  corolla ,  barbed  up¬ 
wardly.— Wet  places,  Ohio  and  southward.  July- Sept.  —  Plant 
1°  -  2°  high. 

2.  C.  bidentoides,  Nutt.  Dwarf,  diffusely  branched,  smooth- 
ish;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  cut-toothed,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  awns 
slender,  upwardly  barbed,  much  longer  than  the  corolla  or  the  bristly 
young  achenium.  -  Near  Philadelphia,  Jfutlall. —  A  very  obscure 
and  doubtful  plant. 

'  h-  -s-  Rays  conspicuous. 

3.  C.  tricll©sper.na,  Mkhx.  (Tickseed  Sunflower.). 
Smooth,  branched  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  5 - 7-di vided  ;  leaflets  lan¬ 
ceolate  or  linear,  cut-toothed,  or  the  upper  leaves  only  3  -  5-cleft  and 
almost  sessile  ;  heads  panicled-corymbose ;.  achenia  narrowly  wedge- 
Oblono,  bristly  ciliate  above,  croumed  with  2  triangular  or  awl-shaped 
stout  teeth.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  to  N.  Jersey  near  the  coast,  and 
southward.  Sept.  —  Rays  large,  golden-yellow,  showy. 

4.  C.  aristdsa,  Michx.  (Western  Tickseed.)  Somewhat 
pubescent;  leaves  1  — 2-pinnately  5— 7-divided,  petioled  ,  lea  ets  an 
ceolate,  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  heads  panicled-corymbose  ,  outer 

20 


230 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

involucre  of  10-12  leafy  bracts;  ackenia  oblong-obovate ,  obscurely 
wing-margined,  bristly-ciliate,  with  2  (or  4)  long  and  slender  diverging 
awns  (in  one  variety  awnless).  — Swamps,  Michigan  and  Ohio  south- 
westward.  Aug. 

*  *  Achenia  elliptical ,  narrowly  winged ,  the  narrowly  notched  summit 
of  the  wing  minutely  lacerate-toothed :  scales  of  the  Older  involucre 
foliaceous ,  much  smaller  than  the  inner  ;  all  united  at  the  base  :  rays 
obtuse ,  entire  :  leaves  opposite ,  petioled ,  3  -5 -divided:  perennial. 

5.  €)•  tripteris,  L.  (Tall  Coreopsis.)  Smooth;  stem  sim¬ 
ple  (4°-9p  high),  corymbed  at  the  top  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  en¬ 
tire.  (Chrysostemma,  L.)  —  Rich  soil,  Michigan  and  Ohio,  southward. 

Heads  exhaling  the  odor  of  anise  when  bruised  :  disk-corol¬ 
las  turning  brownish. 

*  *  *  Achenia  oblong ,  narrowly  winged ,  minutely  or  obscurely  2- tooth- 
ed  at  the  summit :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  narrow ,  about  the 
length  of  the  inner ,  all  united  at  the  base  :  rays  mostly  entire:  leaves 
oposite ,  sessile ,  3- divided :  perennial. 

verticillata,  L.  (Whorled  Slender-leaved  Core¬ 
opsis.)  Smooth,  low  and  slender ;  leaves  closely  sessile  and  3- divid¬ 
'd'  so  03  t0  appear  like  whorls  of  six  ;  the  divisions  1  -2 -pinnately  part- 
e  ,  very  narrowly  linear ;  achenia  wedge-obovate.  —  Damp  soil, 
ic  igan  along  the  Great  Lakes,  and  southward,  rare  :  often  culti¬ 
vated.  August. 

•  •  C.  palmata,  Nutt.  (Three-cleft  Coreopsis.)  Nearly 
smooth,  simple  (1° -2°  high);  leaves  sessile,  with  a  broadly  wedge- 
shaped  outline  deeply  3-cleft,  rigid  ;  the  lobes  broadly  linear ,  entire,  or 
t  e  middle  one  3-lobed;  achenia  narrowly  oblong.  —  Prairies,  Michi¬ 
gan  and  Wisconsin.  July. 

*  *  *  *  Achenia  nearly  orbicular,  broadly  winged,  incurved,  furnished 

with  a  callous  tubercle  on  the  inside  at  the  top  and  bottom,  crowned 
with  2  small  chaff-like  denticulate  teeth :  exterior  involucre  about  the 
length  of  the  inner:  rays  coarsely  3  -  ^-toothed :  leaves  opposite  or 
the  uppermost  alternate :  heads  on  long  naked  peduncles. 

*  .  *  *anceOl&ta,  L.  (Lance-leaved  Coreopsis.)  Smooth 
or  hairy ;  stems  short,  tufted  or  branched  at  the  base ;  leaves  entire, 
lanceolate,  sessile ;  the  lower  oblanceolate  or  oblong-spatulate,  taper¬ 
ing  into  hairy  petioles;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  ovate-lanceolate. 

Lakes  Huron  and  Superior:  common  in  the  Southern  States:  fre¬ 
quent  in  cultivation.  June  -  Aug. 

^  Branches  of  the  style  truncate  :  rays  rose-color  :  disk  yellow- 
•  rosea,  Nutt.  (Rose-flowered  Coreopsis.)  Stem 
ranc  ling,  ow,  leafy,  smooth ;  leaves  opposite,  linear,  entire;  bea  s 
somewhat  corymbed,  on  short  peduncles;  outer  involucre  very  short; 
rays  3-toothed;  achenia  oblong,  wingless;  pappus  an  obscure  crown- 
ike  border.  ^  —  Sandy  and  grassy  swamps,  Plymouth,  Massacbu- 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


231 


setts,  to  New  Jersey,  rare.  Aug. —  Plant  8*- 18'  high,  with  small 
heads. 

C.  tinct6ria,  Nutt.,  a  native  of  the  Southwestern  States,  with  yel¬ 
low  rays  brown-purple  towards  the  base,  is  everywhere  common  in 
gardens. 

C.  auriculata,  L.,  is  to  be  sought  in  Western  Pennsylvania. 

37.  BIDENS,  L.  Burr  Marigold. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  3  —  8,  neutral,  frequently  incon¬ 
spicuous  or  entirely  wanting.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  com¬ 
monly  large  and  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flattish,  the  chaff  decid¬ 
uous  with  the  fruit.  Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of 
the  involucre,  or  slender  and  4-sided,  crowned  with  2  or  more 
rigid  and  persistent  awns  which  are  downwardly  barbed.  —  An¬ 
nual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  various  leaves,  and  mostly 
yellow  flowers.  (Name  the  Latin  bidens,  from  the  two  teeth  or 
awns  of  the  fruit.) 

*  Achenia  flat,  not  tapering  at  the  summit.  ( All  annuals  ?) 

1.  B.  fronddsa,  L.  (Common  Beggar-ticks.)  Smooth  or 
rather  hairy,  tall  (2° -6°  high)  and  branching;  leaves  3-5 -divided; 
the  leaflets  lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  mostly  stalked;  outer 
leafy  involucre  much  longer  than  the  head,  ciliate  below  ;  rays  none ; 
achenia  wedge-obovate,  2-awncd,  the  margins  ciliate  with  upward  bris¬ 
tles,  except  near  the  summit.  —  Moist  waste  places,  a  common  coarse 
weed,  very  troublesome ;  the  achenia,  as  in  the  other  species,  adher¬ 
ing  by  their  retrorsely  barbed  awns  to  the  dress,  and  to  the  fleece  of 
animals.  July  —  Sept. 

2.  B.  connata,  Muhl.  (Swamp  Beggar-ticks.)  Smooth 
(1°  -2°  high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply 
serrate,  tapering  into  margined  petioles  which  are  slightly  united  at 
the  base  ;  the  lower  often  3 -divided;  the  lateral  divisions  united  at  the 
base  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  longer 
than  the  head,  mostly  obtuse,  scarcely  ciliate ;  rays  none; 
narrowly  wedge-form ,  3-  (2  -  4-)  awned ,  and  with  downwar  y  ar  e 
margins.  (B.  tripartita,  Bigel.)  —  Wet  grounds,  common,  especially 
from  New  York  westward. 

3.  B.  cernua,  L.  (Nodding  Burk-Marigold.)  Nearly 
smooth,  low;  leaves  all  undivided,  lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  scarce¬ 
ly  connate  ;  heads  nodding,  with  or  without  (light  yellow)  rays ,  oul® 
involucre  longer  than  the  head ;  achenia  wedge-obovate,  4-awned, 
the  margins  downwardly  barbed.  —  Swamps  and  ditches,  Massachu¬ 
setts  to  Michigan  northward.  —  Rays,  when  present,  sm  er  t  an  1 
the  next,  the  leaves  irregularly  toothed,  and  the  outer  in'  o  ucre 
more  leaf-like. 


232 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

4.  B.  clll’ysailtlieillOldes,  Michx.  (Large-flowered 
Burr-Marigold.)  Smooth,  erect  or  reclining  at  the  base  (6/-30/ 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate ,  tapering  at  both  ends,  more  or  less  connate, 
regularly  serrate;  heads  erect  or  nodding,  conspicuously  radiate ;  outer 
involucre  mostly  shorter  than  the  golden-yellow  rays;  achenia  wedge- 
shaped,  with  almost  prickly  downwardly  barbed  margins;  awns  2,  3, 
or  4.  Swamps,  common,  especially  southward.  —  Rays  showy,  about 
1/  long. 

*  *  Achenia  linear  A -sided,  slender ,  tapering  at  the  summit. 

°*  B.  Beckii,  Torr.  (Water  Marigold.)  Aquatic,  smooth ; 
stems  long  and  slender,  nearly  simple,  bearing  crowded  immersed 
leaves  many  times  dissected  into  fine  capillary  divisions ;  the  few 
emerging  leaves  at  the  summit  lanceolate,  slightly  connate,  cut-tooth¬ 
ed  ,  heads  single,  short-peduncled ;  outer  involucre  of  oval  or  oblong 
scales  shorter  than  the  interior  and  several  times  shorter  than  the 
showy  ( golden-yellow )  rays;  achenia  linear,  thickish,  smooth;  the 
4-6  short  awns  barbed  only  towards  the  apex.  R.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
deep  streams,  W.  New  York  to  Massachusetts. 

^  L.  (Spanish  Needles.)  Smooth,  branch¬ 

ed  (1-4  high);  leaves  1-3 -pinnately  parted ,  petioled  ;  leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate ,  mostly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  heads  on  slender 
pe  unc  es ;  outer  involucre  of  linear  scales  as  long  as  the  inner,  and 
nearly  as  l (mg  as  the  short  pale  yellow  rays ;  achenia  long  and  slender, 
4-grooved  and  angled,  nearly  smooth,  3-4-awned.  <j)  —  Dry  soil, 
Connecticut  to  Pennsylvania  and  westward.  —  Heads  small. 

38.  VERBESINA,  L.  Crownbeard. 

Heads  several -many-flowered  ;  the  rays  pistillate,  few  (rarely 
none).  Scales  of  the  erect  involucre  few,  imbricated  in  2  or  more 
rows.  Receptacle  rather  convex,  the  chaff  concave.  Achenia 

at  (compressed  laterally),  winged  or  wingless,  2-awned. — Per" 
tnnial  herbs;  the  toothed  or  lobed  leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem. 

(“  Name  altered  from  Verbena.”) 

1.  V.  Siegresbcckia,  Michx.  Stem  tall,  4-winged;  hates 
opposite,  ovate,  triple-nerved,  serrate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  smooth  or 
pu  escent  underneath  (large  and  thin);  heads  in  compound  corymbs; 
owers  yellow  ;  rays  1-5,  lanceolate;  achenia  wingless.  —  Rich  soil, 
VV.  Penn.  and  southward. 

,  ^  ^  L.  Stem  narrowly  or  interruptedly  winged, 

dmeny  pubescent  above,  like  the  tower  surface  of  the  ovate-lanceolate 

feather-veined  alteTnat*  <««>«;  heads  in  compound  corymbs ;  flowers 

p  ie’  .ra-VS  '  ”4»oyal;  achenia  narrowly  winged.  —  Dry  soil,  W* 
Pennsylvania  ?  and  southward. 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY. )  233 

Subtribe  3.  HELENliLE.  —  Pappus  composed  of  several  dis- 
tinct  chaffy  scales. 

39.  HELiiGNIina,.  L.  False  Sunflower. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  spreading  wedge-shaped  rays  sev¬ 
eral,  3 -5-cleft  at  the  summit,  fertile.  Involucre  small,  reflexed, 
the  scales  linear  or  awl-shaped.  Receptacle  globose  or  oblong, 
naked.  Achenia  top-shaped,  ribbed.  Pappus  of  5-8  thin  and 
1-nerved  chaffy  scales,  the  nerve  extended  into  a  bristle  or  point. 

_ Erect  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  decurrent  on  the 

angled  stem  and  branches,  which  are  terminated  by  single  or  cor- 
ymbed  (yellow)  heads ;  often  sprinkled  with  bitter  and  aromatic 
resinous  globules.  (Named  after  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus.) 

1.  H.  autumnale,  L.  (Sneeze-weed.)  Nearly  smooth; 
leaves  lanceolate,  toothed  ;  rays  longer  than  the  globular  disk.  It 
Alluvial  river-banks,  common  from  New  k  ork  westwar  an  s 
ward.  Sept.— Plant  1°-3P  high,  bitter:  the  corymbed  heads  showy. 

Subtribe  4.  ANTHEMlDE^E.  —  Pappus  none,  or  a  very 
short  crown.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid,  not  dioecious,  the  central 
sometimes  infertile.  Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base.  Leaves 
alternate.  (Gen.  40-43  are  radiate  :  44  and  45,  discoid.) 


40.  MARtTA,  Cass.  May-weed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  rays  neutral.  Involucre  somewhat 
imbricated,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical,  more  or 
less  chaffy.  Achenia  obovoid,  ribbed,  smooth.  Pappus  none. 
Annual  acrid  herbs,  with  a  strong  odor,  finely  thnce-pinnately  di¬ 
vided  leaves  and  single  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Rays 
white,  turned  down,  the  disk  yellow.  (Derivation  unknown.) 

1  m  Cotula,  DC.  (Common  May-weed.)  Scales  of  the 
involucre  with  whitish  margins;  receptacle  chaffy  only  among  the 
upper  flowers.  —  Road-sides,  a  very  common  naturalized  wee  . 


41.  AN  THEM  IS,  L.  Chamomile. 

Heads  and  flowers  as  in  Maruta,  but  the  rays  fertile.  Achenia 
terete,  striate  or  smooth.  Pappus  none  or  a  minute  crown. 
Herbs  with  aromatic  or  strong  odor,  1  -  2-pinnately  divi  e  ea  e  J 
the  branches  terminated  by  single  heads.  Rays  white,  t  e  is 
20* 


234 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


yellow.  (  A v0€/u9,  the  ancient  name,  given  in  allusion  to  the  pro¬ 
fusion  of  the  flowers.) 

1.  A.  arvensis,  L.  (Corn  Chamomile.)  Pubescent;  leaf¬ 
lets  or  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  toothed,  very  acute ;  branchlets 
leafless  at  the  summit ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  ;  chaff  lanceo¬ 
late,  pointed,  membranaceous;  achenia  crowned  with  a  very  short 
somewhat  toothed  margin.  @  —  Fields,  N.  England  and  New  York, 
introduced,  sparingly  naturalized.  —  Resembles  the  May-weed,  but 
has  larger  heads,  and  is  not  fetid. 

A.  n6bilis,  L.,  the  officinal  Chamomile,  is  said  to  be  somewhat 
naturalized  in  Delaware. 

42.  ACHILLEA,  L.  Yarrow. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  few,  fertile.  Involucre  imbri¬ 
cated.  Receptacle  chaffy,  flattish.  Achenia  oblong,  flattened, 
margined.  Pappus  none.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  small  corym¬ 
bose  heads.  (So  named  because  its  virtues  are  said  to  have  been 
discovered  by  Achilles.) 

**  A#  Millefolium,  L.  (Common  Yarrow  or  Milfoil.) 
ems  most  y  simple;  leaves  twice-pinnately  parted  ;  the  divisions  lin¬ 
ear,  s  -  o-cleft,  crowded;  corymb  compound,  flat-topped;  involucre 
s^orti  white  (or  rose-color);  receptacle  small. — 
ic  t  s>  an  n  Is,  common.  Aug.  —  Smooth  or  often  woolly. 

2  A.  Pturniica,  L.  (Sneezewort.)  Leaves  simple ,  lance- 
ate  r/iear,  sharply  serrate  with  appressed  teeth;  corymb  loose; 
l  ^ ,  J  muc^  longer  than  the  bell-shaped  involucre ;  receptacle 
roac  ,  owers  white.  —  Naturalized  in  some  places,  as  in  Danvers, 
Massachusetts.  Aug.  r 

43.  LEUCASTIIEMrM,  Tourn.  Ox  -eye  Daisy. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  numerous,  fertile.  Scales  of 
road  and  flat  involucre  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins. 
Receptacle  flattish.  Disk-corollas  with  a  flattened  tube.  Ache¬ 
nia  ot  the  disk  and  ray  similar,  striate,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Rer” 
ennial  herbs,  with  toothed  or  pinnatiftd  leaves,  and  large  single 
s  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Rays  white  ;  disk  yel- 

_  W*  (i  ame  composed  of  Xcu/cor,  white ,  and  avOeuov,  a  flowery 
from  the  white  rays.) 

Y^1lS*«'re>  Lam.  (Ox-eye  or  White  Daisy.  White- 
I  t  .•  i  i  m.  erect’  nearly  simple,  naked  above ;  root-leaves  spatu- 
ate,  petioled,  the  others  partly  clasping,  all  cut  or  pinnatifid-toothed ; 


235 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


scales  of  the  involucre  with  rusty  brown  margins.  (Chrysanthemum 
Leucanthemum,  L.)  —  Naturalized  in  fields  and  meadows  too  exten¬ 
sively.  A  pernicious  weed,  with  large  and  showy  heads. 


44.  TANACETtM,  L.  Tansy. 

Heads  many-flowered,  nearly  discoid,  all  fertile  ;  the  marginal 
flowers  chiefly  pistillate  and  3  -  5-toothed,  forming  a  kind  of  ray. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  dry.  Receptacle  convex,  naked. 
Achenia  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  large  flat  top.  Pappus  a  short 
crown.  —  Bitter  and  acrid  strong-scented  herbs,  with  1  -2-pinnate- 
ly  dissected  leaves  and  rather  large  corymbed  heads.  Flowers 
yellow.  (Name  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  atfavacri'a,  undying , 
from  its  durable  flowers.) 

1  T.  vulgare,  L.  (Common  Tansy.)  Stem  erect,  smooth ; 
leaves  twice-pinnately  parted,  the  leaflets  and  the  margined  petiole 
cut-toothed;  corymb  dense;  rays  terete;  pappus  5-lobed.  Var. 
crispum  has  the  leaves  more  cut  and  crisped.  U  u  tivate  an 
naturalized.  Aug. 

2.  T.  Hnronense,  Nutt.  Hairy  or  woolly  when  young, 
stout  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  2-3-pinnately  dissected,  the  lobes  oblong; 
heads  large  and  usually  few,  on  stout  peduncles  ;  rays  flattened,  3-5- 
cleft ;  pappus  toothed.  U  -  Shore  of  L.  Huron,  and  northward.  - 
Disk  very  convex  in  fruit,  the  rays  slightly  exserted. 


45.  ARTEMISIA,  L.  Wormwood. 

Heads  discoid,  few  -  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular, 
the  marginal  ones  pistillate,  or  sometimes  all  similar  and  perfect. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  with  dry  and  scarious  margins. 
Receptacle  small  and  flattish,  naked.  Achenia  obovoid,  with  a 
small  summit  and  no  pappus.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  bitter 
and  aromatic,  with  small  heads  in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes. 
Corolla  yellow  or  purplish.  (Dedicated  to  the  goddess  Artemis.) 
SI.  DRACtSNCULDS,  Besser. —  Receptacle  smooth  :  marginal  flowers 

pistillate  and  fertile,  those  of  the  disk  sterile. 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  Michx.  (Canada  Wormwood.)  Smooth 
or  hoary  with  silky  down  ;  lower  leaves  twice-p.nnately  d>^d  the 
upper  3-7-divided;  the  divisions  linear,  rather  rigid;  heads  rather 
llrge  in  panicled  lacemes.  U  -  Shore  of  the  Great  Lakes  from  L. 
Ontario  to  L.  Superior.  —  Plant  1°  -  29  high. 

2.  A.  caudata,  Michx.  (Slender-leaved  Wormwood.) 
Smooth;  upper  leaves  pinnately,  the  lower  2  3-pinnate  y  tvi  ’ 


236 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


the  divisiotis  thread-form,  spreading ;  heads  small ,  the  racemes  in  a 
wand-like  elongated  panicle.  —  Sandy  soil,  coast  of  New  Hampshire  to 
New  Jersey;  and  again  in  the  Western  Slates.  (2)  —  Plant  2°-2> 
high. 

§  2.  Abrotanum,  Tourn.  —  Receptacle  smooth :  flowers  all  fertile ,  the 
marginal  ones  pistillate. 

d.  A.  Lilldoviciana,  Nutt.  (Western  Mcgwort.)  Whiten - 
ed-woolly  throughout,  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  mostly 
cut-toothed  or  sparingly  pinnatifid,  the  upper  entire ,  the  upper  surface 
often  becoming  naked  and  smooth  with  age;  heads  ovoid,  mostly 
sessile,  disposed  in  narroio  leafy  panicles.  ]|.  —  Dry  banks,  Lakes 
Huron  and  Michigan  and  westward,  especially  the  var.  gnaphalOdes, 
w  ic  i  las  the  elongated  nearly  entire  leaves  very  woolly  both  sides. 

L  A.  vulgaris,  L.  (Common  Mugwort.)  Branches  and 
ower  surface  of  the  leaves  whitish-woolly  ;  stem-leaves  pinnatifid ,  with 
t  le  o  es  variously  cut  or  entire ,  linear-lanceolate  ;  heads  ovoid,  in  open 

*afy  panicles,  Waste  places,  introduced  from  Europe  into  the 

Eastern  States. 

5.  A.  biennis,  Willd.  (Biennial  Wormwood.)  Smooth,  sim- 

p  e  ,  ower  eaves  2 -pinnately  parted,  the  upper  pinnatifid;  lobes  linear, 

.  .e£ ,n  1  e  ower  leaves  cut-toothed  ;  heads  in  short  axillary  spikes 
H*  IC  ,are.  Cr^ded  *n  a  narrow  and  clustered  leafy  panicle.  @  — * 
River-banks,  Ohio  and  westward,  indigenous. 

§  bsinthium,  Tourn.  —  Receptacle  hairy  :  flowers  all  fertile,  the 
,  marginal  ones  pistillate. 

shniKL  *  ii  L.  (Common  Wormwood.)  Rather 

olat  J|LS1  0ar^»  leaves  2-  3-pinnately  parted  ;  the  lobes  lance- 
„:j  ’  °  USe,.°^en  CUt’  ^eads  panicled  racemes,  nodding.  —  Road- 
«>des,  sparingly  naturalized,  escaped  from  gardens. 

Pyr£thbTAN  ^OUTHERN'wo°i>),  is  found  in  gardens. 

«££ ZVZ  VM’ L-  (Fivek"w)>  *5*  *<>■» 

SuMrib0  5.  GNAPHALtNEiE.  — Pappus  of  capi.lary  or 

,h  f  n8|t  6!'  Anthers  Wlth  at  the  base.  Heads  all  discoid, 
the  fertile  flowers  with  thread-shaped  corollas.  -  Floccose-woolly 
herbs  ;  the  leaves  alternate. 


46 

Heads 


^^APHALIUm,  L.  Cudweed. 

it  a  many‘floW€red  i  the  flowers  all  tubular  ;  the  outer  pistil- 
a  e  an  \  ery  slender,  the  central  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
>  n  scanous,  white  or  colored,  imbricated  in  several  row6. 
cep  ac  e  t  at,  naked.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  rough 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


237 


bristles.  —  Woolly  herbs,  with  sessile  or  decurrent  leaves  and 
clustered  or  corymbed  heads.  (Name  from  yvdcpc&ov,  a  lock  of 
wool ,  in  allusion  to  the  floccose  down  of  the  leaves.) 

*  Achenia  nearly  terete  :  pistillate  flowers  in  several  series. 

1/  O.  decurrens,  Ives.  (Wing-margined  Everlasting.) 
Stem  stout,  erect,  branched  at  the  top,  clammy-pubescent,  white- 
woolly  on  the  branches,  bearing  numerous  heads  in  dense  corymbed 
clusters ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  partly  clasping ,  decurrent  ;  scales  of 
the  (yellowish-white)  involucre  oval,  acutish.  1J.  —  Ilill-sides,  Maine 
and  Vermont  to  New  Jersey.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Plant  2°  high. 

2.  G.  polyceplialum,  Michx.  (Common  Everlasting.) 
Stem  erect,  woolly;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base ,  with  undu¬ 
late  margins,  not  decurrent ,  smoothish  above ;  heads  clustered  at  the 
summit  of  the  panicled-corymbose  branches ,  ovate-conical  before  expan¬ 
sion,  then  obovate;  scales  of  the  (whitish)  involucre  ovate  and  oblong, 
rather  obtuse  ;  perfect  flowers  few.  ®  -  OId  fields  al,d  woods’  COm' 
mon  southward.  —  Plant  fragrant,  l°-2°  high. 

3.  G.  uligiliosum,  L.  (Low  Cudweed.)  Loic,  diffusely 
branched ,  woolly  all  over  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  not  decurrent; 
heads  (small)  in  terminal  sessile  capitate  clusters  subtended  by  leaves ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  oblong.  ©—Low  grounds  and  ditches  by  the 
road-side,  everywhere.  —  Plant  3' -6'  high. 

4.  G.  purpdreum,  L.  (Purplish  Cudweed.)  Stem  sim¬ 
ple,  or  branched  from  the  base,  ascending,  woolly ;  ieaves  oblong- 
spatulate,  mostly  obtuse,  not  decurrent,  green  above  very  white  w  th 
close  wool  underneath  ;  heads  in  sessile  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  up¬ 
per  leaves ,  and  spiked  at  the  wand-like  summit  of  the  stem ,  scales 
the  involucre  lance-oblong,  tawny-white,  the  inner  often  marked  with 
purple.  -  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  coast  of  Maine  to  Pennsylvania  and 

southward. 

,  ,  Jlchenia  flattish  :  pistillate  flowers  in  a  single  marginal  row. 

5.  «.  sup'raum,  Villars.  (Mountain  Dwarf  Cudweed.) 
Dwarf  and  tufled;  leaves  linear,  woolly ;  heads  solitary  or  eW  an 
spiked  on  the  slender  simple  flowering  stems  •  scales  of  the  involucre 
brown,  lanceolate,  acute. -Alpine  rcg.on  of  Mt.  Washington,  N. 
Hampshire,  Nuttall ,  Oakes. 

4:7.  ANTENNARIA,  Gaertn.  Everlasting. 

Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious  or  nearly  so;  the  pistillate 
flowers  very  slender.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scanous, 
white  or  colored,  imbricated.  Receptacle  convex  or  flat,  not 
chaffy.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  bristles,  which  in  the  fertile 
ers  are  capillary,  and  in  the  sterile  thickened  and  club  shape 


238 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

barbellate  at  the  summit.  —  Perennial  white-woolly  herbs,  with 
entire  leaves  and  corymbed  (rarely  single)  heads.  Corolla  yel¬ 
lowish.  (So  named  from  the  resemblance  of  the  sterile  pappus 
to  the  antenna  of  many  insects.) 

1*  A.  margaritacea,  R.  Brown.  (Pearly  Everlasting.) 
Stem  erect  (l°-2°  high),  corymbose  at  the  summit,  with  many  heads, 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sessile;  fertile  heads 
often  with  a  few  imperfect  staminate  flowers  in  the  centre  ;  scales  of 
the  pearly  white  involucre  obtuse  or  rounded.  —  Dry  hills  and  woods, 
common.  Aug.  (Gnaphalium,  L.,  ^-c.) 

2.  A.  plantagillifdlia,  Hook.  (Plantain-leaved  Ever¬ 
lasting.)  Low ,  spreading  by  offsets  and  runners;  leaves  silky-woolly 
when  young,  at  length  green  above  and  hoary  beneath  ;  those  of  the 
simple  and  scape-like  flowering  stems  small,  lanceolate,  appressed;  the 
radical  obovate  or  oval-spatulate,  petioled,  ample,  3-nerved;  heads  in 
a  small  crowded  corymb;  scales  of  the  (mostly  white)  involucre  ob¬ 
tuse  in  the  sterile,  and  acutish  and  narrower  in  the  fertile  plant.  — 
Var.  monocephala  has  a  single  larger  head.  (Philadelphia,  Mr.  Lea.) 

Sterile  knolls  and  wooded  banks,  common.  April,  May. 

48,  FILAGO,  Tourn.  Cotton-Rose. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  central  flowers  perfect,  but  often  in¬ 
fertile  ;  the  others  pistillate,  very  slender  and  thread-form.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  few  and  woolly.  Receptacle  elongated  or  top¬ 
shaped,  naked  at  the  summit,  but  chaffy  at  the  margins  or  toward 
the  base ,  the  chaff  resembling  the  proper  involucral  scales,  each 
covering  a  single  pistillate  flower.  —  Pappus  of  the  central  flow¬ 
ers  capillary,  of  the  outer  ones  chiefly  none.  — Annual  and  low 
branching  woolly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  heads  in  cap¬ 
itate  clusters.  (Name  from  filum,  a  thread,  in  allusion  to  the  cot¬ 
tony  hairs  that  cover  these  plants.) 

1.  (*crinaiiica,  L.  (Herba  Impia.)  Stem  erect,  short, 
c  ot  led  with  lanceolate  and  upright  crowded  leaves,  producing  a  capi¬ 
tate  cluster  of  woolly  heads,  from  which  rise  one  or  more  branches, 
each  terminated  by  a  similar  head,  and  continued  in  the  same  man- 
ner :  —  hence  the  common  name  applied  to  it  by  the  old  botanists,  as 
i  e  offspring  were  undutifully  exalting  themselves  above  the  pa¬ 
rent.  Dry  fields,  introduced  from  Europe.  July -Oct. 

Subtribe  6.  SENEClONEiE.  —  Pappus  soft  and  capillary. 
Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked.  Heads  ra¬ 
diate  or  discoid.  Leaves  alternate  (except  in  No.  52). 


239 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


49.  ERECHTHITES,  Raf.  Fireweed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid,  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  fertile ; 
the  marginal  pistillate  with  a  slender  corolla.  Scales  of  the  cy¬ 
lindrical  involucre  in  a  single  row,  linear,  acute,  with  a  few  small 
bractlets  at  the  base.  Achenia  oblong,  tapering  at  the  end.  Pap¬ 
pus  copious,  of  very  fine  and  white  soft  hairs.  Erect  and  coarse 
annuals,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  paniculate-corymbed 
heads.  Flowers  whitish.  (The  ancient  name  of  some  species  of 
Groundsel,  probably  called  after  Erechtheus.') 

1.  E.  llieracifdlia,  Raf.  (Fireweed.)  Often  hairy;  stem 
grooved  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  cut-toothed,  sessile ,  the 
upper  often  with  an  auricled  clasping  base.  (Senecio  hieracifblius, 
L.)— Moist  woods,  and  especially  in  recent  clearings,  where  the 
ground  has  been  burned  over.  July— Sept.  Plant  1  -5  higi,  wi 
somewhat  the  aspect  of  a  Sow-thistle. 


50.  CACALIA,  L.  Indian  Plantain. 

Heads  5 -many-flowered,  discoid;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and 
perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row,  with  a  few 
bractlets  at  the  base.  Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.  Achenia  oblong, 
smooth.  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles.  Smooth  and 
tall  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  often  petioled  leaves,  and  rath 
er  large  heads  in  flat  corymbs.  Flowers  white  or  whitish.  (An 
ancient  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

*  Involucre  25-  30-flowcred  :  receptacle  flat. 

1.  C.  suaveolcns,  L.  (Sweet-scented  Cacalia.)  Stem 
grooved  ;  leaves  triangular-lanceolate,  halbert-shaped,  pointed,  serrate, 
those  of  the  stem  on  winged  petioles;  bractlets  of  the  involucre  sev¬ 
eral,  slender,  spreading.  —  Rich  woods,  from  W.  New  York  and  Con- 
necticut  southward  and  westward.  Sept. 

*  *  Involucre  Cleaved  and  5- flowered :  receptacle  bearing  a  more  or 
less  evident  scale-like  pointed  appendage  m  the  centre. 

2.  C.  reuif6rous,  Mnhl.  (Great  India*  Pla;ta‘n  )  S‘*"' 

(4°  -9°  high)  grooved  and  angled  ;  leaves  green  both  sides,  delated  fan¬ 
shaped,  or  tile  lowest  kidney-form,  repand-toothed  and  angled  palmate- 
ly  veined,  petioled  ;  the  teeth  pointed  ;  corymbs  large  —Rich  damp 
woods,  Penn,  to  Indiana  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Root-leaves  often 
2P  broad. 

3.  C.  atlipliciiolia,  L.  (Pale  Ikd.as  Plantain.)  Stem 
terete,  and  with  the  pal  mat  ely  veined  and  angulate-lobe  eaves  g  au 
cons;  lower  leaves  triangular-kidney-form  or  slightly  heart-s  ape  , 


240 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

the  upper  rhomboid  or  wedge-form,  toothed.  —  Rich  copses,  from  W. 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  southward  and  westward.  Aug. 

4.  C.  tuberosa,  Nutt.  (Tuberous  Indian  Plantain.)  Stem 
angled  and  grooved,  from  a  tuberous  root;  leaves  green  both  sides , 
thickish,  strongly  5-7 -nerved;  the  lower  lanceolate-ovate  or  oval , 
rather  blunt,  nearly  entire,  tapering  into  long  petioles;  the  upper  on 
short  margined  petioles,  sometimes  toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Wet  prai¬ 
ries,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin.  June. 

51,  SENE  CIO,  L.  Groundsel. 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid,  with  the  flowers  all  perfect  and 
tubular,  or  mostly  radiate,  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  invo¬ 
lucre  in  a  single  row,  or  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base.  Recep¬ 
tacle  flat.  Pappus  of  numerous  very  soft  and  slender  capillary 
bristles.  Herbs,  or  in  the  tropics  shrubs  (probably  the  largest 
phaenogamous  genus  in  the  world),  with  alternate  leaves  and  soli¬ 
tary  or  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  chiefly  yellow.  (Name  from 
senex,  an  old  man,  alluding  to  the  hoary  hairs  which  cover  many 
species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the  pappus.) 

*  Rays  none :  annual. 

1*  Vulgaris,  L.  (Common  European  Groundsel.)  Near¬ 
ly  smooth,  or  at  first  woolly  ;  leaves  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  clasping, 
the  lowest  petioled ;  heads  loosely  corymbed,  nodding.  —  Waste 
grounds,  E.  New  England  and  New  York  :  introduced.  —  A  homely 
weed,  6'  - 12'  high. 

^  *  K(llJs  present :  perennial :  heads  corymbed. 

S*  .in rolls,  L.  (Golden  Ragwort.  Squaw-weed.)  Smooth , 
or  floccost-wooUy  when  young ;  root-leaves  simple  and  rounded ,  the 
larger  mostly  heart-shaped,  crenate-toothed,  long-petioled ;  the  facer 
stem-leaves  lyre-shaped ,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  cut-pinnatifid,  sessile 
or  partly  clasping;  corymb  umbel-like;  rays  8 -  12.  —  Varies  greatly, 
the  leading  forms  being,  — Var.  1.  obovAtus,  with  the  root-leaves 
round-obovate  (growing  in  drier  places).  — Var.  2.  Balsamitje,  with 
the  root-leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  lanceolate,  sometimes  cut-toothed, 
tapering  into  the  petiole.  Rocky  places.  —  Var.  3.  lanceolAtus, 
Oakes,  with  the  leaves  all  lanceolate-oblong,  thin,  sharply  and  une- 
qua  y  toothed,  either  wedge-shaped  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  the  upper  merely  pinnatifid-cut  towards  the  base.  (Cedar 
swamps,  Vermont,  Robbijis.) — Common  everywhere;  the  primary 
form  in  swamps.  May,  June.  — Plant  10' -30'  high. 

3  »•  tomentosus,  Michx.  (Woolly  Ragwort.)  Clothed 
WUh  scarcely  deciduous  hoary  wool ;  root-leaves  oblong ,  obtuse,  crenate- 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


241 


toothed,  on  slender  petioles  ;  the  upper  sessile ;  corymb  flat-topped ; 
rays  12  - 15.  —  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  (Pursh),  anil  southward. 
May.  — Plant  X°-SP  high,  nearly  leafless  above. 

52-  ARNICA,  L.  Arnica. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate,  the  rays  pistillate.  Seales  of  the 
bell-shaped  involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  somewhat  in  2  rows.  Re¬ 
ceptacle  flat,  fimbrillate.  Achenia  spindle-shaped.  Pappus  a 
single  row  of  rather  rigid  and  strongly  roughened-denticulate 
bristles.— Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  of  the  mountains  and  cold 
northern  regions,  with  simple  stems,  bearing  single  or  corymbed 
large  heads  and  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  thought 
to  be  a  corruption  of  P  tar  mica.) 

1.  A.  mollis  Hook.  Soft-hairy ;  stem  leafy,  bearing  1  to  5 
heads  ;  leaves  thin,  veiny,  smoothish  when  old,  toothed  ;  the  upper 
ovate-lanceolate,  closely  sessile ;  the  lower  narrower,  tapering  into  a 
margined  petiole;  scales  of  the  involucre  pointed ;  pappus  almost 
plumose.  -  Alpine  rivulets,  &c„  White  Mountains  of  N.  Hampshire 
and  mountains  of  N.  New  York.  July. 

Tribe  V.  CYNAREiE.  The  Artichoke  or  Thistle  Tribe. 

Style  in  the  perfect  flowers  often  thickened  near  the  summit ; 
the  branches  distinct  or  concreted,  minutely  pubescent  externally  ; 
the  stigmatic  lines  reaching  their  apex  and  there  confluent. 
(Heads  discoid,  mostly  large.) 

53.  CENTAUREA,  L.  Star-Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal 
mostly  falsely  radiate  and  larger,  sterile.  Receptacle  bristly.  In¬ 
volucre  imbricated,  the  scales  margined  or  appendaged  Achenia 
compressed.  Pappus  wanting,  or  of  a  few  bristles.  —  Her  wit 
alternate  leaves  and  single  heads.  (Named  from  the  Centaur, 

Chiron.)  ,  _  .  . 

1  C  cianus,  L.  (Blue-Bottle.)  Scales  of  the  globular 
involucre  fringe-margined;  rays  longer  than  the  disk;  pappus i  veyy 
short;  stem  erect,  branching ;  leaves  ^near  enure,  or  toothed  at  the 
base.  ®  -Road-sides,  escaped  from  gardens.  July.  -  Flowers 
blue,  varying  to  purplish  or  white.  t 

2.  C.  nigra,  L.  (Knapweed.)  Scales  of  the  globular  mvo- 

lucre  appendaged,  and  with  a  stiff  black  fringe  j  rays  wantin3 ;  p 
21 


242  composite,  (composite  family.) 

pus  very  short ;  stem  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  ly- 
rate-angled,  rough.  1|.  —  Naturalized  in  E.  New  England.  Aug.  — 
Flowers  purple. 

C.  Americana,  Nutt.,  a  very  showy  species  of  the  Southwestern 
States,  is  commonly  cultivated  in  gardens. 

54*  CNICUS,  Vaill.  Blessed  Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  tubular  and  sterile,  short¬ 
er  than  the  rest,  which  are  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
ovoid  involucre  coriaceous,  appressed,  produced  into  a  long  and 
rigid  pinnately  spinose  appendage.  Receptacle  clothed  with  capil¬ 
lary  bristles.  Achenia  short,  strongly  striate,  crowned  with  10 
short  and  horny  teeth,  and  bearing  a  pappus  of  10  elongated  rigid 
bristles,  and  10  short  bristles  alternate  with  the  last  in  an  inner 
ro\i .  An  annual  somewhat  woolly  herb,  with  clasping  scarcely 
pinnatifid-cut  leaves  and  large  bracted  heads.  Flowers  yellow. 
(Name  from  #evt£a>,  to  prick .) 

1  C.  benedictus,  L.  —  Road-sides,  scarcely  naturalized. 

55.  CIRSIFM,  Tourn.  Plumed  Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  sim¬ 
ilar,  or  rarely  imperfectly  dioecious.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  or  spher¬ 
ical  involucre  imbricated  in  many  rows,  tipped  with  a  point  or 
prickle.  Receptacle  clothed  with  soft  bristles  or  hairs.  Achenia 
oblong,  flattish,  not  ribbed.  Pappus  of  numerous  bristles  united 
into  a  ring  at  the  base,  plumose  to  the  middle.  —  Herbs,  with  ses¬ 
sile  alternate  leaves,  often  pinnatifid,  and  the  margins  and  teeth 
prickly.  Heads  large  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Flow¬ 
ers  purple  or  cream-color.  (Name  from  KipaoS,  a  swelled  vein ,  for 
which  the  Thistle  was  a  reputed  remedy.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  tipped  with  spreading  prickles. 

C.  lanceolatum,  Scop.  (Common  Thistle.)  Leaves 
ecurrent  on  the  stem,  forming  prickly  lobed  wings,  pinnatifid,  rough 
and  bristly  above,  woolly  with  deciduous  webby  hairs  beneath,  prick- 
y ,  owers  purple.  —  Pastures  and  road-sides,  everywhere,  in* 
troduced.  July-Sept. 

Inner,  or  nearly  all  the  scales  of  the  involucre  unarmed ,  appressed : 
filaments  hairy. 

-  Leaves  white-woolly  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above :  outer  scales 
of  the  involucre  successively  shorter ,  tipped  with  short  prickles. 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  243 


2.  C.  Pitclieri,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Pitcher’s  Thistle.)  White- 
woolly  throughout ,  low ;  stem  stout,  very  leafy ;  leaves  all  pinnaiely 
parted  into  rigid  narrowly  linear  and  elongated  divisions ,  with  revolute 
margins ;  flowers  cream-color.  1J.  —  Sandy  shores  of  L.  Huron  and 
Michigan. 

3.  C.  undulatum,  Spreng.  (Woolly  Thistle  )  mite- 

woolly  throughout ,  low  and  stout,  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong ,  part¬ 
ly  clasping,  undulate-pinnatifid ,  with  prickly  lobes  ;  flowers  reddish- 
purple.  Islands  of  L.  Huron  and  Michigan,  thence  westward. 

July. 

4.  C.  discolor,  Spreng.  (Two-colored  Thistle.)  Stem 
grooved,  hairy,  branched,  leafy  ;  leaves  all  deeply  pinnatifid,  sparingly 
hairy  and  green  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath ,  the  diverging 
lobes  2 -deleft,  linear -lanceolate,  prickly-pointed;  flowers  pale  purple. 
(D  — Meadows  and  copses,  not  uncommon.  Aug.  —  Plant  3° -6° 
high  :  heads  V  or  more  in  width.  / 

5.  €.  siltissimiim,  Spreng.  (Tall  Thistle.)  Stem  downy, 
branching,  leafy  to  the  heads;  leaves  roughish-hairy  above,  whitened 
with  close  wool  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate ,  sinuate-toothed ,  undulate- 
pinnatifid ,  or  undivided ,  the  lobes  or  teeth  prickly,  those  from  the  base 
pinnatifid;  lobes  short ,  oblong  or  triangular ;  flowers  chiefly  purple. 
^  ?  —  Fields  and  copses,  Penn,  to  Ohio,  &c.  Aug.  —  Plant  3°  -  10° 
high :  leaves  variable :  the  heads  much  as  in  the  last. 

6.  C.  Virginianum,  Michx.  (Small  Thistle.)  Stem 
woolly,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  the  branches  or  long 
peduncles  naked;  leaves  lanceolate ,  green  above,  whitened  with  close 
wool  beneath,  ciliate  with  prickly  bristles,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate- 
lobed ,  sometimes  the  lower  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid  ;  outer  scales  of 
the  involucre  scarcely  prickly  ;  flowers  purple.  —  Woods  and  plains, 
Ohio  and  southward.  July.- Plant  1°-3P  high  ;  the  heads  seldom 
more  than  half  as  large  as  in  the  last. 


~~  Leaves  green  both  sides,  or  with  loose  webby  hairs  underneath: 
scales  of  the  involucre  scarcely  prickly-pointed. 

7.  C.  rn.lticu.il,  Michx.  (Swamp  Th.stle.)  Stem  tall,  an¬ 
gled,  smoothish,  panicled  at  the  summit,  the  branches  sp>m«^y  km* 
and  bearing  single  or  few  naked  heads;  leaves  somewhat  ha  ry  above, 
whitened  with  loose  webby  hairs  beneath  when  young,  deeply  P  •"»■*£ 
the  divisions  lanceolate,  acute,  cut-lobed,  pr.ckly-po.nted; 

webby  and  glutinous  involucre  closely  oppressed  potntless  or  barely 
mucronate  ;  flowers  purple.  U  -  Swamps  and  low  copses,  common. 
Aug.  —  Plant  3P-8P  high  :  heads  rather  large. 

8.  C.  pumilnm,  Spreng.  (Pasture  Thistle.) 
stout,  hairy,  bearing  1-3  very  large  heads  whic  are  some 

bracted  at  the  base  ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  claspi  g,  g  7 


244  COMPOSITE.  (composite  family.) 

somewhat  hairy ,  pinnatifid,  icith  short  and  cut  very  prickly-margined 
lobes  ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  prickly-pointed ,  the  inner  very 
slender;  flowers  purple  or  rarely  white.  ©  —  Low  or  dry  fields, 
Maine  to  Penn.,  near  the  coast.  July.  —  Stem  l°-3?high:  heads 
14'  broad ;  the  fragrant  flowers  2'  long. 

9.  C.  horrid  ilium,  Michx.  (Great  Yellow  Thistle.) 
Stem  stout ,  webby-haired  when  young;  leaves  partly  clasping,  green, 
soon  smooth,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid ,  the  short  toothed  and  cut  lobes  very 
spiny  with  yellowish  prickles  ;  heads  large,  surrounded  at  the  base  by 
an  involucrate  whorl  of  leaf-like  and  very  prickly  bracts ,  which  equal 
or  exceed  the  narrow  and  unarmed  scales  of  the  involucre  ;  flowers 
pale  yellow,  often  turning  purple  in  fading.  —  Sandy  fields,  &c.,  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  to  Penn,  and  southward,  near  the  coast.  June -Aug. — 
Plant  1°  -4°  high :  the  heads  nearly  as  large  as  in  the  last. 

*  *  *  Outer  scales  of  the  oppressed  involucre  barely  prickly-pointed : 
filaments  nearly  smooth  :  heads  imperfectly  dioecious. 

10.  C.  arvense,  Scop.  (Canada  Thistle.)  Low,  branched ; 
roots  extensively  creeping ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  smooth,  or 
slightly  woolly  beneath,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  prickly-margined ;  heads 
small  and  numerous ;  flowers  rose-purple  1|.  —  Cultivated  fields  and 
pastures,  naturalized :  a  most  troublesome  weed,  which  it  is  extreme¬ 
ly  difficult  to  eradicate.  July,  Aug. 

56.  ONOPORDON,  Vaill.  Cotton  Thistle. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Cirsium.  Scales  of  the  involu¬ 
cre  coriaceous,  tipped  with  a  lanceolate  prickly  appendage.  Re¬ 
ceptacle  deeply  alveolate.  Achenia  4-angled,  wrinkled  trans¬ 
versely.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  numerous,  slender,  not  plumose, 
united  at  the  base  into  a  horny  ring.  —  Coarse  branching  herbs, 
with  the  stems  winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  lobed  and 
toothed  somewhat  prickly  leaves.  Heads  large  :  flowers  purple. 

1.  O.  ac&nthium,  L.  Stem  and  leaves  woolly;  scales  of 
the  involucre  linear-awl -shaped.  ©-Road-sides,  naturalized  m 
New  England.  July.  -  A  tall  cottony  plant. 

5  7.  LAPPA,  Toum.  Burdock. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar.  I°" 
volucre  globose ;  the  imbricated  scales  coriaceous  and  appressed  at 
the  base,  produced  into  an  abrupt  and  spreading  awl-shaped  ap¬ 
pendage,  with  a  rigid  hooked  point.  Receptacle  bristly.  Achema 
oblong,  flattened,  wrinkled  transversely.  Pappus  short,  of  numer¬ 
ous  rough  bristles,  not  united  at  the  base,  deciduous.  —  Coarse  bi- 


245 


COMPOSIT-E.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


ennial  weeds,  with  large  unarmed  heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves, 
with  undulate  margins,  and  the  lower  surface  somewhat  woolly. 
Heads  small,  solitary  or  clustered  :  flowers  purple,  rarely  white. 
(Name  from  XajSeu/,  to  lay  hold ,  the  involucre  forming  a  hooked 
burr  which  holds  tenaciously  to  the  dress  or  fleece  of  animals.) 

1.  L.  major,  Giertn.  (Common  Burdock.)  Upper  leaves 
ovate,  the  lower  very  large,  heart-shaped;  involucre  smoothish. 
(Arctium  Lappa,  L.)  —  Waste  places  and  around  dwellings,  introduc¬ 
ed.  July. 

L.  Bardana,  a  species  or  variety  with  pinnatifid  leaves,  has  been 
observed  near  Boston  by  Mr.  Tuckerman,  and  in  Pennsylvania  by 
Dr.  Darlington. 

Suborder  II.  LIGULIFLOR.AE. 


Tribe  VI.  CICHORACEiE.  The  Succory  Tribe. 

Flowers  all  perfect  and  ligulate.  Branches  of  the  style  slender, 
obtuse,  uniformly  hairy,  the  stigmatic  lines  terminating  near  the 
middle.  —  Plants  with  a  milky  juice  !  Leaves  alternate.  (See 
Synopsis ,  p.  189.) 

58.  LAMPSANA,  Tourn.  Nipple-wort. 

Heads  8  -  12-flowered.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  8, 
erect,  in  one  row.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong.  Pappus 
none.  —  Slender  branching  herbs,  with  angled  or  toothed  leaves, 
and  loosely  panicled  small  heads  :  flowers  yellow.  (Name  from 
\airafr,  to  purge.) 

I.  I,.  communis,  L.  Annual,  nearly  smooth  ;  lower  leaves 
ovate,  sometimes  lyre-shaped. -Road-sides,  sparingly  introduced  near 
Boston,  scarcely  naturalized. 


59.  CICHORITTM,  Tourn.  Succory. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  5  short 
spreading  scales,  the  inner  of  8-10  scales.  Achema  stnate. 
Pappus  of  numerous  very  small  chaffy  scales,  forming  a  s  i 
crown. -Branching  perennials,  with  the  root-leaves  toothed  or 
pinnatifid;  the  sessile  heads  axillary  and  terminal.  Flowers 
bright  blue,  showy.  (Altered  from  the  Arabian  name  of  the 
plant.) 

1.  C.  Intybus,  L.  (Common  Succory  or  Cichort.)  &tem 
21* 


246 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


leaves  small,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  toothed  or  entire, 
those  of  the  branches  inconspicuous  ;  heads  2  or  3  together.  —  Road¬ 
sides  and  fields,  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States.  Aug. -Oct. 


60.  KRIGIA,  Schreber.  Dwarf  Dandelion. 


Heads  15-  20-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  in 
about  2  rows.  Achenia  top-shaped,  many-striate  or  angled.  Pap¬ 
pus  double  ;  the  outer  of  5  broad  and  rounded  chaffy  scales ;  the 
inner  of  as  many  alternate  slender  bristles.  —  Small  annuals  or 
biennials,  branched  from  the  base ;  the  leaves  chiefly  radical, 
lyrate,  or  toothed,  the  small  heads  terminating  the  naked  scapes 
or  branches.  Flowers  yellow.  (Named  after  D.  Krieg ,  an  early 
German  botanical  collector  in  this  country.) 

Yirginica,  Willd.  Stems  or  scapes  several,  and  fork¬ 
ing  during  the  season ;  earlier  leaves  roundish,  entire,  the  others  nar¬ 
rower  and  often  pinnatifid.  —  Var.  dich6toma  is  a  more  branching 
and  leafy  form.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  N.  England  to  Penn,  and  south- 
W ar  ’  near  coast*  —  Plant  V  -  1CK  high,  the  heads  minute. 


CYNTHIA,  Don.  Cynthia. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  some¬ 
what  m  2  rows.  Achenia  short,  striate.  Pappus  double ;  the 
outer  of  numerous  very  small  chaffy  bristles ;  the  inner  of  numer¬ 
ous  capillary  elongated  bristles.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  nearly 
smooth  and  glaucous,  with  scattered  or  radical  undivided  or  pinna- 
ifid  leaves  ,  the  scapes  or  naked  peduncles  (often  bristly  at  the 
apex)  bearing  rather  showy  single  heads.  Flowers  yellow. 
(Probably  named  after  Mount  Cynthus.) 

y,rB‘ni«a.  D°n.  Stem-leaves  1-2,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
nptinl^a  U  a**  °  aS^>*n^*  most,y  entire;  the  radicle  on  short  winged 
peboles  often  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid;  peduncles  2 -5.- Moist 

ormorend  Ct>PSeS’  New  York  t0  Michigan.  June.  — Stem  1°  bigb, 


«2.  I.EO  ATODOIV,  L.,  Juss.  Hawkbit. 
eads  many-flowered.  Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  but  with 

^  *acl*ets  at  the  base.  Achenia  spindle-shaped,  striate,  all 

appus  persistent,  composed  of  plumose  bristles  which 
are  enlarged  and  flattened  towards  the  base.  —  Low  and  stemless 
perennials,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  root-leaves,  the  scapes  bear- 


247 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

ing  one  or  more  yellow  heads.  (Name  from  \ecov,  a  lion ,  and  obovs, 
a  tooth ,  in  allusion  to  the  toothed  margins  of  the  leaves.)  —  The 
following  belongs  to  the  subgenus  Oporinia,  which  has  a  tawny 
white  pappus  of  a  single  row  of  equal  bristles. 

1.  L..  autumnale,  L.  (Autumnal  False  Dandelion.) 
Leaves  more  or  less  pinnatifid;  scape  branched;  peduncles  several, 
thickened  at  the  summit  and  furnished  with  small  scaly  bracts ;  invo¬ 
lucre  obovoid-oblong.  (Apargia,  Willd.)  —  Meadows  and  road-sides, 
thoroughly  naturalized  in  E.  New  England.  Aug. -Oct. 

63.  HIERXCIUUI,  Tourn.  Hawkweed. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated. 
Achenia  oblong  or  columnar,  striate,  not  beaked.  Pappus  a  sin¬ 
gle  row  of  tawny  fragile  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  single  or  panicled  heads  of  yel¬ 
low  flowers.  (Name  from  iepa£,  a  hawk.) 

*  Heads  large  and  broad :  achenia  tapering  towards  the  base. 

1.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.  (Canada  Hawkweed.)  Stems 
simple,  leafy,  corymbed  at  the  summit ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely  and  very  coarsely  toothed,  somewhat 
hairy,  the  uppermost  slightly  clasping ;  scales  of  the  imbricated  invo¬ 
lucre  awl-shaped.  (H.  Kdlmii,  Spreng .,  &c.,  not  of  Linn.)  —  Dry 
woods,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  chiefly  northward.  Aug.  —  Plant 
1°-2P  high,  stout;  the  leaves  variable  in  breadth. 

*  *  Heads  small:  involucre  cylindrical ,  scarcely  imbricated:  achenia 
columnar  or  spindle-shaped. 

2.  H.  scabnim,  Michx.  (Rough  Hawkweed.)  Stem  rath¬ 
er  stout  (1° - 3°  high)  leafy,  rough-hairy;  the  stiff  flexuous  panicle  at 
first  racemose,  at  length  rather  corymbose;  the  thickish  peduncles  and 
the  hoary  40  -  50-flowered  involucre  densely  clothed  with  glandular 
bristles  ;  achenia  columnar ,  not  tapering  at  the  summit;  leaves  obovate 
or  oval,  nearly  entire,  hairy.  —  Dry  open  woods,  common,  especially 
northward.  Aug. 

3.  II.  longipilum,  Torr.  (Long-bearded  Hawkweed.) 
Stem  wand-like,  simple,  stout  (2P-3°  high),  very  leafy  towards  the 
base ,  naked  above ,  and  bearing  a  small  racemed  panicle;  the  lower 
portion  and  both  sides  of  the  oblong-lanceolate  or  spatulate  entire 
leaves  thickly  clothed  with  very  long  and  upright  bristles ;  peduncles 
with  the  20  -  30-flowered  involucre  glandular-bristly ;  achenia  spindle- 
shaped ,  narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  Prairies  and  copses,  Michigan  and 
westward.  Aug.  —  Heads  intermediate  between  the  last  and  tne 
next.  Bristles  straight  and  even,  as  if  combed,  often  F  long  . 

4.  H.  Qronovii,  L.  (Hairy  Hawkweed.)  Stem  wand-like, 


248  composite,  (composite  family.) 

mostly  simple,  leafy  and  very  hairy  below ,  naked  above  and  forming  a 
long  and  narrow  panicle ;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  nearly  entire, 
hairy  ;  the  slender  peduncles  and  the  20  -  30-flowered  involucre  spar- 
ingiy  glandular-bristly ;  achenia  spindle-shaped ,  with  a  very  taper  sum¬ 
mit. —  Dry  sterile  soil,  common,  especially  southward.  Aug. — Va¬ 
ries  from  l°-4°  high;  with  small  heads  and  almost  beaked  fruit, 
which  well  distinguishes  the  largest  forms  from  No.  2,  and  the  small¬ 
est  naked-stemmed  states  from  the  next. 

5.  II.  venosilYll,  L.  (Rattlesnake-weed.)  Stem  or  scape 
naked  or  with  a  single  leaf  smooth  and  slender,  forking  above  into  a 
spreading  loose  corymb  ;  root-leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  nearly  entire, 
scarcely  petioled,  thin  and  pale,  purplish  and  glaucous  underneath 
(often  hairy  along  the  midrib)  marked  with  purple  veins ;  peduncles 
very  slender ;  involucre  20-flowered ;  achenia  linear ,  not  tapering 
above.  —  Var.  subcaulescens  has  the  stem  more  or  less  leafy  next 
the  base. —  Dry  soil,  and  pine  woods,  common.  —  Plant  1°-2P  high; 
the  rays  large  for  the  size  of  the  head. 

6.  II.  paniculatum,  L.  (Panicked  Hawkweed.)  Stem 
slender ,  leafy ,  diffusely  branched ,  hairy  below ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
at  both  ends,  slightly  toothed,  smooth ;  heads  (very  small)  in  a  loose 
panicle  on  slender  diverging  peduncles,  12  -  2ft-jloicered ;  achenia 
short,  not  tapering  at  the  summit.  —  Copses,  common.  Aug. 

nAbALUS,  Cass.  Rattlesnake-root. 

Heads  few  —  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5  to  14 
linear  scales  in  a  single  row,  and  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base. 
Achenia  linear-oblong,  striate  or  grooved,  not  contracted  at  the 
apex.  Pappus  of  copious  straw-color  or  brownish  roughish  capil¬ 
lary  bristles.  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright  leafy  stems  arising 
from  spindle-shaped  (extremely  bitter)  tubers,  very  variable  leaves, 
and  racemose-panicled  mostly  nodding  heads.  Flowers  greenish- 
white  or  cream-color,  often  tinged  with  purple.  (Name  probably 
from  vafiha,  a  harp ,  in  allusion  to  the  lyrate  leaves  which  these 
plants  sometimes  present.)  Species  of  Prenanthes,  L. 

*  Involucre  smooth  or  nearly  so,  5  - 12 -flowered. 

1-  N.  dibits,  Hook.  (White  Lettuce.  Rattlesnake-root*) 
Smooth  and  glaucous,  tall ;  stem  corymbose-panicled  at  the  sumnutj 
eaves  angulate  or  triangular-halbert-form,  sinuate-toothed,  or 
cleft ;  the  uppermost  oblong  and  undivided ;  involucre  (purplish)  oj 
aout  o  scales,  8  -  12-flowered ;  pappus  deep  cinnamon-color.  \ar 
fcERPENTlRiA  is  a  form  with  deeply  divided  leaves,  their  margins 
often  rough-ciliate.- Copses  in  rich  soil,  common,  especially  north- 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


249 


ward.  Aug. —  Stouter  and  more  corymbed  than  the  next,  with  thick- 
ish  leaves  and  often  purplish  branches.  Heads  long. 

2.  N.  altissimus.  Hook.  (Tall  White  Lettuce.)  Smooth ; 
stem  tall  and  slender  (3°  -  6°  high)  ;  the  heads  in  small  axillary  and 
terminal  loose  clusters  forming  a  long  and  wand-like  leafy  panicle, 
leaves  membranaceous,  all  petioled,  ovate,  heart-shaped  or  triangular, 
and  merely  toothed  or  cleft,  with  naked  or  winged  petioles,  or  fre¬ 
quently  3-5-parted,  with  the  divisions  entire  or  again  cleft*,  involucre 
slender  (greenish),  of  5  scales,  5  -6-floioered ;  pappus  dirty  white ,  or 
pale  straw-color.  — Rich  moist  woods,  common,  especially  north¬ 
ward.  Aug.  —  Leaves  excessively  variable. 

3.  N.  Fraseri,  DC.  (Lion’s-foot.  Gall-of-the-earth.) 
Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  corymhose-panicled  at  the  summit  (1  —  4  high)  ; 
leaves  mostly  deltoid,  roughish;  the  lower  variously  3-7-lobed,  on 
margined  petioles;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  undivi  e  , 
nearly  sessile ;  involucre  (greenish  or  purplish,  sometimes  s  ig  t  y 
bristly)  of  about  8  scales ,  8 -12 flowered  ;  pappus  dull  straw-color.- - 
Varies  greatly  in  foliage:  the  var.  integrifolius  has  t  e  t  ic  is 
leaves  all  undivided  and  merely  toothed.  — Dry  sandy  or  sten  e  soi  , 
S.  NeW  England  to  Penn,  and  southward.  Sept. 

4.  N.  nanus,  DC.  (Dwarf  Mountain  Nabalus.)  Smooth ; 
stem  low  and  simple  ;  the  heads  in  axillary  clusters  forming  a  narrow 
racemed  panicle ;  leaves  triangular-halbert-shaped  and  various  y  o  e 
or  cleft,  on  slender  petioles;  involucre  (livid)  10-  flowere  , 
about  8  proper  scales  and  several  very  short  bract-like  ones ,  w  uc  ar 
triangular-ovate  and  oppressed;  pappus  dark  straw-color.  -  Alpine 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  an  oun 

cy,  New  York.  Aug.  -  Plant  5'  - 10'  high ;  the  leaves  with  all  the 

variations  of  the  foregoing  species. 

5.  W.  DC.  (Boott’s  Alpine  Nabalus.)  «e»  «"* 

pie,  dwarf,  pubescent  at  the  summit;  the  heads  in  an  a  in  - 
raceme;  lowest  leaves  halbert-shaped  or  heart-shaped,  the 
oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  tapering  into  a  n  ^ 
petiole;  involucre  (livid)  10-18 -flowered*,  of  10-  o  very  o  ^  lengt^ 
scales,  and  several  linear  and  loose  exterior  ones  nearly  W  1  S 
of  the  former;  pappus  straw-color.  -  Higher  ^'-"^New 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Whiteface  , 

'  XiTBhtOS,  DC.  (Slender  Rattlesnake-root.)  Smooth, 

slightly* glaucous  ;  stem  very  simple,  produced  akove ^ 
and  sllL  spiked  raceme,  the  heads  clustered  and  “Ostlj  umlamra^, 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  the  uppe r  reduced l  o@  bracts 
the  lower  toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  involucre  (purp  is  )  of  New 

8-12 -floicered;  pappus  straw-color.  Sandy  pine  warrens 
Jersey  Sept. -Stem  2>-4=  high,  the  wand-like  raceme  often  t 
long. 


250  composite,  (composite  family.) 

*  *  Involucre  12  -  40 -flowered,  hairy ,  as  well  as  the  peduncles. 

r*iceni6sns*  Hook.  (Racemed  Nabalus.)  Stem 
wand-like,  simple  (2° -5°  high),  smooth ,  as  well  as  the  oval  or  ob¬ 
long-lanceolate  denticulate  leaves;  the  lower  tapering  into  winged 
petioles  (rarely  cut-pinnatifid),  the  upper  partly  clasping;  heads  in 
short  clusters  or  racemes  crowded  in  a  long  and  narrow  interruptedly 
spiked  panicle ;  involucre  about  12-flower ed  ;  pappus  straw-color.  — 
Plains,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin.  Also  Hackensack  marshes,  New  Jersey. 
Sept.  — Flowers  flesh-color. 

N.  «isper,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Rough  Nabalus.)  Stem  wand- 
i  e,  simple  (2° -4°  high),  rough-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  oval-oblong 
or  broadly  lanceolate  toothed  leaves ;  heads  in  small  clusters  (mostly 
erect)  disposed  in  a  long  and  narrow  compound  raceme ;  involucre  12- 
\-flowered;  pappus  straw-color. — Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio 
and  westward.  Sept.  —  Flowers  larger  than  No.  7,  cream-color. 

9’  ^  crepidlneus,  DC.  (Large  Nabalus.)  Somewhat 
smooth  ,  stem  tall  and  stout  (5° -8°  high),  bearing  numerous  nodding 
eads  in  loose  clusters  on  the  corymbose-panicled  branches;  leaves 
arge,  broadly  triangular -ovate  or  halbert-form ,  strongly  toothed,  con¬ 
tracted  into  winged  petioles;  involucre  20-  AO-flowered;  pappus  brown. 

order  of  copses  in  rich  soil,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward, 
oept.  Lower  leaves  often  1°  long.  Involucre  blackish;  flowers 

cream-color. 

TROXIMON,  Nutt.  Troximon. 

Head  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  loosely  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows. 
Achenia  smooth,  10-ribbed,  not  beaked.  Pappus  longer  than  the 
achenium,  white,  of  copious  and  unequal  rather  rigid  capillary 
ristles,  some  of  the  larger  gradually  thickened  towards  the  base. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  linear  elongated  tufted  leaves  and  a  sim¬ 
ple  naked  scape  from  a  thick  rootstock.  Head  solitary,  large : 
flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  rpw^opLai,  to  eat ,  first  applied  to  a 
plant  with  an  edible  root.) 

Clispidatinn,  Pursh.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
eongatc  ,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  woolly  on  the  margins;  scales 
e  lnvo  ucre  scarious,  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed  :  larger  bristles  o 
e  pappus  flattened  towards  the  base  and  almost  scale-like.- Pru¬ 
nes,  Wisconsin,  Lapham.  April,  May. 

66,  TtBAXACr!W,  Haller.  Dandelion. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  short 
scales;  the  upper  of  long  linear  scales,  erect  in  a  single  row. 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


251 


Achenia  oblong,  ribbed,  and  roughened  on  the  ribs,  the  apex  pro¬ 
longed  into  a  very  slender  thread-like  beak,  bearing  the  pappus  of 
copious  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  pro¬ 
ducing  a  tuft  of  pinnatifid  or  runcinate  radical  leaves  and  slender 
naked  hollow  scapes,  bearing  a  single  large  head  of  yellow  flow¬ 
ers.  (Name  from  Tapacrcrco,  to  disquiet  or  disorder ,  probably  in 
allusion  to  its  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  T.  DeilS-leoniS,  Desf.  (Common  Dandelion.)  Smooth, 
or  at  first  pubescent ;  leaves  unequally  and  deeply  runcinate ;  outer 
involucre  reflexed.  —  Pastures  and  fields  everywhere:  probably  in 
digenous  in  the  North.  April -Sept.  — After  blossoming  the  inner  in¬ 
volucre  closes  for  a  time,  the  slender  beak  elongates  and  raises  up  the 
pappus  while  the  fruit  is  forming,  the  whole  involucre  is  then  reflex¬ 
ed,  exposing  to  the  wind  the  naked  fruits  with  the  pappus  displayed 
in  an  open  globular  head. 

67.  I.ACXirCA,  Toum.  Lettuce. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in 
2  or  more  sets  of  unequal  lengths.  Achenia  flat  (compressed  par¬ 
allel  to  the  scales  of  the  involucre) ,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long 
thread-form  beak,  bearing  a  copious  and  fugacious  pappus  of  very 
soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with 
panicled  heads  ;  the  flowers  of  variable  color.  (The  ancient  name 
of  the  Lettuce,  from  lac ,  milk,  in  allusion  to  the  milky  juice.) 

1.  Li.  elongata,  Muhl.  (Wild  Lettuce.)  Stem  tall  and 
stout  ;  leaves  partly  clasping,  pale  beneath  ;  the  upper  lanceolate  and 
entire ;  the  lower  runcinate-pinnatifid ;  heads  in  a  long  and  narrow 
naked  panicle ;  achenia  oval ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  varying  to  purple. 
—  Varies  greatly;  the  leading  form  being  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with 
long  leaves  :  the  var.  integrifolia  is  mostly  smooth  with  the  leaves 
nearly  all  entire,  and  the  flowers  yellow  or  bluish  (L.  integrifolia. 
Bigel.)  :  the  var.  sanguinea  is  smaller,  mostly  hairy,  with  the  leaves 
chiefly  runcinate,  and  the  flowers  very  variously  colored  (L.  sangui¬ 
nea,  Bigel.).  —  Rich  damp  soil,  borders  of  copses,  &c.  July  -  Sept. 
Stem  29-9°  high,  hollow. 

68.  MUEGEDItnH,  Cass.  False  or  Blue  Lettuce. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre,  &c.,  as  in  Lactuca.  Ache¬ 
nia  laterally  compressed,  striate  or  ribbed,  the  summit  contracted 
into  a  short  and  thick  beak  or  neck  of  the  same  texture  as  the 
achenium,  expanded  at  the  apex  into  a  ciliate  disk,  which  bears  a 


252 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

copious  rather  deciduous  pappus  of  soft  capillary  bristles.  —  Leafy- 
stemmed  herbs,  with  the  general  aspect  and  foliage  of  Lactuca. 
Heads  racemed  or  panicled ;  the  flowers  chiefly  blue.  (Name 
from  mulgeo ,  to  milk.) 

*  Pappus  bright  white :  flowers  blue. 

1.  m.  acuminatum,  DC.  Smooth,  panicled  above  (3P-G3 
high) ;  stem-leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, ,  merely  toothed , 
sometimes  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a 
winged  petiole;  the  lowest  often  sinuate  ;  heads  loosely  panicled.  @ 

—  Borders  of  thickets,  New  York  to  Ohio  southward. 

2.  m.  Florida  mi  in,  DC.  Nearly  smooth,  panicled  above 
(3^-6°  high);  leaves  all  lyrate  or  runcinate,  the  divisions  sharply 
toothed  ;  heads  in  a  loose  compound  panicle.  ^  — Varies  with  the 
upper  leaves  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  &c.  —  Rich  soil,  from 
Ohio  westward  and  southward.  Aug. 

*  *  Pappus  tawny :  corolla  pale  blue ,  or  cream-color  turning  bluish. 

3.  M.  leucoplucum,  DC.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  tall  (3°- 
12P  high),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  irregularly  pinnatifid,  sometimes  runci- 
nate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  uppermost  often  undivided ;  heads  in  a  large 
and  dense  compound  panicle.  (?)  —  Low  grounds,  common.  Aug. 

—  Lower  leaves  often  1°  long. 

69.  SONCHUS,  L.  Sow-Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowered,  becoming  tumid  at  the  base.  Involucre 
more  or  less  imbricated.  Achenia  flattened  laterally,  ribbed  or 
striate,  not  beaked.  Pappus  copious,  of  very  white  exceedingl) 
soft  and  fine  capillary  bristles.  —  Leafy-stemmed  weeds,  chiefly 
smooth  and  glaucous,  with  corymbed  or  umbellate  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

*  Annual :  flowers  pale  yellow. 

1.  S.  Oleraceus,  L.  (Common  Sow-Thistle.)  Stem-leave* 
runcinate-pinnatifid,  or  rarely  undivided,  slightly  toothed  with  so 
spiny  teeth,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  auricles  acute ; 
lucre  downy  when  young;  achenia  striate ,  wrinkled  transversely- - 
Waste  places  in  manured  soil  and  around  dwellings,  introduced^ 

2.  S.  ftsper,  Vill.  (Spiny-leaved  Sow-Thistle.)  ,^tC 
leaves  mostly  undivided,  undulate  or  slightly  runcinate,  consp»c^°  . 
ly  spiny -toothed,  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base  rounded ;  uc 
margined ,  3 -nerved  on  each  side ,  smooth.  —  Waste  places  like  the  i 
usually  a  smaller  and  more  rigid  plant. 

*  *  Perennial:  flowers  bright  yellow.  • 

3.  S.  arveasis,  L.  (Cork  Sow-Thistle.)  Leaves  r“ 


253 


COMPOSITE.  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

nate-pinnatifid,  spiny-toothed,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  au¬ 
ricles  obtuse ;  peduncles  and  involucre  bristly ;  achenia  transversely 
wrinkled  on  the  ribs. —  Introduced  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  Essex 
county,  Massachusetts,  Staten  Island,  and  New  Jersey.  Sept. — 
Heads  large. 

Order  57.  EOBELIACEiE.  (Lobelia  Family.) 

Herbs ,  often  with  milky  juice ,  with  alternate  leaves  and 
scattered  flowers ,  an  irregular  inonopetalous  5-lobed  corob 
la  split  down  to  the  base  on  one  side ;  the  5  stamens  free 
from  the  corolla ,  and  united  into  a  tube  both  by  their  fila¬ 
ments  and  their  anthers . — Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  many- 
seeded  pod.  Style  1  :  stigma  fringed.  Seeds  anatropous, 
with  albumen. 

1.  LOBELIA,  L.  Lobelia. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  ovoid  or  hemispherical  tube.  Co¬ 
rolla  with  a  straight  tube,  split  down  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  limb 
somewhat  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect  lobes,  the  lower 
spreading  and  3-cleft.  Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the 
top.  —  Flowers  axillary  or  chiefly  in  bracted  racemes.  Plants 
acrid  and  poisonous.  (Dedicated  to  Lobel ,  a  Flemish  botanist  of 
the  close  of  the  16th  century.) 

*  Flowers  deep  red. 

X.  E.  cardinalis,  L.  (Cardinal-flower.)  Tall,  smooth- 
ish ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  slightly  toothed ; 
raceme  elongated,  rather  1-sided ;  the  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the 
leaf-like  bracts  ;  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  corolla.  — Low  grounds, 
common.  July  -  Oct.  —  Perennial  by  offsets,  2° -3°  high,  with  large 
and  very  showy  intensely  red  flowers,  —  rarely  varying  to  rose-color ! 
(Plymouth,  Mr.  Gilbert ),  and  sometimes  pure  white  ! 

*  *  Floicers  light  blue ,  or  variegated  with  white. 

Stem  leafy. 

2.  E.  syphilitica,  L.  (Great  Lobelia.)  Tall,  somewhat 
hairy  and  simple;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ,  slightly 
toothed  ;  raceme  or  spike  leafy,  the  pedicels  not  half  the  length  of 
the  floral  leaves;  lobes  of  the  hairy  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  corolla , 
the  obtuse  reflexed  auricles  shorter  than  the  tube.  1J.  Low  grounds. 
Aug.  —  Flowers  bright  blue,  nearly  V  long. 

3.  E.  puherula,  Michx.  (Pale-leaved  Lobelia.)  Rather 
tall,  simple,  minutely  downy-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong ,  obtuse , 

22 


254 


LOBELIACEJE.  (LOBELIA  FAMILY.) 

denticulate  with  glandular  teeth ;  flowers  in  a  1-sided  spike ;  the 
leafy  bracts  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  as  long  as  the  flower,  lobes  of  the 
calyx  scarcely  shorter  than  the  corolla ,  the  auricles  as  long  as  the  hairy 
tube.  1J.  —  Moist  grounds,  New  Jersey  to  Ohio  and  southward.  Aug. 
—  Corolla  bright  blue,  rather  large. 

4.  I*,  inflata,  L.  (Indian  Tobacco.)  Hairy ,  low,  panicled, 
branched  above ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ,  unequally  toothed,  the  lower 
obtuse ;  racemes  leafy  ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  pointed 
bracts ;  lobes  of  the  smooth  calyx  as  long  as  the  (small  pale  blue)  corol¬ 
la;  auricles  none  ;  pod  inflated.  @  — Fields,  &c.,  common.  July- 
Sept.  A  virulent  poison. 

5.  L,.  spicata,  Lam.  (Pale  Spiked  Lobelia.)  Somewhat 
pubescent  ;  stem  slender  and  very  simple ;  leaves  obtuse,  slightly 
toothed,  those  from  the  root  oblong,  of  the  stem  oblong -lanceolate  ;  ra¬ 
ceme  spiked  and  wand-like,  elongated;  the  narrow  linear  bracts  equal 
to  the  pedicels  ;  lobes  of  the  smooth  calyx  awl-th read-form,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  appendages  none.  lj.  (L.  Claytoni- 
ana,  Michx .  L.  pallida,  Muhh ) — Open  woods  or  fields,  Massachu¬ 
setts  to  Penn,  and  Ohio.  Aug.  —  Stem  1°  -3 P  high,  the  spike  some¬ 
times  1°  long.  Flowers  pale  blue,  long. 

6.  l<.  Nuttallii,  Rcem.  &  Sch.  (Slender  Lobelia.)  Stem 
very  slender,  minutely  roughened,  mostly  simple;  root-leaves  obovate; 
those  of  the  stem  oblong-linear,  somewhat  denticulate,  scattered, 
erect;  flowers  loosely  scattered  in  a  small  wand-like  raceme;  the 
thread-form  pedicels  longer  than  the  minute  bract ,  shorter  than  the  flow¬ 
er,  with  minute  bractlets  near  the  base;  lobes  of  the  calyx  short,  awl- 
shaped  ;  appendages  none.  (2)  —  Sandy  swamps,  Long  Island  and 
New  Jersey,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Stem  1°  -2P  high,  more 
slender  and  simple  than  the  next:  the  flowers  similar. 

'  •  l*.  Kalutii,  L.  (Small  Lobelia.)  Stem  slender ,  branch¬ 
ing,  low ,  smooth;  root-leaves  oblong- spatulate  ;  those  of  the  stem  linear, 
rather  obtuse,  spreading;  raceme  loose,  few-flowered;  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  linear  leaf -like  bracts ,  longer  than  the  flower,  with  2  minute 
bractlets  above  the  middle.  <$  or  1J.  -  Damp  limestone  rocks  and  banks, 
W.  NewLngknd  to  Michigan  along  the  Great  Lakes.  -  Stem  4'  - 
10  high.  Corolla  long,  bright  light  blue.  Pod  acute  at  the  base. 
-Stem  nearly  leafless  and  scape-like :  root-leaves  fleshy :  lower  lip  of 
the  corolla  somewhat  hairy. 

»•  Li.  Dortmanna,  L.  (Water  Lobelia.)  Smooth;  stem 
simple,  naked  ;  leaves  in  a  tuft  at  the  root,  linear,  terete  and  fleshy , 
hollow;  flowers  few,  scattered;  pedicels  thrice  the  length  of  the  orate 
bracts.  U  —  In  clear  water,  New  England  and  New  York.  July  — 
Leaves  growing  under  water,  appearing  like  2  tubes  joined :  the 
scape  6'-  10'  long,  bearing  3  or  4  small  pale  blue  drooping  blossoms. 
Apex  of  the  pod  free  from  the  calyx. 


255 


lobeliace^,  (lobelia  family.) 

9.  Ii.  palllddsa,  Nutt.  (Swamp  Lobelia.)  Smooth;  stem 
angled,  nearly  naked  ;  root  -leaves  crowded,  fiat,  rather  fleshy ,  slightly 
crenate ,  linear -oblong,  obtuse,  the  few  on  the  stem  linear  ;  flowers  in 
an  elongated  spiked  raceme  ;  bracts  linear ,  half  the  length  of  the  pedi¬ 
cels,  and  with  the  calyx-lobes  toothed.  U  —  Peat-bogs,  Delaware 
0 Nuttall ),  and  southward.  —  Scapes  29  long  ;  flowers  pale  blue,  small. 

Order  58.  € AMPANUL AC EiE .  (Campanula  Fam.) 

Herbs ,  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves ,  and  scattered 
flowers  ;  the  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  the  regular  Glob¬ 
ed  corolla  bell-shaped ,  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  the  5  stamens 
free  from  the  corolla  and  usually  distinct .  Style  1,  beset 
with  collecting  hairs  above:  stigmas  2  or  more.  Pod  2- 
several-celled,  many-seeded.  Seed  small,  anatropous,  with 
fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  generally  blue  and  showy. 


1.  CAMPANULA,  Toum.  Bell-flower. 


Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  generally  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Sta¬ 
mens  5,  separate,  the  filaments  broad  and  membranaceous  at  the 
base.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  pod  mostly  3,  the  short  pod  open¬ 
ing  laterally  by  as  many  valves.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  terminal 
or  axillary  flowers.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  campana,  a  bell ;  from 
the  shape  of  the  corolla.) 


*  Flowers  few  and  panicled,  or  solitary ,  long-peduncled. 

1.  C.  rotundifdlia,  L.  (Harebell.)  Slender,  branching; 
root-leaves  round-heart- shaped ,  crenate,  long-petioled  ;  stem-leaves  nu¬ 
merous,  linear,  narrow,  entire,  smooth;  flowers  nodding;  calyx-lobes 
awl-shaped,  not  half  the  length  of  the  broadly  bell-shaped  (bright 
blue)  corolla.  —  Rocky  banks,  common  northward.  July  -  Oct. 
The  root-leaves  of  this  delicate  plant  wither  early,  when  the  specific 
name  appears  wholly  inappropriate. —  There  is  a  dwarf  alpine  variety 
on  the  White  Mountains. 

2.  C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.  (Slender  Bell-flower.)  Stem 

Simple  an d  slender,  weak  (8'  -20'  high),  somewhat  S-angled  ro^ 
backwards  on  the  angles,  as  are  the  slight  y  toothed  edges  of 
lanceolate  leaves;  peduncles  diverging,  slender,  Mow™*.  °f 

the  calyx  triangular,  half  the  length  of  the  bell-shaped  (nearly  whde) 
corolla  (C.  erinoides,  Muhl.)  -  Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  among  J5 
grass,  principally  northward.  July—Plant  w.th  somewhat  the 

of  a  Galium  ;  the  corolla  barely  F  long. 


256  CAMPANULACE2E.  (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  prolonged  leafy  spike. 

3.  C.  Americana,  L.  (Tall  Bell-flower.)  Stem  tall 
and  wand-like,  nearly  simple ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed 
at  both  ends,  serrate,  sparingly  hairy,  thin;  the  lowest  somewhat 
heart-shaped  ;  flowers  solitary  or  several  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves  or  bracts,  forming  a  wand-like  spike  (often  2°  long) ;  lobes  of 
the  calyx  awl-shaped,  shorter  than  the  almost  wheel-shaped  deeply 
5-cleft  (blue)  corolla.  —  Moist  alluvial  soil,  New  York  and  Penn,  to 
Wisconsin,  common  westward.  July.  —  Stem  3? -6°  high,  sometimes 
dwarf  in  dry  soil.  Flowers  rather  large. 

2*  SPECULABIA,  Heist.  Venus’s  Looking-glass. 

Calyx  5- (rarely  3-4-)  lobed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  separate  ;  the  membranaceous  hairy  filaments  shorter 
than  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3.  Pod  prismatic  or  inversely  coni¬ 
cal,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  small  lateral  valves.  —  Low  annuals, 
with  sessile  axillary  flowers  ;  the  lower  ones  (in  §  Triodallus, 
Raf.)  fruiting  early  in  the  bud,  without  expanding  their  imperfect 
corolla.  (Name  from  Speculum  Veneris ,  the  early  name  of  the 
common  European  species.) 

1-  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.  (Clasping  Specularia.)  Some¬ 
what  hairy  ;  leaves  roundish  or  ovate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped 
base,  toothed ;  flowers  solitary  or  three  together  in  the  axils ;  the  up¬ 
per  and  later  ones  only  with  a  conspicuous  expanding  (purple-blue) 
corolla  ;  pod  oblong-top-shaped,  opening  rather  below  the  middle.  — 
Dry  hills  or  open  fields,  common.  May  -  Aug. 

Order  59.  ERICACEAE.  (Heath  Family.) 

Shrubs ,  sometimes  herbs ,  with  the  Jlowers  regular  or  near - 
ly  so  .  the  stamens  as  many  or  tioice  as  many  as  the  4  —  5- 
lobed  or  4-5-petalled  corolla  and  inserted  with  it :  anthers 
2- celled,  mostly  appendaged  or  opening  by  terminal  chinks 
or  pores:  style  1;  and  the  ovary  4-10-celled.  (Seeds 
anatropous,  albuminous.)  —  Consists  of  four  well-marked 
suborders,  as  follows. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder  I.  VACCINlEiE.  The  Whortleberry  Fam. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  an  edible  berry  or 
berry-like  fruit,  crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth.  —  Shrubs  or  somewhat 
woody  plants. 


257 


ERICACEJE.  (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

x.  Gaylussacia.  Ovary  8-10  celled  with  a  single  ovule  in  each 
cell.  Fruit  a  berried  drupe  with  8-10  small  nutlets. 

2.  Vaccinium.  Berry  4-5-celled  (or  imperfectly  8-10-celled  by 

false  partitions),  many-seeded.  Anther-cells  tapering  up¬ 
ward  into  tubes. 

3.  Chiogenes.  Berry  4-celled,  many  seeded.  Anther-cells  not 

prolonged  into  tubes,  but  2-pointed. 

Suborder  II.  ERICINEjE.  The  proper  Heath  Family. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  monopetalous  or  rarely  nearly 
or  quite  polypetalous.  Seed-coat  close  and  thin,  rarely  loose  and  cel¬ 
lular.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Tribe  1.  ARBUTEA5.  —  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe. 

4.  Arctostaphylos.  Corolla  urn-shaped.  Drupe  berry-like,  with 

5  seed-like  nutlets. 

Tribe  2.  ANDROMEDEiE.  —  Fruit  a  pod  opening  loculicidally. 

*  Calyx  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit,  and  inclosing  the  pod. 

5.  Gaultheria.  Corolla  cylindrical-urn-shaped,  5-toothed.  An¬ 

thers  4-awned. 

*  *  Calyx  dry  and  unchanged  in  fruit. 

6.  Epigjea.  Corolla  salver-form;  the  border  5-parted.  Anthers 

opening  lengthwise,  awnless. 

7.  Andromeda.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  ovoid,  or  somewhat  urn-shap¬ 

ed,  4- 5-toothed.  Anthers  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the 
summit.  Pod  5-celled,  5-valved. 

8.  Clethra.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  petals.  Pod  3-celled,  3-valved. 

Tribe  3.  RHODOREiE.  —  Fruit  a  pod  opening  septicidally. 

*  Corolla  ovoid  or  urn-shaped,  barely  5-toothed. 

9.  Phyllodoce.  Stamens  10.  Pod  5-celled.  Leaves  Heath-like. 

*  *  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form,  5-lobed  or  ringent. 

10.  Rhodora.  Corolla  irregular,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  3-lobed,  the 

lower  2-parted  or  of  2  petals.  Stamens  10,  unequal. 

11.  Azalea.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  and  with 

the  style  declined.  Leaves  deciduous. 

12.  Rhododendron.  Corolla  mostly  bell-shaped.  Stamens  10,  an 

with  the  style  commonly  declined.  Leaves  evergreen. 

13  Kalmia  Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  bell-shaped,  5-Iob- 

ed,  with  5  hollows  which  hold  the  anthers.  Style  straight. 
Leaves  evergreen. 

*  *  *  Corolla  5-parted  or  of  5  separate  petals,  regular. 

14.  Loiseleuria.  Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the  deeply  5-cleft  cor 
la:  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pod  2-3-ce  e 
22* 


258  ERICACEAE.  (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

15.  Leiophyllum.  Stamens  10,  exserted :  anthers  opening  length¬ 

wise.  Petals  5.  Pod  2-3-celled. 

16.  Ledum.  Stamens  5-10:  anthers  opening  by  pores.  Petals  5. 

Pod  5-celled. 


Suborder  III.  PYROLENE.  The  Pyrola  Family. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  distinct,  or  very  nearly  so. 
Seeds  with  a  very  loose  and  translucent  cellular  covering  much  larger 
than  the  nucleus.  —  Nearly  herbaceous ;  with  evergreen  foliage. 

17.  Pyrola.  Flowers  in  a  raceme.  Petals  converging  or  hardly 

spreading.  Filaments  awl-shaped  :  anthers  scarcely  2-horn¬ 
ed.  Style  long,  mostly  declined.  Valves  of  the  pod  woolly 
on  the  edges. 

18.  Moneses.  Flower  single.  Petals  widely  spreading.  Filaments 

not  dilated  in  the  middle  :  anthers  conspicuously  2-horned. 
Style  straight,  exserted  :  stigmas  5,  radiate.  Valves  of  the 
pod  smooth  on  the  edges. 

19.  Chimaphila.  Flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled.  Petals  widely 

spreading.  Filaments  dilated  and  hairy  in  the  middle.  Style 
very  short  and  top-shaped,  covered  by  a  broad  and  orbicular 
5-crenate  stigma.  Valves  of  the  pod  smooth  on  the  edges. 


Suborder  IV.  MONOTROPEiE.  The  Indian  Pipe  Fam. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Suborders  II.  or  III.,  but  entirely  destitute  of 
green  foliage,  and  with  the  aspect  of  Beech-drops.  Seeds  as  in  Sub¬ 
order  III. 

20.  Pterospora.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Sta¬ 
mens  10 :  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  2-celled.  See  s 
with  a  stalked  wing  at  the  apex.  Flowers  racemed. 

21*  Hypopitys.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  distinct  petals.  Stamens  8  or  1  • 
anthers  kidney-shaped,  1-celled.  Flowers  racemed. 

22.  Monotropa.  Corolla  of  5  petals.  Stamens  10:  anthers  2-cel  e  , 
awnless.  Flower  single. 


Suborder  I.  VACCINIEjE.  The  Whortleberry  Family. 


1.  OAYI^USSlciA,  H.  B.  K.  Huckleberry. 

Corolla  tubular,  ovoid  or  bell-shaped  ;  the  border  5-cleft.  Sta¬ 
mens  10  :  anthers  awnless ;  the  cells  tapering  upward  into  more 
or  less  of  a  tube,  opening  by  a  chink  at  the  end.  Fruit  a  berry 
like  drupe  containing  10  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Branching  shrubs, 
with  much  the  aspect  of  Vaccinium,  commonly  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots ;  the  flowers  (white  tinged  with  purple  or  red) 


259 


EBICACEJE.  (heath  FAMILY.) 

lateral  bracted  racemes.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  distinguished 
chemist,  Gay-Lussac.)  For  a  critical  notice  of  the  N.  Amer. 
species,  see  Gray ,  Chloris  Bor. -Am.,  t.  10,  p.  49. 

*  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  not  resinous-dotted. 

1.  O.  l»racliycera,  Gray.  (Box-leaved  Huckleberry.) 
Low,  very  smooth ;  leaves  oval,  finely  crenate-toothed ;  racemes 
short  and  nearly  sessile;  pedicels  very  short;  corolla  cylindncal- 
bell-shaped.  (Vacclnium  brachfcerum,  Michx.  V.  buxifblium, 
Salisb.)  —  Perry  county,  Penn.,  near  Bloomfield,  Prof.  Baird.  May. 
—  Shrub  1°  high  :  leaves  in  shape  and  aspect  like  those  of  the  Box. 

*  .  Leaves  deciduous,  entire:  whole  plant  more  or  less  resinous-dotted. 

2  G.  dumosa,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Dwarf  Huckleberry.)  Some- 
what  hairy  and  glandular,  low  (1°  high  from  a  creeping  base)  bushy ; 
leaves  obovate-oblong,  mucronate,  green  both  sides,  rather  thick  and 
shining  when  old;  racemes  elongated;  bracts  le of -like,  oval,  persist¬ 
ent,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  ovary  bristly  or  glandular  ;  corolla  bell¬ 
shaped  ;  fruit  black.- Var.  hirt£lla  has  the  young  branchlets  ra¬ 
cemes,  and  often  the  leaves  hairy. -Sandy  low  soil,  Maine  to  New 
Jersey,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.  June.  —  Fruit  insipid. 

3  G.  frondosa,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Blue  Tangle.  Dangle- 
berry.)  Smooth;  branches  slender  and  divergent;  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  pale,  glaucous  beneath  ;  racemes  slender,  loose  ;  bracts 
oblong  or  linear,  rather  deciduous,  shorter  than  the  slender  drooping 
pedicels;  corolla  globular-bell-shaped;  fruit  dark  blue  with  a  white 
bloom.  -  Low  copses,  Maine  to  Penn,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 
May,  June.— Shrub  39-6°  high,  with  grayish  bark.  Fruit  sweet, 
much  prized  in  New  Jersey,  &c. 

4.  G.  resinosa,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Black  Huckleberry.)  Much 
branched,  rigid,  slightly  pubescent  when  young;  leaves  oval,  oblong- 
ovate,  or  oblong,  thickly  clothed  and  at  first  clammy,  os  well  as  the 
flowers,  with  shining  resinous  globules ;  racemes  short,  clustered,  one¬ 
sided  ;  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  flowers;  bracts  and  bracelets 
(i reddish )  small  and  deciduous;  corolla  ovoid-conical  or  at  leng£cy- 
lindrical  with  an  open  mouth;  fruit  black  w'th°u‘  b'°°“v “ ]^ere 
lands  and  swamps  May,  June.-Shrub  1°-SP 
reddish,  tinged  with  green.  Fruit  pleasant; 
of  the  North.  It  is  said  sometimes  to  occur  with 

a.  VACCINItMi  L-  Blueberry.  Bilberry. 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  urn-shaped,  or  cylindrical ;  the  limb  4-5- 
cleft,  revolute.  Stamens  8  or  10  :  anthers  sometimes  2-awned 
the  hack  ;  the  cells  separate  and  prolonged  into  a  tube  a  , 
opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  Berry  4  -  5-celled,  many-seeded, 


260 


ERICACEJE.  (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

or  sometimes  8-10  celled  by  a  false  partition  stretching  from  the 
back  of  each  cell  to  the  placenta.  —  Shrubs  with  solitary,  cluster¬ 
ed,  or  racemed  flowers  :  the  corolla  white  or  reddish.  (An  an¬ 
cient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 

§  1.  Oxycoccus,  Tourn.  —  Ovary  4-celled  :  corolla  4-paried ,  the  don - 
gated  divisions  renolute  :  anthers  8,  aicnless  :  filaments  smooth  :  pe¬ 
duncles  slender.  ( Berries  red  and  acid ;  stems  trailing ,  and  the 
small  leaves  evergreen  with  revolute  margins  in  the  true  Cranberries.) 

1.  V.  Oxycoccus,  L.  (Small  Cranberry.)  Stems  very 
slender,  creeping ;  leaves  ovate ,  acute ,  glaucous  underneath ;  pedun¬ 
cles  (2-4  together)  terminal;  filaments  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  anthers.  (Oxycoccus  vulgaris,  Pursh.) — Peat-bogs,  N.  England 
to  Wisconsin  northward.  June.  —  Much  rarer  than  the  next,  and 
smaller  in  all  its  parts.  Berry  globular,  purple-scarlet,  hardly  broad, 
seldom  sufficiently  abundant  to  be  collected  for  the  market. 

2.  V.  macroc&rpon,  Ait.  (Common  American  Cranber¬ 
ry.)  Stems  elongated,  creeping,  the  flowering  branches  ascending ; 
leaves  oblong ,  obtuse ,  glaucous  underneath  ;  peduncles  lateral ,  from  the 
base  of  the  young  shoots ;  filaments  scarcely  one  third  the  length  of 
the  anthers.  (O.  macrocarpus,  Pers .)  —  Peat-bogs,  common,  espe¬ 
cially  northward.  June.  —  Stems  2° -39  long;  the  leaves  about  £' 
long.  Corolla  rose-color.  Berry  fully  broad,  often  oblong,  light 
scarlet. 

§2.  Vitis-Id&a,  Tourn.  —  Ovary  4-5 -celled:  corolla  bdl-shaped 
or  globular ,  4-5  -lobed:  anthers  8  —  10,  awnless:  filaments  hairy: 
flowers  in  short  bracted  racemes :  leaves  evergreen ;  berries  red  or 
purple. 

3.  V.  Yitis-Id^a,  L.  (Cowberry.)  Low  ;  branches  erect 
from  tufted  creeping  stems ;  leaves  obovate,  with  revolute  margins, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  dotted  with  blackish  bristly  points  under¬ 
neath;  flowers  crowded  in  terminal  and  one-sided  nodding  racemes; 
corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  —  Higher  mountains  of  New  England, 
also  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  at  Danvers,  Massachusetts,  Oakes . 
June. —  Plant  6'- 10' high,  dark  green;  the  berries  dark  red,  acid 
and  rather  bitter,  mealy,  barely  edible. 

§  3.  Batod£ndron. —  Ovary  more  or  less  completely  10 -celled  by  f*lse 
partitions :  corolla  spreading-campanulate ,  5 -lobed  :  anthers  2-awn- 
ed  on  the  back :  filaments  hairy  :  berries  mawkish  and  scarcely  edible', 
ripening  few  seeds:  flowers  solitary  on  slender  bractlets  in  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves,  forming  a  sort  of  leafy  racemes. 

4.  V.  stamineuin,  (Deerberry.  Squaw  Huckleberry  ) 
Diffusely  branched  (29  -  39  high),  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  ovate 
or  oval,  pale,  whitish  underneath,  deciduous ;  tubes  of  the  anthers 
much  longer  than  the  corolla,  short-awned  ;  berries  globular  or  pear 


261 


ERICACEJE.  (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

shaped,  greenish.  —  Dry  woods,  Maine  to  Penn,  and  southward, 
chiefly  eastward.  May,  June. 

§  4.  Euvaccinium. —  Ovary  4-5-celled ,  with  no  trace  of  false  parti¬ 
tions  :  corolla  urn-shaped  or  globular ,  4  -  5-toothed  :  anthers  2-awned 
on  the  back :  filaments  smooth  :  flowers  axillary ,  solitary ,  or  2-3  to¬ 
gether  :  berries  blue  or  black  :  northern-alpine  plants ,  with  deciduous 
leaves.  (Bilberry.) 

5.  V*  CSBSpitosilHl*  Michx.  (Dwarf  Bilberry.)  Dwarf, 
tufted  ;  leaves  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  membranaceous,  smooth, 
somewhat  shining,  serrate;  flowers  solitary  on  short  peduncles ;  corol¬ 
la  oblong,  slightly  urn-shaped  :  stamens  10.  —  Alpine  region  of  the 
White  Mountains,  N.  Hampshire,  Robbins,  Oakes.  July.  — Stems  3' 
-5'  high. 

6.  V.  Uligindsnm,  L.  (Low  Bog  Bilberry.)  Low  and 
spreading,  tufted ;  leaves  entire,  dull,  obovate  or  oblong  ,  obtuse,  pale 
and  slightly  pubescent  underneath;  flowers  single  or  2 -d  together 
from  a  scaly  bud,  almost  sessile;  corolla  short,  urn-shaped;  stains 
chiefly  8.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire, 
Green  Mountains,  Vermont,  and  Essex  Mountains,  New  York.  June. 
—  Stems  4'  -  8'  high  :  leaves  scarcely  long. 

8  5.  Cyaiioc6ccus. —  Ovary  more  or  less  completely  10 -celled  by  false 
partitions :  corolla  oblong -cylindrical  or  slightly  urn-shaped ,  5-toothed : 
anthers  10,  awnless:  filaments  hairy :  berries  blue  or  black  with  a 
bloom  ( sweet )  :  flowers  in  clusters  or  very  short  racemes  from  scaly 
buds  separate  from  and  somewhat  preceding  the  leaves,  aVPearin8™ 
Jtpril  and  May.  ( Leaves  deciduous  in  the  northern  species  or  p  p 

7!" nnsylvAnicum,  Lam.  (Low  Shrikc-leaveo 
Blueberry.)  Dwarf  (6» - 15'  high),  smooth;  leaves  ova te-  anceoto  e 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  distinctly  serrulate  with  bristle-pomted  teeth,  smooth 
and  shining  both  sides  (or  sometimes  downy  on  the  midrib  under- 
neath) ;  corolla  short,  cylindncal-bell-shaped.  (V.  tenfell  ,  > 

not  of  Ait.  V.  virghtum,  A U.)  -  Var.  angust,f6lium  is  a  ngh  moun- 
tain  or  boreal  form,  4'  -6'  high,  with  narrower  lanceolate  *•«“•<• 

angustifolium,  Ait.)  —  Dry  hills  and  woods. -Branches  green,  angled, 

warted.  Berries  abundant,  large  and  sweet,  ripening  e  y  i 

the  earliest  blueberry  or  blue  huckleberry  in  the  market. 

8.  T.  Canada,  Kalm.  (Dowry-lexveo 
Low ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  downy  both  ttd, is, 

crowded  branchlets ;  corolla  very  short,  nearly  bell-shaped.- Swamps 
and  moist  mountain  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan,  nort  \\ar  . 

8' -20'  high,  with  green  twigs,  and  berries  like  the  last  but  p  g 
later.  * 

9.  V.  vacillans,  Solander.  (Small  Glaucous  ’ 

Low  (1°  -  2P  high)  ;  branches  angular  ;  leaves  oval  or  o  ov  , 


262 


ERICACEjE.  (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

slightly  pointed,  pale  and  dully  smooth  both  sides ,  glaucous  beneathy 
serrulate-ciliate ;  corolla  broadly  cylindrical-bell-shaped.  (V.  virga- 
tum,  Bigel. y  not  of  Ait.  V.  Pennsylvanicum,  Torr.  FI.)  —  Dry  hills 
and  open  woods,  common.  —  Branches  yellowish-green.  Leaves 
fringed  with  bristly  or  glandular  hairs,  which  tip  the  more  or  less 
obvious  serratures.  Berries  ripening  a  little  later  than  those  of  No.  7, 
fully  as  large  and  sweet. 

10.  V.  pallidum,  Ait.  (Pale  Swamp  Blueberry.)  Bath¬ 
er  tall ;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate-oval ,  acute  or  pointed ,  smooth  both 
sides  (sometimes  downy  on  the  midrib),  pale  or  glaucous  undcrneathy 
serrulate-ciliate ;  corolla  cylindrical-bell-shaped.  —  Margin  of  swamps 
and  ponds  (or  on  mountains),  Vermont  and  Ohio  and  southward. — 
Plant  3°-8°  high;  the  twigs  with  yellowish-green  bark  as  in  the  last; 
the  leaves  even  more  strongly  ciliate  with  bristly  teeth,  by  which 
principally  it  is  to  be  distinguished  from  the  next. 

11.  V.  corymbosum,  L.  (Common  Swamp  Blueberry.) 
Tall ;  leaves  smooth  both  sides  (when  young  somewhat  dowmy  on  the 
veins)  pale  beneathy  oval-obovate  or  oblongy  mostly  acute  or  acutish  at 
both  ends,  the  margins  quite  smooth  and  entire  ;  corolla  cylindraceous. 

Swamps  and  wet  copses,  common.  —  Plant  50-l(P  high;